To date, there are many classifications of tourism, depending on the chosen criterion of differentiation.

• 1. Classification of tourism according to the territorial aspect. The criterion for this classification is the crossing of state borders. This classification is proposed by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and distinguishes three types of tourism:
  • - domestic tourism- trips made by the inhabitants of any country in their own country. The main feature of this type of tourism is the redistribution of income between the regions of the country and the stimulation of the national economy (capital is not taken out of the country, but is used for its development);
  • - outbound tourism- travel of residents of any country to another country. This type of tourism is less attractive for the national economy, since it is associated with the export of capital abroad;
  • - inbound tourism- travel in any country of persons who are not its inhabitants. This type of tourism contributes to the inflow of foreign capital into the country and is a priority in the tourism sector of any state.
• 2. Classification of tourism depending on the purpose of travel. There is no single approach to this classification,

since the goals of tourism are extremely diverse and often intersect with each other (for example, combining relaxation and learning during a trip, etc.) - Therefore, this classification is conditional, subjective, but at the same time, the main types of tourism are distinguished:

2.1. Educational tourism- visits to historical, cultural or geographical sites in order to study culture and history, nature, religion, etc.

Educational tourism is very diverse. Tourists traveling for educational purposes are most often interested in the social and economic relations of the countries they visit. In the modern sense, educational tourism is a visit to museums, exhibition complexes, art galleries, palace and park ensembles, etc., that is, everything that forms the cultural and historical potential of the territory visited by tourists. At the same time, a significant share of educational tourism falls on religious tourism and ecotourism, that is, trips to explore religious and natural attractions;

2.2. Religious (pilgrimage) tourism.

The very concept of pilgrimage tourism - trips of believers to religious shrines - is denied by many of those who organize it: for them, "pilgrimage" and "tourism" are different concepts, sometimes even mutually exclusive. For these reasons, the term of similar content is most often used - "religious tourism".

Traveling for religious purposes is the oldest form of tourism with deep historical roots. At the same time, religious (pilgrimage) tourism is associated not only with visiting religious shrines, but also with spiritual perfection.

Recently, religious tourism has become one of the fastest growing types of tourism. According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the global flow of tourists purposefully visiting places holy for various religions is now about 7 million people a year, of which only about 20 thousand are Russian pilgrims. At the same time, these figures will increase significantly by an order of magnitude if we include in this category people who, while vacationing in any country, go on excursions to monasteries or cathedrals.

According to UNWTO experts, religious tourism in a few years can take up to 20% of the global tourism market, especially since tourists visiting holy places are usually not embarrassed by either the relatively high prices for the tour, or even the ongoing hostilities in those areas (this fully applies to pilgrim tourists from Russia who are not deterred by armed conflicts between Israel and Palestine, etc.).

Religious tourism can be divided into four components, corresponding to the most common religions today (Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Buddhism). The last two destinations in the tourist market are represented very poorly.

The goals of religious tourism are extremely diverse, among them one can note: a purely religious aspect’, a cognitive (or scientific-historical) aspect of making a trip and other personal goals (getting rid of illnesses, preventing misfortune, atonement for sins, etc.).

It should be noted that religious tourism can also be passive (contemplative) in nature. For example, attending religious ceremonies as spectators also attracts tourists. Often, the atheistically inclined population participates in religious holidays with curiosity and interest. The tourist market offers many tours for Christmas and the colorful holidays of the Christmas week in Finland, the Scandinavian countries and Western Europe;

2.3. Ecotourism (ecological tourism).

According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the term "ecotourism" (ecotourism) has been used in the tourism industry for more than

According to many (not necessarily true believers), every Orthodox should at least once visit the Holy Land in Israel and Egypt, visit Mount Athos. The same applies to Muslims, with the only difference that they need to make the Hajj to Mecca.

more than 10 years, however, different content is put into this concept. Many sources give a definition given by the Ecotourism Society (USA): ecotourism is travel to places with relatively untouched nature with the aim, without violating the integrity of ecosystems, to get an idea of ​​the natural and cultural and ethnographic features of a given territory in which such economic conditions are created, when nature conservation becomes beneficial to the local population.

There are other definitions of ecotourism:

• ecotourism is any form of tourism that builds on a country's natural environmental attractiveness (from scuba diving off coral reefs to savanna travel);
• ecotourism is tourism that includes education and information about environmental protection and all elements of which are based on environmentally sustainable principles;
• ecotourism is travel unique corners nature with the specific goals of studying rare plants, animals, special types of ecosystems;
• ecotourism is tourism that can help maintain positive synergies between tourism, biodiversity and local people, if managed accordingly.

In all these definitions, ecotourism is considered as an integral element in the development of sustainable tourism. The very concept of "ecotourism" involves the interaction of tourism activities and the environment, the rational and careful use natural resources.

From an economic point of view, ecotourism is a special sector of the tourism industry, which implies the desire, first of all, to communicate with nature, to know its objects and phenomena, outdoor activities, where traditional entertainment, household comfort fade into the background.

The ever-growing popularity of eco-tourism is associated with the variety of functions it performs:

• humanitarian functions - knowledge of the surrounding world in all its diversity, the formation of ethical values ​​associated with the conservation and protection of nature, etc.;
• social functions - preservation of traditional cultures and improvement of the social situation in the region;
• ecological functions - protection of natural areas, conservation of biodiversity, etc.;
• economic functions - maintenance and development of the local economy.

Awareness of the socio-economic significance of eco-tourism was the reason for its development in many countries and regions of the world.

Ecotourism should have the following properties:

• be turned to nature (both virgin and cultivated) and based on the use of predominantly natural resources;
• not cause damage or cause minimal damage to our habitat, that is, be environmentally sustainable;
• be invariably aimed at environmental education and enlightenment, at the formation of relations of equal partnership with nature;
• take care of the preservation of the local socio-cultural environment;
• be cost-effective and ensure the sustainable development of the areas where it is carried out.

The emergence of ecological tourism and its rapid development throughout the world is explained by the desire to minimize environmental changes, which allows it to develop in many, including specially protected, natural areas. Unlike mass or resort tourism, it does not have a strong impact on the environment and, with its sustainable planned development, can become an additional source of self-financing for many regions.

The principles of ecological tourism allow countries, even those that are not among the most economically developed, to gain a strong position in the global tourism market. Mandatory conditions for this process are the implementation of an active state policy in the field of tourism development, which is currently not given sufficient attention in our country, and the desire of local residents to actively participate in the development of the tourism industry in their areas, receiving additional profit from this.

At present, eco-tourism has become a prominent socio-economic and environmental phenomenon of an international scale. According to UNWTO, ecotourism accounts for 20% of the global tourism market with an income of $20 billion per year. The geography of ecological tourism is peculiar. If the main international flows of traditional tourists are directed from developed countries to developed countries, then ecotourists are sent mainly from developed countries to developing ones. The latter are located mainly in the tropics, the nature of which is exotic and attractive to the inhabitants of temperate latitudes. The leaders of ecotourism are Kenya, Tanzania, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Nepal, as well as Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.

In the developed countries of Europe and America, domestic ecotourism is also popular. For example, in Canada, ecotourists make up a quarter of the domestic tourism market. At the same time, the number of ecotourists is increasing annually by 30%. This category of people is rich enough.

In addition, due to the smaller volume of necessary tourism infrastructure(hotels, restaurants, entertainment venues) per tourist and per dollar of income, this tourism is characterized by less resource intensity, which is not only useful, but also profitable;

2.4. Sports tourism.

Sports tourism- these are trips directly or indirectly related to sports. Sports tourism is divided into:

• - passive tourism- trips that are passive in nature of participation in sports competitions and emphasize the spectator aspect. For example, trips to the Olympics, world championships in various sports, etc.;
• - active tourism- trips for the purpose of active participation in sporting events and competitions. This type of sports tourism also includes extreme tourism and its types: diving, windsurfing, kayaking, rafting (canoeing or special rafting down a mountain river), mountain climbing, skiing and snowboarding, etc. At the same time, it should be noted that many of the listed types of active sports tourism can also be attributed to ecotourism, which once again indicates the conventionality of classifying tourism according to the purpose of making a tourist trip;
• 2.5. Medical (health) tourism.

The concept of "medical tourism" covers two areas that are unequal in terms of the volume of tourist flow:

• - balneological programs(i.e. sanatorium vacation). Sanatorium and resort rest is based on the natural and climatic resources of a particular region - this is the most demanded tourist product in the sector of medical and health tours, which today is offered by almost every second operator and agency company;
• - clinical treatment. Clinical treatment abroad, as a rule, is exclusively a "piece goods". Ordering such programs in travel agencies is a rather rare phenomenon due to the cost of a tour package, the price of which often amounts to tens of thousands of dollars.

The development of medical (health) tourism is closely connected with geography, namely with the achievements in this area of ​​a particular country. According to experts, this is primarily Germany, Switzerland, Israel, the United States, as well as Great Britain and Italy.

The range of offers of medical and health-improving rest is wider: Czech Republic, Israel, Hungary, Germany, Slovakia, Montenegro, Italy, France, Switzerland, Austria. As additional service health-improving procedures are often ordered also in Romania, Greece, Turkey, Tunisia, Jordan;

2.6. Business tourism (business tourism).

Business tourism (Business Travel) - this is still a fairly new concept, even by international standards. As an independent and highly profitable type of tourism, they started talking about it in Europe and the USA in the 70-80s of the XX century. In the Russian market, this sector of the tourist business began to really develop only in the early 90s. Business tourism is a trip made out of professional and commercial interest (participation in congresses, conferences, seminars and various other events and political events).

Back in the 1970s, specialists from the World Association of Centers international trade came to the conclusion that the rate of economic growth of each particular country, as well as its business attractiveness, directly depend on the level of development of business tourism in it. Today, every fourth tourist trip in the world is made in connection with a business need. And although business travelers account for approximately 25% of the total tourist flow, they account for up to 60% of the total turnover of the tourism industry.

There are several reasons that make business tourism one of the most dynamically developing areas of the economy:

• - he suffers less than others from the changing political environment in the world;
• - A distinctive feature of business programs is their independence from the season. In addition, business tourism tends to smooth out the seasonal factor in the region;
• - business trips are usually planned well in advance - at least six months in advance, which makes their dynamics predictable and stable;
• - profitability - when organizing business tours, there is a focus on the consumer of services of medium and high levels;
• - business tourists are less connected with the environment of the region than other tourists and do not create additional problems for society.

The needs of business tourists are specific: on the one hand, they have at their disposal a sufficient amount of financial resources, and on the other hand, they need a very clear and punctual performance of all the services that are provided for by a particular tour. This also determines the level of development of infrastructure and services that must be achieved for a decent reception of business tourists.

According to the forecasts of UNWTO experts, in the next 10 years a real boom in business tourism is expected in the world - the number of business trips will increase by about 3 times, while income from business tourism will increase by about 5 times. This trend is easily explained - in recent years, business tourism has become one of the most highly profitable sectors of the global tourism industry.

In the Russian tourism market, the concept of "business tourism" is relatively young. At the same time, if the share of business tourists in the world tourist flow is 25%, then in Russia it is less than 20%. At the same time, Moscow and St. Petersburg demonstrate a completely different distribution, where the share of businessmen in the entry flow approaches 60%.

However, in accordance with the global trend, this type of tourism is beginning to actively develop in Russia. However, it is still at the initial stage of its development. Very few travel companies offer business tourism as a separate direction. There are a number of factors that could seriously change the approach to business tourism in Russia. Among them: an active state policy, improvement of legislation, support for the activities of relevant public organizations, adaptation and promotion of international standards and technologies, creation of a network of regional consulting structures, as well as professional training of personnel, etc.

In any case, business tourism in Russia directly depends on the development of domestic tourism in general, that is, the state itself should be interested in the development of domestic tourism;

2.7. Educational tourism (tourism for the purpose of education).

Educational tourism - These are trips made for the purpose of

education or training abroad. These purposes of the trip are conditionally related to tourism, since short-term or semester training most often goes beyond tourism and constitutes a special branch of services related to tourism. Moreover, in the immigration laws of a number of countries, tourism is incompatible with the purposes of education, and this is specifically indicated in visas - "without the right to work and study." But nevertheless, travel companies provide services to prepare applicants for passing international tests and exams, tests for the minimum required knowledge foreign language for the passage of training, their adaptation at the initial period of study, support and organization of living in families, guardianship of schoolchildren and students for the period of study, etc.;

2.8. Tourism for the purpose of visiting relatives and friends.

This type of tourism in international terminology is known

like - friends visiting and relatives (VFR). In practice, this type of tourism in its pure form is extremely rare, because during their stay with relatives and friends, people often visit local attractions, engage in various sports (for example, surfing on seaside resorts) etc.

• 3. Classification of tourism depending on its duration. There are the following types of tourism:
  • short-term tourism - a tourist trip is limited in time and its duration is no more than 2-3 days. Such tourism, as a rule, includes business trips, weekend tours, etc.;
  • medium-term tourism - a tourist trip for a period of 4 days to 2 weeks. The main examples of this tourism are: educational, sports, ecological, religious tourism, etc.;
  • long-term or long-term tourism - the duration of a tourist trip is 14 days or more. A striking example of this type of tourism is medical (health) tourism.

It should be noted that this division is conditional. For example, business travel can sometimes take up

2-3 days, but a whole week, and sports tourism can last more than 14 days (for example, tours to international sports competitions - the Olympics, etc.).

The duration of the trip may also depend on the area visited by tourists. For example, the stay of tourists in major city, as a rule, is of a short duration in comparison with tourists visiting other tourist destinations (for example, resorts). So, the average time of a tourist's stay in a large city is, as a rule, 4-5 days (2-7 days), while the average stay in a resort is 10 days (7-14 days or more).

• 4. Classification of tourism depending on the participation of the intermediary in organizing a tourist trip between a tourist and enterprises providing tourist services (accommodation, meals, etc.). There are two types of tourism:
  • organized tourism - is a purchase by a tourist of a tour from a travel agency according to a previously agreed route, terms, volume of services provided, price, etc.;
  • unorganized tourism - the organization of travel by the tourist himself without the direct participation of the travel agency. At the same time, the tourist independently develops a travel route, chooses means of transportation, determines the objects of stops, overnight stays and the duration of the tour. Unorganized tourism in world practice is quite popular, and in European countries ah, it accounts for approximately 80% of all tourist travel. At the same time, the attractiveness of this type of tourism is constantly growing.
• 5. Classification of tourism depending on the degree of organization of tourism divides tourism into:
  • mass tourism - this is the purchase by a tourist of a formed tour with a clearly defined travel period and the conditions of the tour, made as part of a tourist group;
  • individual tourism - is a tourist trip individual tour, developed by a travel company according to the wishes of the tourist himself.
• 6. Classification of tourism depending on the age of tourists:
  • - children's tourism;
  • - youth tourism;
  • - tourism of people of the middle age group;
  • - Tourism of the elderly.
• 7. Classification of tourism depending on means of transportation. According to this classification, the following types of tourism are distinguished:
  • air tourism - travel by air, mainly on aircraft of various brands. The main features of this type of tourism are its mobility (speed of delivery of a tourist to a destination) and high cost. This type of tourism is associated to a greater extent with visiting distant or hard-to-reach countries (for example, located on other continents). Air transport plays an important role in the tourism industry and the global economy.

The demand for air transport has increased significantly with the introduction of jet engines. Since 1950, commercial aviation passenger traffic has increased 60 times, the highest rate of any other mode of transport. The increase in demand was also influenced by the development of international tourism.

At the same time, the industry air transport very sensitive to economic and political changes. Thus, the war in the Persian Gulf and the economic recession that began in the 90s caused a reduction in air traffic. According to statistics from the International Organization civil aviation(ICAO), global air travel in this period decreased by 3.5%.

Air transportation of tourists can be carried out by charter companies and regular carriers. Charter air transportation originated in the 1950s in North America and Europe as vacationers from cold northern climates traveled to the sunny southern tourist destinations of Florida, the Caribbean and the Mediterranean.

The busiest European routes originate in London and include: London - Paris, London - New York and London - Amsterdam.

Today, air tourism is developing at a fairly fast and steady pace. Volume of international passenger traffic in 2011 grew by 6.9%. More than 3 billion people use airline services annually. The maximum growth in passenger traffic was shown by the airlines of the countries Latin America, airlines in Europe and airlines in the Middle East. The worldwide seat occupancy rate, according to IATA, was 76% in 2011.

railway tourism- a journey by rail on a specialized railway vehicle for recreational, educational, professional, religious and other purposes not related to paid activities.

Traveling by train is quite popular for a number of reasons: speed and convenience of movement, the ability to see many interesting places in a short time, get acquainted with the history, culture, modern achievements of the visited country, etc. The content, forms and types of railway tourist trips are very diverse. The most massive are the travel of tourists on scheduled trains, carried out in ordinary passenger trains following a regular schedule. In such trains, tourists travel to their destination as ordinary passengers with only one difference - a tourist organization worries about tickets for them, which, in agreement with the railway, purchases seats for the entire group in advance (usually in one carriage and to neighboring seats). Other forms of rail tourism are travel on special tourist-excursion trains intended only for tourists. These are a kind of "camps on wheels": having the features tourist base(food, sightseeing and cultural services, availability of accommodation, etc.), they can move around, allowing tourists to experience many attractions. Moving from city to city takes place mainly at night, and daytime is used for excursions.

A special type of travel by tourist train is rail cruise- a tourist trip on a railway train (train) along a closed circular route, with scheduled stops along the way for excursions.

One of the tourist trains in Russia is the branded train "Rus" of the Moscow railway- visiting card of domestic railway tourism. The train has the following main routes: Ulaanbaatar (tour through several major cities Russia: Vladimir, Kazan, Novosibirsk and Ulan-Ude) and the Chinese route, trips along the Great Silk Road to Central Asia and St. Petersburg, as well as a route through the Volga cities;

• car tourism - trips made by own or rented vehicles. The characteristic features of this type of tourism are: high mobility of tourists, the ability to independently determine the duration of stay in certain tourist places, etc. Autotourism is very common in Europe and occupies a leading position in the tourist market;
• bus tourism- trips made on various modifications of buses (mini-buses, buses with a capacity of about 40-50 people, double-decker sightseeing buses, hotel-type buses with berths, etc.”).

The history of the active popularity of bus tourism began around the 70s. The pioneers of European roads were young Britons, who appreciated the opportunity to see several countries of continental Europe at once in one trip in a dynamic mode for relatively little money (traveling by bus is always significantly cheaper than, for example, air travel).

Bus tourism in Russia was one of the pioneers of the entire industry, where the main positive characteristics at that time were: cheapness, speed, and also the ability to buy scarce goods abroad in large quantities (you don’t need to pay for overweight luggage, unlike air transport).

Today, up to 90% of bus tours lasting more than 4 days are foreign travel.

"High season" for bus travel is from April to October, and the highest bursts of demand occur during the May holidays and July-August - the traditional time of holidays and vacations. It is generally impossible to determine the optimal time of the year for bus tours. If, for example, July in France or Scandinavia is hot, but it is quite bearable in a modern air-conditioned bus, then, for example, a trip to Jordan at the same time can be real torture for a Russian who is not too accustomed to the Middle Eastern heat.

The main advantage of bus travel is a quick maneuver between cities and countries.

Bus sightseeing tourism is considered the most difficult in terms of organizing a trip. After all, the travel agency needs not only to choose interesting places and lay a route between them, but also provide travelers with accommodation, food, transport and excursions along all sections of the path. In addition, the road is often fraught with unpleasant accidents: according to statistics, road travel is twice as dangerous as rail and four times as air;

sea ​​tourism - travel made on sea ​​vessels, Pacific liners, yachts, etc. The beginning of sea tourism is attributed to the middle of the 19th century, it was then, during the off-season, that passenger companies began to use ships in liner transportation. High competition forced ship owners to constantly improve living conditions on ships, the level of service, which, in turn, quickly turned ships into highly comfortable floating hotels.

The first reports of specially organized voyages of sea passenger ships for the purpose of tourism date back to 1835, when regular pleasure voyages were announced in England between northern islands Britain and Iceland. Two years later, the ship-owning company P&O was formed, which specialized in sea tourism, and since 1840 it begins to carry out group tourist trips across the Mediterranean.

Today, the leading countries of maritime tourism are Germany, England and the USA. The islands of the South Pacific Ocean (Australia and New Zealand), Alaska, Mexico, Hawaii, the Caribbean (USA), the Mediterranean Sea, the Baltic, Northern Europe are considered to be the main regions of sea tourism. Currently, there are more than 200 companies engaged in maritime tourism in the world.

A distinctive feature of sea tourism is its comfort and rather high cost. The most expensive type of sea tourism is a cruise. Sea cruise (sea cruises) is a comfortable accommodation and eventful pastime and the opportunity to see a lot of interesting, instructive and at the same time get a lot of pleasure. Modern cruise ships are like a city in miniature, where there are many options for a pleasant stay for both single travelers and families with many children.

Recently, a lot of families with children choose to vacation in sea cruises. For these purposes cruise companies entertaining and educational programs designed for children of different age groups are being developed. Specially prepared

educators and animators will take care of your children throughout the trip;

• river tourism- trips made on water transport along rivers, lakes and canals. The main feature of this tourism is territorial limitation. As a rule, river tours are not as long as sea cruises. A striking example of a river tour in Russia are: a cruise along the Volga and a trip to Valaam;
• bicycle and motorcycle tourism- travel by bicycle. This type of tourism can cover both small areas (for example, a trip to another city) and distant regions (for example, a bicycle trip around Europe, etc.). In cycling tourism, the concept of “categorical cycling trip” is distinguished - this is a bicycle trip made by a group of cyclists along a route that, in terms of complexity and length, corresponds to the Unified All-Russian Sports Classification tourist routes(EVSKTM), the conditions for which comply with the Rules for conducting sports trips;
• tourism using other means of transportation- travel on specific, highly specialized means of transportation. For example, travel to hot-air balloon, trike, dog sled, etc.;
• hiking- travel without the use of any means of transportation. This type of tourism is mainly associated with the organization of trips.

All of these types of tourism, according to their dependence on means of transportation, are united by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) into three groups: air, land and water tourism. The dynamics of the ratio of these types of tourism in the total volume of international tourism is presented in Table. 5.

It should be noted that, as a rule, tourism is carried out not exclusively with the help of one type of vehicle, but with the use of two or more. For example, a bus tour of European cities is often organized from a border town Russian Federation(Brest or Kaliningrad), to which tourists Table 5

Percentage of tourist trips by mode of transport*

taken on the train. Or to go on a Mediterranean cruise, you must first fly by plane to the city that is the starting point of the cruise. This type of tourism, which includes the use of several Vehicle, called combined tourism.

The compartments of the train are designed for two people, shower cabins are built between each two compartments. The walls and many interior elements in the carriages are finished with expensive wood. The decor of the compartment is complemented by original bronze candelabra.

The most preferred bus brands among Russians are: Neoplan, Mercedes and Beauvais.

Cunard (founded by Samu-el Cunard in 1840), Carnival Cruise Lines (founded in 1976), Celebrity Cruises (founded in 1989), Crystal Cruises, Festival Cruises (founded in 1986), Holland America Line (founded in 1871), etc.

01.02.2013

Complexity tourism services revealed through their classification. There are several classification approaches based on various characteristics.

In order to classify modern tourism, it is necessary to establish its main classification features. It is advisable to classify according to a geographical basis, directions of the tourist flow, the purpose of the trip, the method of transportation, means of accommodation for tourists, the number of participants, organizational and legal forms, etc.

Depending on the categories of persons engaged in tourist travel (trips, visits), their goals, objects used or visited, or other features, there are the following types of tourism:

- Children's;
- Youth;
— Family;
- For the elderly;
- For invalids;
– Cultural and educational;
– Therapeutic and health-improving;
— Sports;
- Religious;
— Ecological (green);
— Rural;
- Underwater;
- Mountain;
— Adventure;
- hunting;
— Automotive;
— Amateur, etc..

Consider the characteristics of the main types of tourism.

CLASSIFICATION OF TOURISM

1 Geographic principle
1.1. Interior
1.2. International

3 Purpose of travel
3.1. recreational
3.2. Wellness vacation
3.3. Cognitive rest
3.4. Professional business tourism
3.5. Scientific (congressional)
3.6. sports recreation
3.7. Shop tours
3.8. Adventures
3.9. Pilgrimage
3.10. Nostalgic
3.11. Ecotourism
3.12. Exotic
3.13. Elitist

4 Funding source
4.1. Social
4.2. Commercial

5 way to travel
5.1. Pedestrian
5.2. Aviation
5.3. Nautical
5.4. River
5.5. Autotourism
5.6. Railway
5.7. Bicycle
5.8. Mixed

6. Accommodation facilities
6.1. Hotels
6.2. Hotels
6.3. boarding houses
6.4. Camping
6.5. Tents

7. Number of participants
7.1. Individual
7.2. Family
7.3. Group

8. Length of stay
8.1. short term
8.2. long term

9. Location of the tourist spot
9.1. Mountain
9.2. Water
9.3. Rural
9.4. Suburban

10 Intensity of the tourist flow
10.1. Constant
10.2. Seasonal

11. Organizational form
11.1. Organized
11.2. unorganized

The main thing is the division of tourism into domestic and international.

1. Domestic tourism represents migratory flows people within the country of permanent residence for tourism purposes. National currency unit, used daily, continues to be a means of payment, and the native language of a tourist remains a means of communication. Such trips are relatively easy to organize. According to some estimates, tourism accounts for 80-90% of all tourist trips, and the total amount of spending on domestic tourism is 5-10 times the cost of tourists on international travel.

2. international tourism covers trips of persons traveling for tourism purposes outside the country of permanent residence. intersection state border for them, it is associated with certain formalities: issuing passports and visas, passing through customs procedures, currency and medical control. These rules are introduced by the state in order to combat illegal migration, international terrorism, drug trafficking, prostitution, etc. and provide an established procedure for entering and leaving the country. Special services check the compliance of tourists with the passport and visa regime, requirements for vaccination (vaccinations), rules and conditions for transporting things, goods, foreign exchange across the border and carrying out currency exchange operations.

3. national tourism includes domestic and outbound tourism and correlates with the category (GNP).

Travel for the purpose of entertainment and recreation is the basis of international tourism exchange. They account for about 70% of world tourism. They combine health, educational, amateur sports trips, etc.

4. T entry urism- travel within the country of persons who do not permanently reside in it, for tourism purposes without engaging in paid activities.

5. Outbound tourism- travel of persons permanently residing in one country to another country for similar purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country visited.

6. Recreational tourism . Tourism for the purpose of recreation for a number of states is the most massive form. trips foreign tourists to Spain, Italy. France and Austria are primarily pursuing precisely this goal. Recreational tourism is characterized by the duration of travel, a small number of cities included in the route, the widespread use of air transport and, above all, charter flights.

Leisure trips are of great variety and may include spectacular entertainment programs(theater, cinema, festivals, etc.), hobby activities (hunting, music and art), ethnic trips related to the study of the national culture of the host country.

Recreational tourism includes various types of tourism for the purpose of recreation, sightseeing (Excursions), sports (Skiing, Diving, Fishing), hiking (Activity & Adventure), exotic vacation(Exotic Travel), thematic trips (Theme Trips, based around cultural themes in arts, history, archeology, etc.).

7. Wellness vacation has a personal character. However, it is not uncommon for tourists to join together for joint trips, with the aim of obtaining group discounts on fares. The usual duration of a tour for treatment is 24-28 days, which is much longer than for other types of tourism.

Health-improving rest, depending on the means of influencing the human body, is divided into climate-, balneo-, sea-, mud therapy, etc.

8. Cognitive (excursion) tourism. This type of tourism includes travel and trips for educational purposes. Excursion as a form of knowledge and a type of leisure performs the functions of broadening one's horizons and intellect. One of the varieties of educational trips is car tourism. Compared to travel by other means of transport, travel by car and bus provides tourists with a much greater educational opportunity.

9. Professional business tourism. This type of tourism includes trips for business purposes. Life in a modern civilized society necessitates international contacts. Business trips have recently become widespread.

A number of travel companies specialize in organizing group trips for businessmen with various purposes. The great advantage of business tourism is the possibility of organizing it during the busy season. At the same time, travel agencies can provide both purely tourist services (transport, accommodation, meals, excursion services) and specific ones (studying information, collecting data on possible trading partners, translations, providing the necessary economic materials, organizing business meetings, etc.) . Especially for this, large congress centers are being created with meeting rooms and facilities for accommodating visitors. Often, congress participants are accompanied by members of their families, for whom the organizers of the forums, together with travel company offer a purely tourist program. Often the participants themselves get acquainted with the sights of the city, and after the end of the congress they make tourist trips around the country.

A distinctive feature of this type of tourism is that participants in business meetings spend much more money during their stay in the country than ordinary tourist. Therefore, many states are striving to host international forums and other similar events.

Business tourism also includes incentive tourism (incentive tourism).

It is gradually gaining positions in the market of countries of Eastern Europe, displacing traditional social tourism. These are tourist trips organized by enterprises and firms for their employees as a means of encouragement and as a reward for conscientious work. A feature of such tours are interesting stay programs, which, along with recreation and excursions, provide social measures: professional meetings, visits to enterprises and institutions, family accommodation, entertainment, etc. The rapid growth of incentive tourism in the world has led to the creation of a number of associations of this profile, holding conferences, organizing exhibitions and publishing special catalogues. In the world, the cost of organizing incentive tourism is 5-6 billion US dollars.

In business tourism, two large segments are distinguished: individuals or groups, travelers with business purposes, and employees of various companies who often have to travel on company business. The latter is the so-called corporate tourism.

10. Scientific tourism. It is also called congress tourism (Conference Travel). The purpose of congress tourism is to conduct scientific and practical seminars, conferences, congresses.

11. Very popular sports tourism. The main task of these tours is to provide tourists with the opportunity to practice the chosen sport. Sports tourism requires the necessary base: a variety of equipment, special tracks, lifts, sports grounds, facilities. One of the main requirements for sports tours is to ensure the safety of vacationers.

Sports tours, depending on the purpose of travel, are divided into two types: active and passive. In the first case, the basis is the occupation of some kind of sport, in the second case, the interest in sports, for example, attending competitions.

12. "Shop Tours" characteristic of Russia and the CIS countries. The purpose of trips abroad is to purchase consumer goods for their subsequent sale (shoes, knitwear and other goods - in Turkey, Italy, Portugal, Syria; textiles - in Indonesia; furs - in Greece and Argentina; furniture - in Poland and Italy; body - and radio products - in the UAE; cars - in Germany, Sweden, Holland).

The "shuttle" business brings a tangible increase in the budget of these countries. So, in Turkey, "shuttle traders" annually buy goods worth 8-10 billion dollars. The government of the country strongly supports shop tourism. The press relations adviser to the Turkish Minister of Tourism said that tourists who bought low-quality goods have the right to demand an exchange, a refund of the amount paid or free elimination of defects within 15 days. In case of purchase of a product with a latent defect, the consumer has the right to file a claim with the seller within two years.

13. Adventure tourism is a kind of recreation and provides not only the stay of tourists in an attractive place for them, but also an unusual activity (“royal hunting”, “search for pirate treasures”, etc.). Adventure tourism is divided into several types:
1) derivatives of the expedition;
2) safari tours (hunting, fishing, butterfly catching, etc.);
3) sea travel (yachting).

The geography and themes of adventure tours are quite large and varied. Usually this group tours. A specific feature of such tourism is the obtaining of various licenses that allow hunting, fishing, and the export of trophies. Adventure tourism is associated with a certain risk, therefore, highly qualified instructors are needed to ensure the safety of such tours. This type of tourism has a rather high cost, and it can be classified as an elite holiday.

14. Religious (pilgrimage) tourism is in demand and popular. There are several types of tourism with religious purposes:

1) pilgrimage (visiting holy places to worship relics)
2) educational trips (acquaintance with religious monuments, the history of religion, the culture of religion);
3) scientific trips (travels of historians and other specialists dealing with religious issues, etc.).

A serious problem in this type of tourism is the issue of training highly qualified personnel. It is important that they can not only show historical and architectural sights, but also be familiar with spiritual and religious values.

15. Nostalgic tourism. This type of tourism is based on the need of people to visit relatives, places of birth and residence of loved ones and occupies an important place in the international tourist exchange.

16. Ecotourism designed to create economic incentives for environmental conservation. The concept of "ecotourism" covers a wide range of travel - from small educational tours for schoolchildren to regular tourist programs in national parks and reserves. The profit received from this type of tourism can be partly directed to environmental protection measures.

17. A few words should be said about exotic tourism. In recent years, tours have appeared that are striking in their unusualness, such as diving - scuba diving, rafting - rafting by mountain rivers on light inflatable rafts, bungee jumping - jumping from a height.

The nature of exotic tourism is also gastronomic tours. Often adventure tourism is associated with a certain risk and requires increased attention to the safety of tourists. As a result, extreme tourism has emerged from adventure tourism, the purpose of which is to test human strength in a difficult environment. It is gaining popularity especially among young people, because it not only creates conditions for testing a person’s own strengths, but also tempers them.

The French company "Apsar" organizes icebreaker tours to Antarctica and the Arctic. The first cruise to Antarctica was organized in 1989. Tourists travel on highly comfortable icebreakers with a sauna, swimming pool, gym and conference rooms. The icebreaker is equipped with boats and helicopters for excursions. The trip includes living in these exotic places, where tourists observe the life of the local "inhabitants" - seals, walruses and penguins. In 2005, about 11 thousand tourists visited Antarctica, paying from 9 to 16 thousand dollars for the tour.

Many people want to get acquainted with the underwater world. Most promising project in this direction - travel on a transparent submarine. One of its routes is planned to be laid to the site of the Titanic disaster. According to statistics, since 1985, 46 tourist submarines have been in operation. In 2004, the number of tourists who visited the depths of the seas and oceans amounted to more than 2 million, while the profit of travel organizers is 147 million dollars.

The Paris Odeon Hotel has developed a route for its clients that exactly repeats the last earthly journey of Princess Diana. Those wishing to touch the mystery of the tragedy will drive a black Mercedes from the Ritz Hotel to the tunnel - the site of the disaster.

18. Elite tourism designed for a wealthy clientele. For this category of consumers, the level of prices on the market does not really matter, but they place increased demands on the quality of the goods and services offered. In this regard, it is impossible not to note the role that elite tourism plays in the development of the tourism business as a whole. It sets the impetus for the development of the entire tourism industry. It contributes to the approval and dissemination of new high standards of service and, finally, improves the quality of life of the population. Therefore, elite tourism is often called a "tourist locomotive".

19. The focus on consumers is forcing tourism service providers to seek new market segments. An organization becomes a profitable business wedding tours. Thus, the British company "Thompson Holidays" sells about 5 thousand wedding tours a year.

It is beneficial for travel companies to engage in this type of tourism, since living expenses are significantly reduced due to the provision of high discounts by hotels for young people (up to 60-80%). A package of tourist services, except for basic ones, including video shooting, limousine, flowers, champagne, etc. If the wedding ceremony is planned to be done on a trip, it will be organized as a folklore festival. Practice shows that young people prefer to relax in the Caribbean or in countries South-East Asia Italy is popular in Europe, Las Vegas is popular in the USA.

Types and forms of modern tourism

There are different classifications of tourism and tourist routes. These classifications depend on the goals and objectives facing the organizers of tourism activities and tourism enterprises.

Classifications of tourism are of great importance for the practical activities of workers in the tourism sector. They help to identify the demand for tourism services and form the tourism market, produce and sell tourism products, solve the problems of territorial location of tourism infrastructure facilities, and plan the development of the material base of tourism.

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, or UNWTO ) proposes to classify tourism destinations according to the following types:

- domestic tourism- travel within the country of persons permanently residing in this country;

- inbound tourism- travel around the country of persons who do not live in it permanently;

- outbound tourism- travel of residents of the country to another country.

These main types of tourism can be combined in different ways, forming categories tourism:

- international tourism - This is a set of activities in the field of outbound and inbound tourism. In other words, this is the activity of enterprises in the tourism industry to provide a tourist product, tour or tourist services to citizens of the Russian Federation outside the country (outbound tourism) and to foreign citizens in the territory of the Russian Federation (inbound tourism);

- national tourism is a set of activities in the field of outbound and domestic tourism. In other words, this is the activity of enterprises of the tourism industry to provide a tourist product, tour or tourist services to citizens of the Russian Federation on the territory of the Russian Federation and abroad.

- tourism within the country is a set of activities in the field of domestic and inbound tourism. In other words, this is the activity of enterprises of the tourism industry to provide a tourist product, tour or tourist services to citizens of the Russian Federation and foreign citizens on the territory of the Russian Federation.

As a sign that allows you to classify travel by type of tourism, are used motivational factors motivate a person to travel.

Types of tourism are characterized by considerable diversity. At least 12 types of tourism can be distinguished, but their number can be much more:

recreational;

Consumer;

Cultural and educational;

Reunion and nostalgic;

Business and professional;

Therapeutic and recreational;

Sports;

Adventure;

Ecological;

Religious (pilgrimage) tourism;

Combined tours;

Other types of tourism.

Recreational tourism associated with visiting and using natural objects for the purpose of recreation and rehabilitation: seas, rivers, lakes, forests, mountains, etc. Unlike medical health tourism recreational tourism is not focused on specialized accommodation facilities, such as sanatoriums, dispensaries, and does not provide for therapeutic measures.

Consumer tourism includes the extraction of natural resources as the main component of the tour program. It can be licensed hunting, fishing, collection of wild food and medicinal plants.

Cultural tourism has a pronounced excursion component. Cultural and educational tours allow you to get acquainted with the history, traditions, culture of the country or place of visit, with the main attractions (for example, tours "Classic Paris", "Classic Rome", etc.)

Reunion and nostalgic tourism associated with visiting acquaintances and relatives, places of birth, past residence or place of birth of parents. This type of tourism is of particular importance for countries whose population lives abroad.

Nostalgic tours have become particularly popular due to the change political map in particular Europe. Nostalgic tourism is also typical of the Japanese, who always visit the burial places of their ancestors. An example of nostalgic tourism can be specially organized travel for lovers " The Beatles”, trips to childhood - “In the footsteps of the heroes of the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm”, “In the footsteps of the Bremen town musicians”, etc.

Business and professional tourism involves trips to conferences, symposiums, negotiations, as well as to language courses. Unlike a business trip, business and professional tours, as a rule, have an excursion or health program.

Medical tourism focused on the use of natural healing resources and physiotherapeutic factors used to improve health.

Natural healing resources include:

Mineral water;

Healing mud;

Climatic features;

Picturesque landscapes;

Forests, forest park plantings;

Alpine meadows;

Areas suitable for koumiss treatment;

The brine of estuaries and lakes is a complex, highly concentrated, usually saturated with various salts, solution that covers mud deposits;

Seas and inland waters;

Other rare natural objects, such as medicinal oil, hot steam and gas, salt caves used for treatment, disease prevention and recreation.

Medical tours include:

Climatotherapy;

Balneotherapy (mineral waters);

Mud treatment;

Bathing and beach, walking procedures, etc.

Medical tours are usually are highly specialized. During such a tour, you can slow down the course of the disease and even completely get rid of the disease. First of all, this refers to visits to well-known clinical centers, whose specialists practice both classical and non-traditional methods of treatment, as well as to balneological and mud resorts.

Sports tourism May be:

Pedestrian;

Mountain, including skiing and climbing;

Bicycle;

Automotive;

Motorcycle;

Underground (speleotourism);

Sail-nym;

Horse and others.

Sports tours are divided into two groups:

1. Actually sports, during which tourists are actively involved in a particular sport.

2. Tours to sports competitions, where tourists act as fans.

Activity on the organization of sports tourism is manifested in various forms:

Organization of sports trips and trips;

Assignment of titles and categories (sports qualification tourism);

Carrying out sports and scientific expeditions;

Holding championships and competitions;

Organization of sports schools for the training of personnel - trainers-teachers and guides-conductors of sports tourism;

Organization of fairs and rallies;

Maintaining data banks about collective members, novelties of tourist equipment, routes of passes, description of peaks and other technically difficult obstacles;

Accounting and assignment of sports, instructor and referee titles;

Organization of youth and family tourism;

Organization of trips to sports events.

Adventure tourism involves tourists getting new bright and unexpected impressions, sometimes difficult to predict, but always clearly worked out by the organizers, including in terms of safety.

Adventure tour programs may include:

Reproducible spectacular historical events, fragments of modern cultural life;

Overcoming obstacles that require both physical and psycho-emotional stress.

Today it is small but growing and quite a promising segment of the tourist market. According to forecasts UNWTO, in the first decade of the XXI century. adventure tourism will develop intensively.

Ecological tourism is a journey among nature (sometimes it is called nature tourism, biotourism, etc.).

The main goals of ecological tourism are the harmonization of a person with his natural and social environment, environmental education and upbringing of various groups of the population.

The main tasks of ecological tourism are the observance of strict environmental standards and restrictions to the maximum extent possible.

Ecotourism includes:

Rural tourism, which provides accommodation in the homes of rural residents

Agro-ecological tourism, in which tourists lead a rural lifestyle on farms during their holidays.

The principles or features of ecological tourism are based on the desire of mankind to achieve sustainable development of territories, the preservation of biological and socio-cultural diversity.

The main principles of ecological tourism include:

Visiting well-preserved natural areas;

Inexhaustible, sustainable use of natural resources;

The presence of certain, rather strict rules of conduct;

Less than with conventional types of tourism, the intensity of the use of natural resources;

Ecological education of tourists, their participation in local cultural and environmental events;

Integration of ecological tourism into plans for regional development of territories;

Participation of the local population in the development of tourism and their receipt of financial and other benefits from this activity;

Ecological training of personnel employed in the field of ecological tourism.

Religious tourism (pilgrimage) is focused on visiting holy places, temples and monasteries that preserve the relics of saints, icons and other objects of religious worship. Religious tours are typical for representatives of major world religions and can be carried out both in an organized and spontaneous way. The main world centers of religious tourism are Mecca, Vatican, Medina, Lhasa, Jerusalem.

Combined tours include two or more types of tourist activity of the population. These can be health-improving trips with excursion programs, recreational and ecological tours, and many others.

Other types of tourism include a variety of types: desert, space tourism, etc.

desert tourism. In the second half of the XX century. tourists began to explore previously unsuitable for recreation corners of the globe, including deserts. The growing interest in desert recreation has been linked to the need for tourists to experience themselves in extreme conditions and visit places of pristine nature.

Often in the deserts are the remains of ancient civilizations. Some of them, such as the Egyptian pyramids and temples, have long been popular among tourists. Modern settlements of people in the deserts look fantastic from the point of view of a European. One of them, where cave houses are built in pits, was used by Steven Spielberg when filming the movie Star Wars.

In the deserts, tourists are offered participation in safaris and hunting. Some countries are developing sports tourism in the deserts. In Death Valley in the USA, where temperatures of +52 ° C are a common occurrence, since 1974 annual cross-country races for ultramarathoners have been held.

The attitude towards deserts as an object of tourism in different countries is not the same. In some African states, this is not given much importance, in others, on the contrary, they are trying to extract maximum profit from the deserts. So, in Tunisia in the second half of the 80s. In the 20th century, a program was adopted to use deserts for tourism purposes. The program provided for the development of tourism in the Sahara to smooth out the seasonal peaks in the arrival of tourists on the coast. In Australia, the rock monolith in the Uluri National Park has become one of the tourist symbols of the country. Famous Israeli resort Eilat, located in the desert on the shores of the Red Sea, offers vacationers a variety of health and wellness programs.

In Russia, desert tourism has not yet been developed, although there are desert areas in Astrakhan region and Kalmykia.

space tourism became a reality in 2001 when the first American space tourist Dennis Tito spent a week aboard the International Space Station, paying $20 million for his flight. USA. Subsequent flights into space as tourists by two foreign citizens caused a stir among wealthy residents of the United States and Canada. Polls have shown that 5-10 thousand people would like to pay 100 thousand dollars each to participate in an orbital space flight.

Approximately 7% of those surveyed said they were willing to spend several million dollars for the right to participate in space travel lasting several weeks. The survey included people whose annual income per family member is at least $250,000. Other polls periodically conducted by the American media show that up to a third of respondents are willing to pay $50,000 to go to space.

Among other types of tourism, the most prominent are club tourism And gambling vacation. Club tourism is characterized by the fact that travelers consciously unite in groups. The formation of groups occurs in the presence of an entertainment or sports program of interest to people.

Gambling recreation as a type of tourism will be developed in the coming years, after the creation of four gambling zones in Russia - on the territory of the Altai, Primorsky Territories, the Kaliningrad Region, as well as one zone on the territory of Krasnodar Territory and the Rostov region.

The Law on the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities mentions social tourism, fully or partially carried out at the expense of budgetary funds, state non-budgetary funds (including funds allocated within the framework of state social assistance), as well as employers' funds. In Russia, social tourism is not yet developed.

Geography of tourist demand

1. Classification of tourism

2. Characteristics of the main types of tourism

3. Geography of tourist demand by types of tourism

Tourist flows, which represent realized tourist demand in physical terms, are characterized by great diversity. Business trips are undertaken along with ethnic ones, and recreational tours coexist with the pilgrimage movement. Each type of tourism forms its own flows, which have very specific directions and differ in spatial distribution.

Tourism classification

In order to classify modern tourism, it is necessary to establish its most significant classification features. It is advisable to classify on a geographical basis, the direction of the tourist flow, the purpose of the trip, the method of transportation, the means of accommodation for tourists, the number of participants, organizational and legal forms, etc. (Table 1).

Characteristics of the main types of tourism

1. Tourism domestic - travel with tourist purposes of citizens of the country permanently residing within the borders of their state without engaging in paid activities in the place of temporary residence. Domestic tourism is not associated with crossing the state border and tourist formalities. National currency, language, documents remain the same.

The share of domestic tourism in the world accounts for 80-90% of trips. The cost of it is 5-10 times higher than the cost of international tourism. Especially popular in the USA.

2. international tourism covers trips for tourism purposes outside the country permanent residence without engaging in paid activities at the place of temporary residence.

At the I UN Conference on Tourism and Travel, which was held in Rome in 1968, a definition of international tourism was developed. "A foreign tourist is a 'temporary visitor', i.e. any person visiting a country other than the one in which he or she permanently resides, for any purpose other than the exercise of a professional activity remunerated in the country visited.

Foreign tourists include all temporary visitors who have arrived in a given country for at least 24 hours. It should be noted that in some countries deviations from the recommendations of the UN Statistical Commission are allowed. For example, some states consider as international tourists those who stay in the country for at least 3 days, others - at least 2 weeks, others - at least 1 month. In our country, despite the recommendation not to include persons traveling in transit as tourists, the latter are included in the statistical data, since, with the great length of Russia, passengers spend a long time on the road and use tourist services, especially when traveling by rail.

On average, about 65% of all international tourist trips are to Europe, about 20% to America and about 15% to other regions.

The development of international tourism in countries that mainly receive tourists is due to the desire to increase the inflow of foreign currency and create new jobs. Many countries through international tourism are trying to solve the problems of the balance of payments.

Incoming foreign tourists, paying for goods and services, ensure the flow of currency into the budget of the host country and thereby activate its balance of payments. Therefore, the arrival of foreign tourists was called "active tourism".

The departure of tourists is accompanied by an outflow of the national currency. International payments for tourism operations of this kind are recorded in the liabilities of the balance of payments of the country - the exporter of tourists, and tourism itself is called "passive".

The division into "active" and "passive" tourism is inherent only in international tourism.

Recently, there has been a trend of convergence of domestic and international tourism, which is due to the simplification of tourist formalities (for example, the Schengen agreement in a united Europe).

3. Inbound tourism - travel within the country of persons not permanently residing in it, for tourism purposes without engaging in paid activities.

4. Outbound tourism - travel of persons permanently residing in one country to another country for similar purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country visited.

5. Recreational tourism. Tourism for the purpose of recreation for a number of states is the most massive form of travel for foreign tourists to Spain, Italy, France, Austria, primarily pursue this goal. Recreational tourism is characterized by the duration of travel, a small number of cities that are included in the route, the widespread use of air transport, and above all charter flights.

Leisure trips are very diverse and may include entertainment programs (theatre, cinema, festivals, etc.), hobby activities (hunting, fishing, music, art, etc.), ethnic trips related to the studied national culture of the host country, etc.

6. Wellness vacation It has a purely personal, individual character. However, it is not uncommon for tourists to join together for joint trips, which is aimed at obtaining group discounts on fares. The usual duration of a tour for treatment is 24-28 days, which is much longer than for other types of tourism.

Health-improving rest, depending on the means of influencing the human body, is divided into climate, balneo, sea, mud therapy, etc.

7. Cognitive (excursion) tourism. This type of tourism includes travel and trips for educational purposes. Excursion as a form of knowledge and a type of leisure performs the functions of broadening one's horizons and intellect. One of the varieties of educational trips is car tourism. Compared to traveling by other means of transport, traveling by car and bus provides tourists with a much greater educational opportunity.

8. Professional and business tourism. This type of tourism includes trips for business purposes. Life in a modern civilized society necessitates international contacts. Business trips have recently become widespread.

A number of travel companies specialize in organizing group trips for businessmen with various purposes. A big advantage of business tourism is the possibility of organizing it in the low season. At the same time, travel agencies can provide both purely tourist services - transport, accommodation, meals, excursion services, and specific ones - studying information, collecting data on possible trading partners, translations, providing the necessary economic materials, organizing business meetings, etc. Especially for this, large congress centers are created with meeting rooms and facilities for accommodating visitors. Often, congress participants are accompanied by their family members, for whom the organizers of the forums, together with a travel company, offer a purely tourist program. Often the participants themselves get acquainted with the sights of the city, and after the end of the congress they make tourist trips around the country.

A distinctive feature of this type of tourism is that participants in business meetings spend much more money during their stay in the country than an ordinary tourist. Therefore, many states are striving to host international forums and other similar events.

9. Scientific tourism. Travel for the purpose of education, advanced training are relatively new in international tourism. Educational trips abroad have become one of the established segments of the tourist industry. Language learning trips are the most popular, especially to the UK and other English-speaking countries.

10. Currently enjoys great popularity sports tourism. The main task of these tours is to provide tourists with the opportunity to practice their chosen sport. Sports tourism requires the necessary base: a variety of equipment, special tracks, lifts, sports grounds, facilities. One of the main requirements for sports tours is to ensure the safety of vacationers.

Sports tours, depending on the purpose of travel, are divided into two types: active and passive. In the first case, the basis is practicing some kind of sport, in the second case, interest in sports, for example, attending competitions.

11. "Shop Tours" typical for Ukraine and the CIS countries. The purpose of trips abroad is to purchase consumer goods for their subsequent sale (shoes, knitwear and other goods - in Turkey, Italy, Portugal, Syria; summer textiles - in Indonesia; fur coats - in Greece and Argentina; furniture - in Poland and Italy; television and radio products - in the United Arab Emirates; cars - in Germany, Sweden, Finland, Holland).

The "shuttle" business brings a tangible increase to the budget of these countries. Thus, in Turkey "shuttle traders" annually buy goods worth 8-10 billion dollars. The government of the country strongly supports shop tourism. The press relations adviser to the Turkish Minister of Tourism said that tourists who bought low-quality goods have the right to demand an exchange, reduction or return of the amount paid, or gratuitous elimination of defects within 15 days. In case of purchase of a product with a latent defect, the consumer has the right to file a claim with the seller within two years. It is even planned to reduce the price of an air ticket for shuttles by 50%.

12. Adventure tourism is a kind of recreation and ensures not only the stay of tourists in an attractive place for them, but also an unusual activity ("royal hunting", "salmon fishing", "search for pirate treasures", etc.).

Adventure tourism is divided into several types:

- hiking expeditions;

– safari tours (hunting, fishing, butterfly catching, etc.);

- sea travel (yachting).

The geography and themes of adventure tours are quite extensive and varied. Usually these are group tours. A specific feature of such tourism is the obtaining of various licenses that allow hunting, fishing, and the export of trophies. Adventure tourism is associated with a certain risk, therefore, highly qualified instructors are needed to ensure the safety of such tours. This type of tourism has a rather high cost, and it can be classified as an elite holiday.

13. Religious (pilgrimage) tourism V currently in demand and popularity. There are several types of tourism with religious purposes:

– pilgrimage (visiting holy places to worship relics);

– educational trips (acquaintance with religious monuments, the history of religion, the culture of religion);

– scientific trips (travels of historians and other specialists dealing with religious issues, etc.).

A serious problem in this type of tourism is the issue of training highly qualified personnel. It is important that they can not only show historical and architectural sights, but also be familiar with spiritual and religious values.

14. Nostalgic tourism. This type of tourism is based on the need of people to visit relatives, places of birth and residence of loved ones and occupies an important place in the international tourist exchange. So, among tourists - immigrants from Germany, tours around the Volga region are popular, among Jews - Israel, etc.

15. Ecotourism designed to create economic incentives for environmental conservation. The concept of "ecotourism" covers a wide range of travel - from small educational tours for schoolchildren to regular tourism programs in national parks and reserves. The profit received from this type of tourism can be partly directed to environmental protection measures.

16. A few words should be said about exotic tourism. In recent years, tours have appeared that are striking in their unusualness.

For example, the Greek travel agency Manos Travel is planning trips to the moon. The first tour took place on December 1, 2000 from the SEATL base (USA) and cost $105,000.

From the same base, Zegrahm Expeditions offers a space cruise. Although the orbital altitude will be only about 100 km, tourists will be able to experience a state of weightlessness and see space. Bookings for flights have already begun, the first tourists have booked their seats, making a deposit of $5,000 (the total cost of the trip will be $98,000). Starting from 2001, it is planned to carry out two flights annually with six passengers on each flight. The duration of the cruise is 2.5-3 hours, but before that, tourists are required to undergo training for 1-2 days.

The French company "APSARA" organizes icebreaker tours to Antarctica and the Arctic. The first cruise to Antarctica was organized in 1989. Currently, tourists travel on highly comfortable icebreakers with a sauna, swimming pool, gym and conference rooms. The icebreaker is equipped with boats and helicopters for excursions. The trip includes living in these exotic places where tourists observe the life of the local "inhabitants" - seals, walruses and penguins. In 1997, about 10 thousand tourists visited Antarctica, paying from 9 to 16 thousand dollars for a tour.

Many people want to get acquainted with the underwater world. The most promising project in this direction is travel on a transparent submarine. One of its routes is planned to be laid to the wreck of the Titanic. "According to statistics, 46 tourist submarines have been in operation since 1985. In 1996, the number of tourists oceans, amounted to more than 2 million, while the profit of travel organizers is 147 million dollars.

In Germany, a former prison cell is popular among tourists - exotic lovers, where you can feel like a prisoner for just 20 DM. The cell is furnished with a narrow bed and a chair, 4 partial steps in size, air volume 22.3 cubic meters. m, according to the inscription on the door. Judging by the fact that the company is flourishing, the tour is using (.prosom.

The Parisian "Odeon Hotel" has developed for its customers a route that exactly repeats the last earthly path of Princess Diana. Those wishing to touch the mystery of the tragedy will proceed on a black Mercedes from the Ritu Hotel to the tunnel - the site of the disaster. The cost of a type is $25.

17. The focus on consumers forces tourism service providers to seek new market segments. An organization becomes a profitable business wedding tours. For example, the British company Thompson Honeydays sells about 5,000 wedding tours a year.

It is beneficial for travel agencies to engage in this type of tourism, since the prices for accommodation are significantly reduced due to the provision of high discounts by hotels to newlyweds (up to 60-80%). The package of tourist services, in addition to the basic ones, includes video filming, a limousine, flowers, champagne, etc. If the wedding ceremony is planned to be performed on a trip, it will be organized as a memorable folklore holiday. Practice shows that newlyweds prefer to relax in the Caribbean or in the countries of Southeast Asia, Italy is popular in Europe, Las Vegas in the USA.

18. Social tourism - these are trips subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs. The purpose of social tourism is not to make a profit, but to support low-income people to realize their right to rest.

This type of tourism is widespread abroad. In the former USSR, this type of tourism was also popular; it accounted for almost 80% of domestic tourism and 50% of international tourism. * The state directed huge funds to strengthen the material and technical base of tourism. So, during the seventh five-year plan, 49.6 billion rubles were spent, the eighth - 183.2 billion rubles, the ninth - 460.0 billion rubles, the tenth - 470 billion rubles. (in prices of the 1970s-1980s).** Several tens of thousands of objects for 1-2.5 thousand places were commissioned per year.

At present, the lack of budgetary funds for subsidies to social tourism has led to the alienation of the vast majority of the population, especially the poorly protected strata, from traveling. The effectiveness of social assistance programs, calculated as the share of funds received by the poorest segments of the population in total social contributions, is only 19%, while the same indicator in most developed countries ranges from 30-50%.

19. Organized tourism - these are trips of individuals or groups of tourists organized by a travel company. Organized tourists acquire the right to a tour by purchasing a tourist package. However, the number of services may vary. For example, tourists can purchase only a meal plan or a range of services, including transport services, meals, accommodation, transfers, excursion services, etc.

The type of tourism that is opposite in form of organization should be classified as unorganized or amateur.

It should be noted that in Russia and Ukraine, tourism is distinguished by the presence of a significant part of organized tourism, while in European countries its share is less than 20% and tends to decrease.

Summing up the classification of tourism, I would like to give the preferences of tourists from various countries according to the research of the Spanish specialist X. Montaner Montejano. In his opinion, the French like family tourism in countries with a culture close to them, they are attracted to sunbathing, at the same time they try to avoid long-distance travel.

Italian tourists prefer amateur tourism, choose outdoor recreation, strive to get to know people and their culture.

For the British, climate, cuisine, and the possibility of recreation are important criteria when choosing travel. At the same time, both organized and amateur tours are possible.

Tourists from Germany prefer organized vacation in campsites, family boarding houses. An important factor is the ecological situation in the place of travel.

As can be seen from the data presented above, China should become the most visited country in 2020. High growth rates are also expected in Hong Kong and Russia. The share of China and Hong Kong will be 12.3% of the global flow of tourists. Particularly serious changes are predicted in Russia: in 2020, the number of incoming tourists will exceed the number of those leaving Russia by 1.5 times. The Czech Republic will achieve great success among European countries.

The greatest tourist mobility of the population is expected in the Netherlands, Germany, Great Britain, Canada and Japan, where there will be 1.5-2 trips abroad per inhabitant of the country per year. In most other countries that are V top ten, tourist mobility is noticeably lower.

Psychologists say that one of the main differences between humans and animals lies in human curiosity. Even in ancient times, noble Greeks and Romans went on trips to see the world and see how other peoples live.

Thus, tourism, as such, arose in time immemorial. However, mass tourism is a phenomenon of the 20th century, when effective means of transportation arose and the material level of the Earth's population increased. It is believed that the term "tourism" was coined by the famous writer Mark Twain, combining the words "tour" (in French - "journey") and "adventurism". Today there are various types of tourism, numbered in dozens.

Types of tourism are practically not subject to strict classification, especially since tourism is becoming increasingly popular. combined tours. The main goals of modern tourism are educational, recreational and entertaining. In addition, people go on health trips, as well as professional business, sports, wedding and guest trips. Below are the most popular types of tourism, as well as their brief descriptions.

Water tourism

Is active or even extreme view recreation. Travel within the framework of water tourism takes place using a variety of watercraft - boats, kayaks, catamarans, rafts, etc. Rafting is practiced on rivers using special equipment. Also included in the category of water tourism is quite calm travel on ships and ocean liners.

mountain tourism

This is one of the most popular types of outdoor activities, involving hiking routes with overcoming passes, steep slopes, rocky areas, mountain rivers and glaciers. There is a five-point classification of the complexity of the routes, so both professional climbers and office managers who decide to take a break from the bustle of the city can engage in mountain tourism.

Medical tourism

It is a trip to sanatoriums, dispensaries and resorts in order to improve health. As a rule, tourists choose a resort that has the most beneficial effect on the body and provides a complex wellness procedures for the treatment of chronic diseases.

ski tourism

It is one of the most popular types of sports tourism and involves the passage of routes of varying difficulty. This category also includes ski slopes. Such types of tourism require special training of participants and the availability of high-quality equipment.

Recreational tourism

One of the most popular types of mass tourism. It is carried out solely for the purpose of rest and restoration of physical, emotional and mental strength. This category includes sightseeing trips, visits to a variety of entertainment and entertainment events.

Maritime tourism

It is carried out on regular passenger sea liners or special cruise ships. As a rule, the route is chosen so that the ship periodically calls at the ports of different cities, where excursions and entertainment programs are organized for tourists. On board ships, passengers are usually provided with full board.

Ethnic tourism

It is more typical for older people who want to travel to their places of previous residence. It involves visiting not so much sights as memorable places, cemeteries, etc. Such types of tourism are also called nostalgic.

Pilgrimage tourism

It is one of the most popular types of religious tourism. Pilgrimage trips are made by believers of various faiths and denominations. As a rule, these are trips to holy places, visits to monasteries and various historical and archaeological sites.

Adventure tourism

Associated with non-standard travel in exotic places planet, as well as in ecologically clean reservations. Often such tours are carried out using non-traditional transport. The most popular types of adventure tourism are safari tours, unusual fishing trips, hunting trips, yacht trips.