MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
federal state budgetary educational institution of higher professional education
"Altai State University"
Faculty of Geography
Department of Recreational Geography, Tourism and Regional Marketing
TYPES OF TRANSPORT USED IN TOURISM ACTIVITIES
(abstract on the discipline "Organization of inbound and outbound tourism")
Completed by a student
course 923-z group
Ivanova I.I.
Barnaul 2014
INTRODUCTION
ROLE AND PLACE OF TRANSPORT SERVICES IN THE TOURIST MARKET
AIR TRANSPORT IN TOURIST TRAFFIC
ROAD TRANSPORT IN TOURISM
RAIL TRAVEL
MOTOR SHIP TRAVEL
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Transport services are one of the main types of services in tourism. They account for the main share in the price structure of the tour. Depending on the duration and distance of travel, it (in most cases) ranges from 20 to 60%. Various types of transport are used by tourism organizations to transport tourists during a trip.
Transport travel- these are trips of organized groups of tourists in the presence of vouchers (vouchers) along developed routes using various vehicles. Transport travel is considered both as an independent type of tourism and as a component of the tourism product as a whole.
When planning his trip, the tourist takes into account such factors as the speed of delivery to the place of rest, travel comfort, cost, the possibility of carrying luggage and its weight, the possibility of stopping along the way, food conditions, conditions for recreation, noise level, the presence of harmful environmental factors and, of course , - safety.
The main objectives of this work are to determine the main modes of movement and modes of transport used during inbound and outbound tourism.
.ROLE AND PLACE OF TRANSPORT SERVICES IN THE TOURIST MARKET Transport is one of the most important components of the material base of the economy of any country. Since ancient times, transport has been the engine of progress. Man used any means at hand to transport people and goods. With the invention of the wheel, and somewhat later various types people began to develop engines, respectively, and means of transportation: wagons, carriages, steamboats, steam locomotives, airplanes, etc. This made it possible to travel long distances and for various purposes Currently, transport is one of the most important components of the economy of the state, both developing and with a highly developed economic and social base. Transport ensures the normal functioning of the economy, increases the efficiency of social production, creates conditions for the rational distribution of production forces throughout the country, taking into account the most appropriate approximation of enterprises in various sectors of the economy to sources of raw materials and areas of consumption of products, specialization and cooperation of production, allows the development of industries such as trade , agriculture and others. Transport is a leading factor in the development of tourism. The role of transport is great in solving social problems, ensuring business, cultural and tourist trips of the population, developing cultural exchange within the country and abroad. Transport ensures the development of international economic relations, contributing to the implementation of mutually beneficial exchange between different countries. .AIR TRANSPORT IN TOURIST TRAFFIC According to statistics, the growth rate of the popularity of air transport is higher than that of road transport, which is due to the increasing expansion of the geography of travel and the existing steady trend to reduce travel time in favor of their frequency (growth of short-term long-distance tours). All this causes close attention of the tourist business to air transportation. Airplanes are the most popular mode of transport in the world. The same can be said about air travel in tourism. And there are a number of reasons for this: firstly, aviation is the fastest and most convenient mode of transport when traveling over long distances; secondly, the service on flights currently has an attractive appearance for tourists; thirdly, airline companies directly and through international booking and reservation networks pay commissions to travel agencies for each seat booked on an airplane, thereby motivating them to choose air travel. Air transport is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy and every year it occupies an increasingly strong position in the global transport system Now there are more than 1300 airlines in the world. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported on flights annually. Over 470 carriers now provide international air services, about 250 of them operate international regular flights. More than 1,000 airports in the world are involved in serving international air traffic, about 650 of them serve international scheduled air transportation. The largest airlines in the world in terms of the number of flights are the American Delta Air lines, Pan Amerikan, United, the French Air France, the German Lufthansa, the British British Airways, and others. The Russian Aeroflot is considered a major airline. However, the system of international air transport are not only international air carriers and airports, but also states connected by international air lines and providing these communications, as well as international organizations in the field of air transport, taking measures to ensure its efficient functioning and safety. The international transportation network currently covers all geographical regions and more than 150 countries of the world. Since air transport occupies an increasingly strong position in the global transport system every year, the need for its global coordination and regulation has long arose. These issues are dealt with by international aviation organizations. As part of the organization of tourist travel, there are several forms of interaction between travel companies and airlines: reservation of seats and purchase of air tickets through the airline's agencies; reservation of seats and redemption of air tickets through booking systems; an agreement with an airline for a quota of seats on regular airlines; agency agreement and work as an agency selling air tickets for its tourists; organization of charter flights for tourist transportation. In order to correctly choose the most convenient and profitable section of tourist transportation, as well as competently conclude a contract for air transportation of tourists, you need to know all the features, advantages and disadvantages of this or that type of interaction with the airline. .ROAD TRANSPORT IN TOURISM Auto services used in tourist services include three main areas: ) organization of bus trips; ) organization of travel by personal transport of tourists; ) car rental. Bus travel. International bus tourism is a relatively young type of tourism. The beginning of its development can be attributed to the 70s. 20th century Prior to this in different countries buses were used mainly for transfers, excursions and local trips. Being an economic type of tourism accessible to the general population, bus tourism is constantly developing. There is still an upward trend in its volumes. Priority is given to weekend bus tours - 2-3 day trips to European cities for sightseeing and educational purposes are quite popular. In second place in popularity are route tours lasting 1-2 weeks in European cities, also with sightseeing and educational purposes. Seasonality in the organization of bus tours does not play such a big role as in other trips. In fact, bus tours are carried out throughout the year. Some decline in demand is observed in January-February. During these two months, one bus is usually “busy” on one route. According to experts, despite the importance of the price aspect, competition in the market of bus tours is observed in the field of a variety of routes and quality of service. Opening traffic on regular international routes regulated by bilateral government agreements, and transit through third countries requires permission from the Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE). The rights and obligations of the carrier and tourists are regulated by the contract for transportation, the contract for tourist services and the voucher Bus trips can be organized on own buses owned by travel companies, as well as on rented buses owned by independent motor transport enterprises (ATP) of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. As a rule, Russian firms work with rented buses. With such ATP, a travel company concludes a special contract for renting a bus for tourist transportation. Traveling with the use of personal transport of tourists. The organization of a package tour of a car trip includes the entire set of services, with the exception of transport. However, the travel company still provides special assistance in organizing the movement of tourists along the route in their cars. This is reflected in the specifics of the organization of car tours. The road trip preparation process includes: route development; development of a traffic schedule; itinerary documentation. Car rental. Car rental (or rent) is a very common and popular service among tourists, especially on stationary and resort tours. In any tourist or resort center there are many car rental offices - from large to the smallest. The leading car rental company in the world is HERTZ. Competing with it "AVIS" in the mid-90s. was named the best car rental company in the world by the English magazine Institutional Investor. .RAIL TRAVEL Railway is a convenient means of communication for transporting any category of tourists, ranging from individual tourists, large and small tourist groups on scheduled regular lines and charter trains, and ending with the organization of special tourist-excursion trains for local and long-distance traffic. Currently, many companies that own railway lines (Vagon-Li, Akkor, etc.) are making great efforts to maintain and increase tourist passenger traffic. The main areas in this regard are: laying high-speed highways (to speed up transportation); organization of special tourist trains, including "retro-locomotives" (special thematic trips on railway transport). Regular trains. Commuter trains follow a fixed schedule within the region or region. The composition usually accommodates up to 1500 passengers, with up to 1000 seats. Trains make frequent stops at local stations. Seats in the carriages are not numbered. Off-schedule (charter) trains. These are specially assigned out-of-regular charter trains. Special trains often include tourist-excursion trains, which also follow outside the regular schedule along routes specially laid out for them and traffic schedules drawn up taking into account the windows in the regular schedule and sightseeing and tourist purposes. Off-schedule trains also include the so-called export trains - organized outside the schedule during mass holidays, national and international competitions and games, as well as for the export of equipment and people for harvesting, agricultural and other work. Trains and wagons are also divided into different categories. Special tourist trains. There is a well-established opinion that any railway trip, especially a long one, is tiring and unpleasant. It is hard to even imagine that it can be not just a forced movement from one point to another, but a fascinating journey. However, this truth has long been recognized by foreign travel agencies and operators offering specialized rail tours. Western specialists have brought the technology of their implementation to almost perfection. Standard rail tours can be divided into three independent categories: one-day; short (2-3 days); multi-day (from 5 days or more). One-day tours start in the morning and end in the evening of the same day. On the way, tourists sit at the tables of dining cars. Along the way, they can not only have an extra bite to eat, but also watch performances by pop and circus artists. Tourists are taken to a specific station, where a special program has been prepared for them. It can be a sightseeing trip or a picnic in nature. Most often, passengers have the opportunity to combine business with pleasure. Short tours. During two-three-day railway tours, passengers live in separate compartments. Trips are traditionally designed in such a way that at night, when everyone is asleep, the train is on the way. During the day, tourists are busy with all kinds of sightseeing activities. Multi-day tours. The schedule of trains serving multi-day trips is very diverse. Depending on the route and the excursion program, tourists are often on the way during the daytime. As practice shows, so that travelers do not get tired, a tourist train should go non-stop between two points for no more than a day and a half. Long day trips are planned, as a rule, in cases where interesting views and landscapes open up along the way. However, in some cases, short-term "green parking" is also assumed directly in the forest or in the mountains, on the coast of the sea or a large lake. .MOTOR SHIP TRAVEL tourist market air transport train A motor ship trip (cruise) is a tourist trip along a river or sea, usually calling at ports, on board a special passenger ship. Dozens are currently cruise lines around the world operate hundreds of passenger ships with a capacity of 70 to over 1000 passengers and offer exciting trips to almost any region of the world. Cruises are one of the fastest growing market sectors. In 1998, more than 8 million tourists traveled by water, and by 2004, according to WTO forecasts, this figure will reach 11.5 million. Water cruises are organized both on the seas, oceans, and on different rivers. There is much in common in the organization of sea and river cruises. However, in terms of vessel capacity, organizational features, service programs, as well as the location of the tours, there are a number of differences among sea and river cruises. Sea cruises. Today in the world, sea cruises are experiencing a happy period of growth. The cruise fleet is growing, the designs of passenger ships are being improved, their comfort is increasing, new sea and ocean routes are being developed. The most popular water travel is in the USA, Great Britain and Germany. Demand for cruising is noted in France, Italy, Switzerland and other countries. Main cruise regions: ) Mediterranean Sea - from May to October; a) Caribbean winter months; ) around Europe and Scandinavia - from mid-May to late August. The largest cruise operators are the American ones: Carnival Cruise Line Corporation (CCL), Royal Caribbean, and the British P&O Cruises Divison. Payment on ships depends on: from the comfort of the vessel; River cruises. Unlike sea river cruises, they are less affected by the weather, more informative, as they have a coastal view, there is a great opportunity to use green parking lots. Western Europe has a fairly extensive shipping network waterways. The following rivers flow through its territory: the Seine, the Elbe, the Danube, the Rhine and other rivers. All of them are connected by a complex system of canals, which provides excellent opportunities for the growth of the popularity of river cruise travel. Germany holds the first place in river cruises, followed by Great Britain, Holland, Switzerland and Austria. The most popular routes are along the Rhine and its tributaries (Moselle, Main, Neckar, Weser). In Europe, river cruises on the Danube through seven countries are in great demand. Tourist transportation is carried out on 80 different routes with a duration of 3 to 20 days. The shipping companies of the Central and North-Western basins carry out about 87% of all transportation of tourists. When serving tourists on motor ship tours, the following take part: ship's crew; employees of ship restaurants; cruise tour team. CONCLUSION Transportation occupies one of the central places in the composition of almost any tourist product, is an integral stage of travel and tourist trips. The transportation industry is decisive in the generation of tourism activities and tourism as a highly profitable sector of the economy. Without transport, there is no tourism, except for walking tours and hikes, limited both by the number of tourists and by distance. Scientific and technological progress in society has led to the emergence of vehicles that can quickly deliver a person to anywhere in the world, as well as to the introduction of new technologies in the field of transport services. The competitive struggle for the client both between individual transport structures and between carriers within each type of transport gave a powerful impetus to the process of improving the service for passengers. Increasing the level of service is manifested in modern technical equipment rolling stock, creating comfortable travel conditions, organizing leisure time for passengers on board vehicles, providing them with special meals, developing incentive programs for regular customers of transport companies. Thus, we can conclude that the transport and tourism complexes are in continuous interaction, constantly influencing the development of each other, especially in the context of expanding travel geography, international relations, globalization of the world economy. In such a situation, clear coordination of activities, cooperation between the subjects of the transport complex and the tourism industry is necessary. Only in this case is it possible to effectively operate the tourism and transport sector of the world economy and fully meet the needs of the main object - the tourist. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.Brapmer R.A. Fundamentals of management in the hospitality industry / Per. from English. - M.: Aspect Press, 1995. - 362 p. .Birzhakov M.B., Nikiforov V.I. Tourism industry: transportation. .Ilyina E.N. Tourism - travel. Establishment of a travel company. Agency business: Textbook for tourist colleges and universities. -M., 1998. .M.V.Gordienko "Integration processes and public administration strategic development of the tourism industry in a market economy".//Materials of the International, Scientific and Practical Conf. Management-98. .Kvartalnov V.A. Tourism: Textbook. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2000. - 320 p. .Encyclopedia of Tourism: Directory / Ed.-comp. I.V. Zorin, V A Quarterly. M.: Finance and statistics, 2001. 7. Transport in tourism [Electronic resource]: tourist. portal, - M., 2013. - Portal access mode: Transport support in tourism [ Electronic resource ] : el. Journal, - Novosibirsk, - 2012-2014..aspx?id=601237.-> Title from the screen.
Air transport is a concept that includes both the aircraft itself and the infrastructure necessary for their operation: airports, dispatching and technical services.
Air transport is the fastest mode of transport. The main scope of air transport is passenger transportation over distances of more than a thousand kilometers. Air transport is the most expensive, which limits its cargo use. Basically, perishable products and especially valuable cargo, as well as mail are transported by air. In such cases, when there is no airfield at the landing site (for example, the delivery of scientific groups to hard-to-reach areas), not airplanes are used, but helicopters that do not need a landing strip.
Helicopters play an important role in the regions of the Far North: they transport cargo and passengers to production facilities and provide emergency medical care. The main centers of air traffic are Moscow, St. Petersburg, resorts North Caucasus, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Tomsk, Simferopol. At the same time, the vast majority of passenger air transportation closed at the Moscow air hub: about 80% of air transportation is carried out from Moscow or to Moscow. At the beginning of 2015, 282 airports operated in Russia.
Due to the specific mode of movement, air transport has both a number of advantages and significant disadvantages, which limits its use as a freight transport.
Benefits include:
1. High speed.
2. Ability to deliver goods to isolated areas (mainly by helicopter).
The disadvantages of air transport include:
1. High cost of transportation.
2. Dependence on the weather.
3. Requires airports (except helicopter).
4. Small load capacity.
In Russia, the operation of air transport is controlled by the Ministry of Transport, the Interstate Aviation Committee and Rostransnadzor.
Air traffic management is mainly aimed at ensuring that aircraft take off and depart on time on schedule, use the most preferred flight routes, and comply with established levels of flight safety and use. airspace.
The structure and management of the airspace is established in accordance with the Air Code of the Russian Federation.
Intercity and international transportation by air is regulated by a number of legal documents, which can be conditionally divided into several groups. The first of these is the documents of state regulation of aviation, including relevant laws, certification standards and licensing rules. The second category is aviation regulations operating at the federal level. The third group of regulatory documents is the internal Russian rules for the transportation of passengers and the transportation of goods by aircraft.
Features in the operation of pipeline transport
Trubopro water transport- transportation through pipes of raw materials (liquids or gases) and products (any chemically stable substances that can be moved through pipelines).
The development of pipeline transport in Russia began in the late 1950s. XX century. Crude oil, natural gas and associated gas are the most important cargoes transported. Transportation of petroleum products, liquid and gaseous chemicals is promising, but at present product pipelines are not widely used. In Russia, pipelines of large diameter (1220 and 1420 mm) and large lengths in the latitudinal direction predominate.
Major oil pipelines:
· Oil pipeline "Druzhba" - the largest export highway of Russia (Almetyevsk - Samara - Unecha - Mozyr - Brest and further to the countries of Eastern and Western Europe);
· Almetyevsk - Nizhny Novgorod - Ryazan - Moscow;
· Nizhny Novgorod - Yaroslavl - Kirishi;
· Samara - Lisichansk - Kremenchug - Kherson, Snegirevka - Odessa;
· Surgut - Tyumen - Ufa - Almetyevsk;
· Nizhnevartovsk - Samara;
· Surgut - Polotsk;
Alexandrovskoye - Anzhero-Sudzhensk;
· Krasnoyarsk - Angarsk;
· Surgut - Omsk - Pavlodar - Chimkent - Chardzhou.
Major gas pipelines:
· gas pipeline Saratov - Moscow - the first gas pipeline in Russia (840 km);
· Stavropol - Moscow;
· Krasnodar region- Rostov-on-Don - Serpukhov - St. Petersburg;
· Central Asia - Urals;
· Bear - Nadym - Tyumen - Ufa - Torzhok;
· Nadym - Punga - Perm;
· Urengoy - Surgut - Tobolsk - Tyumen - Chelyabinsk;
· Nord Stream;
· The world's largest gas pipeline system Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod - countries of Eastern and Western Europe (4451 km), a gas pipeline running from Orenburg through Ukraine to the countries of Eastern and Western Europe.
Major product pipelines:
· Ufa - Brest with a branch to Uzhhorod;
· Ufa - Omsk - Novosibirsk;
· Nizhnekamsk - Odessa.
Gas pipelines Bovanenkovo - Ukhta, Sakhalin - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok are under construction.
Gas pipelines South Stream, Altai, Yakutia-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok and the Caspian gas pipeline, oil pipelines Baltic pipeline system-II, Murmansk oil pipeline and Zapolyarye-Purpe-Samotlor are being designed.
Oil and gas pipelines have the following advantages:
pumping oil, gas and oil and gas products over long distances;
a high rate of delivery and various throughput;
continuous work all year round(with a short stop, in case of repair or accident);
· losses on the route are minimized due to the design features of pipelines and their preventive maintenance;
It is possible to transport oil and oil products, the viscosity of which varies significantly;
· effective functioning in various climatic zones, including in the regions of the Far North and Siberia (for this, pipes with appropriate characteristics are selected);
· a high degree of mechanization and automation of construction and installation activities during the creation of pipelines;
comprehensive monitoring and control of all processes.
All these advantages have caused the worldwide development of this mode of transport. This was also facilitated by the development of new oil and gas fields, which were often located at a considerable distance from the areas of processing and consumption of these fuel products.
With the improvement of technology, not only the volume of pumped oil and gas has increased, but also the length and capacity of oil pipelines. Accordingly, the requirements for the quality and reliability of the pipes used have increased. Therefore, in most high-pressure pipelines, large-diameter welded pipes are used that fully meet all the requirements (due to the quality characteristics of the products).
Pipeline transport has certain disadvantages:
· high cost of initial investments in the construction of the oil and gas pipeline network;
· risk of damage to the environment (especially when transporting underwater pipelines);
Difficulty laying the route in certain areas.
All the noted advantages of pipeline delivery of oil, gas and refined products are difficult to underestimate. The existing shortcomings in the use of pipelines are eliminated by improving the quality of both pipes and other elements of pipelines, and by a set of measures for their prevention and maintenance.
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With the development of tourism transport routes are constantly expanding, as the increase in travel demand has an impact on the development of transport infrastructure. Transport, in turn, allows you to expand the geography of travel, i.e. there is a mutually beneficial and beneficial interaction between the two sides.
Transport services are one of the main types of services in tourism. They account for the main share in the price structure of the tour. Depending on the duration and distance of the trip, this share in most cases ranges from 20 to 60%. Despite the current diversity various kinds of transport used to transport tourists during travel, neither bus, nor rail, nor water transport over long distances can compete with aviation, therefore, the main share in the overall structure of transport services belongs to air transport. The largest number of tourists traveling long distances use aviation services. At the same time, the aircraft can be called the transport of individuals, since those traveling for resort, business, entertainment, and educational purposes are individual tourists. And it is they who most often use air transport.
According to statistics, the growth rate of the popularity of air transport is higher than the growth rate of this indicator for road transport, which is due to the increasing expansion of the geography of travel and a steady trend towards reducing travel time in favor of their frequency (an increase in short-term long-distance tours). All this causes close attention of the tourist business to air transportation.
Light aircraft, and especially helicopters that do not require a takeoff run, are a serious alternative to motor vehicles. The price of a light helicopter can be commensurate with the price of a car, and in conditions of high workload or simply in the absence of roads, the advantages of light aviation over motor transport are undeniable.
Light aviation has another significant advantage over road transport. Insurance is much cheaper. The cost of annual helicopter hull insurance - from 2.8%, light aircraft- 1.2 - 1.8%. The cost of insurance is reduced if the aircraft is equipped with technical safety equipment, if the persons admitted to piloting are highly qualified and have sufficient flight time, and in other cases.
Aviation tourism
Extremely popular in Europe, the USA, Australia are flights on light motor aircraft and helicopters, which are used for a variety of purposes, including in the field of tourism and entertainment. Unfortunately, in Russia this type of technology has not yet received widespread use.
In addition to light aircraft, flights on serious equipment are gaining more and more popularity. In many countries, aviation tourism programs have long been in stable demand among tourists. Extreme enthusiasts fly almost all types of aircraft and helicopters. A very interesting program is offered by the German travel company Alpha Travel. It begins with training flights on simulators for training pilots of the Luftgansa company in Berlin. Then the "cadets" are given the opportunity to fly on lightweight aircraft. The culmination of the program is the flight on the legendary Junkers. There are only five such aircraft in operation worldwide.
Flights on Soviet and Russian equipment, especially military ones, are in great demand among tourists. There are many Western companies that offer wealthy amateurs extreme recreation fly on Russian combat aircraft in the suburbs and even over Moscow. The cost of such programs varies depending on the technology, duration and complexity of the flight from 6-7 to 40 thousand dollars. However, there are more than enough people who want to.
The North American company Incredible Adventures, which specializes in extreme types of recreation, claims that since the early 1990s. she managed to ride on jet MiGs, "dryers" and "elks" over 2000 people.
In general, aviation tourism in our country is in its infancy. Unlike the countries of Europe and America, its initiators were not travel companies, but flying clubs, which after the crisis of the early 1990s. and the collapse of the DOSAAF system turned out to be left to their own devices, or, more simply, left to their own devices. When it became clear that “saving the drowning is the work of the drowning themselves”, in order to survive, the flying clubs began to look for various ways for self-financing. It all started with familiarization flights, primarily for the wealthy foreign tourists. Then the number and quality of tourist services increased noticeably. At the same time, wealthy extreme tourists appeared among our fellow citizens. The democratization of Russian society also played its role. Military departments have become more open.
Now almost anyone who has the necessary amount can make an air trip on any type of aircraft of interest to him - from the Yak of the Great Patriotic War and the "corn" to ultra-modern aircraft.
The program can include a wide variety of pleasures: simple flights over the airfield, flying along a specially ordered route or in the pilot area. Naturally, flights outside the airfield require mandatory approval from various departments.
Sightseeing flights on airplanes (in Khabarovsk Yak-52) with the performance of complex and aerobatics are especially popular with extreme sportsmen. But this is a real thrill, for those who want to feel like a combat pilot.
Works in Russia today a large number of flying clubs, which have the widest range of aircraft. The most famous aviator training center is the Myachkovo airfield near Moscow. Flying clubs "Captain Nesterov", "Aviatech", "FAC" and others are based here.
In recent years, aviation tourism has been actively developing in the regions, since we have a lot of military airfields and equipment from the time of the existence of the Soviet Union.
Helicopter use
A helicopter is a unique aircraft that can take off and land vertically on a small platform, hover in the air, carry out horizontal controlled flight, including in different directions - forward, backward, sideways, make turns and other aerobatics. This is a multipurpose machine. Due to its inherent advantageous design characteristics, such as: compactness, vertical take-off and landing, no need for special airfield sites, the possibility of prompt delivery of small consignments of cargo and people to hard-to-reach areas, high reliability - determines a wide scope for military and civilian purposes. In the field of tourist transportation, the helicopter is widely used:
1. For the purpose of transfer from airports, transportation of VIP passengers. The organization of the transfer stage using a helicopter is highly efficient and comfortable enough, it allows you to avoid the need to use vehicles, traffic jams on the roads, and improve safety. This was especially pronounced when flying on supersonic liners. Is it worth it to use an exceptionally expensive supersonic aircraft to transport passengers and tourists to save two or three hours of flight, and then stand in line at the immigration official, in line for luggage, or get stuck in a traffic jam on the way to the hotel. That is why all ground handling operations for passengers of supersonic liners were organized on the principles of minimizing the time of the operation or stages as much as possible, and a helicopter was used for the transfer. The helicopter moves 3-6 times faster than a car, because it flies in a straight line and does not get stuck in traffic jams. A helicopter is especially beneficial for flights over distances of up to 300 km: planes usually do not fly there, and driving a car takes a long time.
2. Currently, a new one is being developed in selected tourist centers tourist service for business representatives - air taxi. Air taxi within cities and metropolitan areas in Russia, according to the plans of the Moscow authorities, for the first time, within the framework of the program, should begin to run in Central Russia as early as 2008. True, the deputies are concerned about how attractive the program will be for private investors. Small planes will fly between the airports of medium-sized cities in Russia and transport about 3-4 people at a time.
Air taxi and air taxi are urgent flights on 4 - 8-seater planes and helicopters to any city that has airports and is located at a distance of up to 800 - 1,000 km. Its main difference from ordinary and charter VIP-flights lies in the fact that such flights use small, economical aircraft with a small passenger capacity, flight time up to 3 hours and no special service on board. This achieves the necessary compromise between urgency and cost of air transportation. The minimum time for preparing the aircraft for flight allows organizing the departure of tourists within 2 hours after the receipt of the application. As a rule, the performance of such air taxi flights is possible both on light and medium class aircraft, such as the Yak-40, Beechcraft King Air 200, Pilatus PC-12, Cessna Bravo and Excel, Learjet 45 and 60, Hawker 700, and Eurocopter AS350 helicopters and model 355, Eurocopter EC120 and 130. Bell 407 and Robinson 44. An aircraft or helicopter can be delivered to almost any city where there is an operating airfield. The big advantage of air taxis, compared to commercial airlines, is the absence of lengthy check-in and boarding procedures. Passenger service through VIP-terminals allows you to minimize the time it takes to go through all the necessary formalities at the airport of departure.
Today, only one airline operates on the Russian aviation market - Dexter, which operates in the air taxi mode within 500 km from Moscow. Minimum cost a ticket in this company is at least 6,000 rubles. one way. Despite the fact that the air taxi service today is among the most expensive, the main thing is that Russia already has a technical fleet of such aircraft and helicopters, but there is practically no legislative registration of the "air taxi": flights over Moscow are prohibited.
Air taxi is the fastest, and undoubtedly the most convenient way overcoming distances. Air taxi services have been used by people all over the world for many years.
3. When organizing sightseeing tours in tourist centers. A bird's-eye view gives a person a completely different and unusual idea of \u200b\u200bthe appearance architectural ensembles, centers of historical or ultra-modern urban development, palace and park buildings, unique natural landscapes. In St. Petersburg, during the season, helicopter excursions over the city and its environs are regularly made from the Peter and Paul Fortress. Helicopter tours are organized over the Victoria Falls. During polar cruises in the Arctic and Antarctic, the ship always has a landing pad and is equipped with a helicopter that carries out ice reconnaissance and sightseeing tours for tourists. The flight is carried out both on popular pre-prepared and on individual routes. Feeling like an air tourist is not a fantasy, but a real reality!
4. to organize the prompt delivery of tourists to remote and hard-to-reach objects of tourist display, in areas where there are no airfields and sites for small aviation. Usually this distance is 50-300 km from the tourist center. For example, tourists are delivered by helicopters to the ice to the North Pole region, where they cover 20-25 km with a minimum of equipment on skis and with an inflatable boat to the desired point, then the tourist group is picked up by a helicopter and transported back to the continent. Delivery by helicopter of tourists is practiced in the Republic of Karelia on about. Valaam, on about. Kizhi to the monuments cultural heritage to the monasteries.
Today it is not uncommon to deliver tourist groups (rafters, athletes and others) to the place of rest, the beginning and end of the rafting, tourist route at the request of tourists. For many years, the Khabarovsk Territory has been actively developed by extreme tourists, lovers of fishing, hunting and eco-tourism.
Delivery of tourists to the beginning of the routes, carried out by helicopter, not only reduces the time of transfer, but in some cases allows you to avoid several days of rafting on calm water and pass only the most interesting part of the rivers in terms of sports. For hunters, fishermen, sportsmen and speleotourists seeking to get as far away from civilization as possible, flying in a Mi-8 helicopter is the best solution to the problem. Rafting tours for physically prepared tourists involve rafting on mountain rivers with obstacles up to the fifth category of difficulty. At the choice of tourists, it is possible to base a helicopter in the camp throughout the entire tour (fishing), daily casting of anglers to fishing places with rotation of places, as a result of which there is an opportunity to catch a significant (up to 45 km) length of the river during a short tour. Services involve the transfer of tourists to hard-to-reach areas, and the release (delivery from the final destination of the route). Delivery of speleologists to the places of cave exploration with all the necessary equipment. Excursion and educational caving tours are held in caves specially equipped for excursions. In such caves, tourists move along specially laid paths or by transport (for example, mini-electric locomotives), they have lighting, the routes are accompanied by qualified guides. Visiting equipped caves does not require special physical training.
5. Helicopter transfer of skiers to unprepared mountain slopes, followed by a puzzling descent - the sport of hely-ski, which is especially popular today, is becoming more widespread among extreme tourists. The essence of this type of skiing is extreme - skiers-tourists are delivered to hard-to-reach slopes by helicopter and can enjoy an unforgettable off-piste descent on virgin snow. In a few minutes, the helicopter delivers to the top, and experienced guides accompany tourists during the entire flight and descent. Helicopter crews have extensive experience in the mountains. You don't have to be a professional athlete to practice hely-ski. A distinctive feature of the hely-ski programs is the uniqueness of the descents: each new descent is not like the previous one, it takes place on a new, "untouched" slope. During the day, it is possible to make from 6 descents or more, the total elevation difference will be almost 6000 m! The nature of the relief is varied - snow fields, ridges and couloirs. Hely-ski tour programs are offered in Kyrgyzstan, Andorra (a tiny triangle sandwiched between France and Spain), Kamchatka with its seven-day program of descents along the slopes of the volcanoes Aag, Arik, Vilyuchinsky, Koryaksky and others.
6. to organize the search and rescue of tourists in case of accidents or natural disasters. On ice fishing in the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga Thousands of fishermen are rescued by helicopter every year. An hour of EMERCOM helicopter operation costs more than a thousand US dollars.
Light aircraft
Light aircraft, baby planes. Most often propeller-driven, mono- or biplanes, with a capacity of 1 to 10 people. Used in local, agricultural, postal, sports and private (small) aviation. The latter is historically absent in Russia for political and economic reasons and the legal norms of the Air Code. In post-perestroika times, the legal position regarding private aviation softened somewhat, but development, with the exception of isolated cases, did not receive. The maximum that homemade inventors are capable of is to create a steam engine or a hang glider with a light engine. Nevertheless, individual designs of light aircraft, for example, for sports purposes, are mass-produced in Russia and are considered among the best in the world.
To date, few light aircraft are used in tourism, but a special place is given to a unique machine that has been in demand anywhere and at all times - this is the domestic An-2 light multi-purpose aircraft, which in September 2007 turned 60 years old. An-2 has good takeoff and landing characteristics, simple and reliable design. It is easy to pilot and maintain on the ground, and can be operated from almost any airfield. Thanks to these qualities, the An-2 aircraft began to be used in the national economy not only for the chemical treatment of fields and forests, but also for servicing expeditions in the Arctic and Antarctic, conducting aerial photography and geological exploration, extinguishing forest and peat fires, for training paratroopers, and transporting passengers. , cargo and mail on local air lines, as well as for medical care of the population in remote areas and other purposes. With the help of An-2, reconnaissance of animals, birds and fish was carried out to assist hunters and fishermen. Having received the An-2, Aeroflot significantly expanded the network of local airlines. An-2P aircraft have mastered flights to the Far North, remote areas of Siberia and the Far East.
There are many new samples of light-engine aviation equipment of domestic manufacturers, the use of which in tourism is seen as very promising. One of these is the Accord-201 aircraft. This aircraft has the legal status of a multi-purpose aircraft capable of operating in a wide range of geographic and climatic conditions.
In the basic version, the aircraft is equipped with two adjustable seats for a pilot and a passenger (or for two pilots), two double seats and one folding seat. The second and third rows of seats can be quickly removed, replacing them with a cargo safety net, aerial photography equipment, etc. Two large passenger doors on both sides of the fuselage and a large cargo hatch in the rear of the cabin facilitate loading and unloading operations, and also provide an opportunity for paratroopers to eject. Accord-201 is also suitable for aviation tourism of small groups of travelers on the principle of "aircraft with you", which is very popular all over the world today.
It is quite appropriate to call the aircraft an air "SUV", since VIP, cargo, amphibian, ski, patrol, aerial photography, etc. variants were created on the basis of the basic transport model. To do this, depending on the purpose and wishes of the buyer, in addition to the currently certified version, floats, skis, as well as photo and radio scanning equipment, other special research equipment, devices for parachute landing and much more can be installed on the aircraft. The float chassis deserves special attention, the design of which includes a remote-controlled drive that allows you to raise and lower the floats in flight. Thanks to this, the Accord-201 can take off from land and land on water, or vice versa.
Another indisputable advantage of the aircraft is that it is easy to transport, having previously dismantled the wing consoles and plumage. This can be done both by road and by rail, river, sea or air transport. The aircraft is easy to tow on the airfield, and even a Zhiguli can be used as a tractor.
The Accord-201 will be mass-produced at a specially built aircraft plant in Nizhny Novgorod equipped with appropriate modern production equipment. Thanks to the new enterprise, additional jobs will appear in the city, which is also important socially.
A seaplane or hydroplane (flying boat, seaplane) is an aircraft designed to take off from and land on water. A distinction is made between a flying boat (the hull is in the shape of a boat; it provides takeoff, landing and maintenance of a seaplane on the water), an amphibian (with a wheeled chassis for landing on land) and a floatplane (floats are installed instead of wheels). The seaplane has a waterproof streamlined hull and floats on the wings, allowing for takeoff from the water surface and landing on the water. It is widely used for delivering tourists to small tropical islands and lake spaces, as well as for flights between islands. In Savonlinna (Finland) on Lake Saimaa there is a seaplane for sightseeing flights over beautiful lake with a large number of islands, above the city and an ancient fortress. Tourists can look at the area from a bird's eye view, take unique photographs.
Tourists are offered several types of excursions on seaplanes: a short excursion for filming from the air of the islands and their surrounding lagoons, coral reefs and, if possible, huge rays and schools of dolphins; excursions to distant islands and other atolls: visiting a fishing village, uninhabited islands with a barbecue lunch, nearby tourist resorts. Flying over the islands in a seaplane is one of the most exhilarating holiday experiences. Particularly widespread in various areas of tourism activities were in Greece (between Greek islands), in the Maldives, in Fiji and other island states.
Seaplanes are usually small propeller designs, but there are examples of seaplanes with turbojet engines. A unique Russian aircraft of the BE series was shown at the air show in Gelendzhik (Russia) in 2000 - this is the Be-103 amphibious aircraft, which is produced by one of the world's leading manufacturers of tactical aircraft - KnAAPO (Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aviation Production Association) . Light multi-purpose, 6-seat amphibious aircraft Be-103 (Beriev) is intended for use on short lines in various regions of the world, especially in coastal and island states South-East Asia, Oceania, Australia, North and Latin America, with long coastal areas: regions with a large number of rivers, lakes, shallow water bodies, difficult to access for other modes of transport. It is ideal for extreme types of tourism directly related to water.
Today, almost all charter companies take a wait-and-see attitude towards very light aircraft (VLJ). Even carriers who say they would never use such aircraft admit that VLJs could benefit their business by getting more customers on charter flights.
For the big players, extra-light aircraft represent a completely new market segment. From a management point of view, this is good: it means new infrastructure, staff training, Maintenance etc. All this is good for the industry as a whole. However, as far as charter flights are concerned, it should be noted that many of the clients would not want to use particularly light aircraft.
It should be assumed that due to the ease of use and the presence of underserved territories, especially light aircraft will still be in demand. When people living there get a taste of affordable charter flights, it will be difficult for these people to return to commercial flights. The flow of passengers is growing, and, naturally, some of them will have to use especially light aircraft. Nevertheless, at present, the companies do not plan to take control of especially light aircraft for charter flights.
However, as far as small operators are concerned, especially light aircraft will be useful for them, since they can lead to the emergence of a new group of companies capable of working with small airports, the load on which is small. This may mean diversifying and expanding the industry, rather than consolidating and expanding it, as the advent of such aircraft will expand the capabilities of many operators. VLJs are great for day trips, which account for up to 65% of total domestic charter flights, so they fit right in with the existing market. In addition, such aircraft will provide charter operators with another option to solve the problem of ferry flights.
Gliding
"Youth - to the gliders!" This popular slogan in the first half of the 20th century, which called on young men and women to master aviation technology, is almost forgotten today. And in the 1920s and 1930s. gliding was considered the second step in obtaining the profession of a pilot. This sport was practiced by tens of thousands of people across the country.
The glider is one of the lightest aircraft. Since it does not have a motor, in order to fly, the device must first be accelerated to a certain speed. This is done either by towing it with a rope by another aircraft, or from the ground by a car or a special tensioning device. When the necessary speed of movement is reached, which provides lift, the cable is unhooked, and the glider soars freely in the air.
Flying a glider requires certain flying skills, abilities and pilot training. Such training necessarily includes obtaining a certificate. The maintenance and service of gliders, the organization of flights, the training of pilots is carried out in flying clubs. There are hundreds of gliding centers in the US and Europe.
In Russia today, glider flights attract only a few enthusiasts. At the same time, in the states of Western and of Eastern Europe, in America, gliding is one of the most popular types of outdoor activities, interest in which is constantly growing. And this is not surprising, because almost everyone knows the desire to fly. When choosing between an airplane and a glider, you can see that the latter has a number of advantages. This sport is extreme, but it is relatively safe - the glider cannot catch fire, due to the lack of a propeller, leaving it with a parachute does not cause much difficulty, and the requirements for a glider landing site are much less stringent.
Until the early 1990s. gliding classes include mainly such disciplines as flying at speed, over distance, along routes. The successes achieved by glider pilots are impressive. For example, the world record for glider flight distance is 3000 km - the distance between Moscow and Novosibirsk.
In the last 15 years, a new concept has appeared in gliding sport - "aerobatics on a glider", i.e. aerial acrobatics. Today it is the main sport discipline. It may seem surprising, but modern aerobatic gliders - Polish Swifts, Foxes and others - can perform absolutely all complex and aerobatic maneuvers available to sports aircraft.
Currently, the World Gliding Aerobatics Championships (WGAC) are held annually. This spectacular event is held by Hungary, Sweden, USA, Spain, Great Britain. The Russian team in the championships traditionally wins prizes. This is not surprising, given the specifics of the training of our aerobatic glider pilots - almost all of them "transferred" to gliders from acrobatic aircraft.
In 2005, the WGAC was held for the first time in our country at the Drakino airfield near Moscow, located not far from Serpukhov. More than 60 athletes from Poland, Hungary, France, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Italy, Switzerland, and the Netherlands announced their participation in the competition. The organizers of the competition expect that, in addition to purely sporting interest, the event will contribute to the strengthening of the tourist attractiveness of the Moscow region and the development of infrastructure for outdoor activities. The competition program includes the following events. Within three days before the start of the official program of the championship, an extensive program of performances by paratroopers, light aircraft, Air Force fighters, and the launch of balloons is planned here. At the airfield in Drakino, a two-story hotel for 70-75 people is being built for participants in the competition, as well as a house for judges, a catering point.
The championship will attract the attention of tourists. In the future, on the basis of the renovated Drakin and the complex of buildings located on its territory, it is planned to organize a center for extreme technical sports, mainly related to aviation. Tracks for cyclists, skateboarders and roller skaters will also be built, as well as a wall for training and rock climbing competitions.
Equestrian and paintball clubs, saunas, gyms and tennis courts will start working. Leisure can be combined with a rich excursion and educational program, since the Serpukhov land is rich in historical and cultural monuments.
A very common aircraft is a hang glider. For its flight, acceleration from a mountain, land or water is required by towing by a car or boat. In order to expand the possibility of flights and reduce dependence on air currents, light propeller motors are often installed on hang gliders.
paragliding
Paragliding is a sport for young at heart and financially well off people. Tourists-athletes need a lot of special and very expensive equipment: a dome worth from one to four thousand euros, a suspension system where the athlete is during the flight, and uniforms - a helmet, overalls, special boots. A complete outfit for a beginner paraglider costs at least two thousand euros. Many foreign hotels offer tourists paragliding as a service.
Currently, world paragliding championships are being held, including separate ones for women, in which Russians show very good results. The main goal of paragliding competitions is to fly to the finish line as quickly as possible, having done a certain, predetermined route of several kilometers. In recent years, acrobatics on paragliders have appeared. This requires tremendous professionalism from the pilot, but it looks very beautiful and spectacular.
Ballooning
A unique, but also expensive type of air travel is ballooning, or tours on balloons. One of the most popular varieties is airship travel. An airship, unlike a balloon, is equipped with propellers, motors and a complex control system, so flights on it are much more purposeful and depend not only on air currents, but also largely on pilots.
Since the late 1960s widespread air travel. Dozens of amateur clubs have been created around the world balloons. Balloon festivals are held annually in many countries. As a rule, the program of such festivals necessarily includes races on this rather dangerous transport.
Flights in hot air balloons, airships, gliders, paragliders or hang gliders not only allow you to admire the beautiful views that open up, get unforgettable experience and provide an opportunity to make unique photo and video recordings (for example, flights over waterfalls or volcanic craters). They are very often used for various scientific and economic purposes, for the study of places that are practically inaccessible in other ways.
In Pereslavl-Zalessky, the traditional festival of aeronauts " Golden ring Russia”, where Russian and foreign participants demonstrate flights of hot air balloons over the cities of the Golden Ring. During the festival, night shows of the glow of balloons and the concert and entertainment program "Air Fiesta" are held.
Parachuting
One of the extreme sports and tourism is parachuting, or skydiving. Skydiving is very popular all over the world among various categories of tourists. This sport is available to almost everyone (naturally, with the exception of people with medical contraindications), including the elderly and the disabled.
In addition to simple jumps, such as tandem jumps with an instructor or from standard heights, there are more extreme views parachuting. Among them, the most famous are long jumps, jumps from a low altitude (800 m) with forced opening of a parachute, etc.
To engage in this type of sports tourism, it is necessary to master the basic techniques and skills of free fall, control and maneuvering both a parachute and your own body in flight, and then obtain a license that allows parachuting.
New types of parachuting entertainment are skysur-fing - free flight using a wide ski from a snowboard, as well as acrobatic stunts and somersaults in free flight. One of the most dangerous, but at the same time beautiful and exciting spectacles is air freestyle.
In addition to the actual parachuting, the parachute is used in other tours. With its help, groups of tourists land in hard-to-reach areas, such as mountains, jungles, and the North Pole. Skydiving is carried out not only from aircraft, but also from high cliffs and mountain slopes.
One option for parachuting is paramotoring. In this case, the skydiver attaches a light motor to his back, which, in the presence of powerful air currents, allows you to make fairly long parachute flights.
As you can see, human imagination is limitless - professional designers and enthusiasts have already invented many ways to move through the air - on balloons, airships, gliders, hang gliders, parachutes, paragliders, paramotors, seaplanes, helicopters, as well as aircraft of various purposes and models (from "corn" to a supersonic fighter) - and almost all of them are used in one way or another in the field of tourism, recreation and entertainment.
The fastest is air transport, successfully and on high level performing passenger and freight transportation both within the country and in international traffic.
For the transportation activities of aviation transport, the air environment is used, which until the beginning of the 20th century. was considered a natural public natural environment. The Paris Convention of 1919 declared the "full and exclusive" sovereignty of the airspace of each state. This provision was enshrined in the current normative act of international air law - the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, adopted in 1944.
In addition to the Chicago Convention, the most important acts of international law are, in particular:
Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air (1929), as subsequently amended and amended by the Hague (1955), Guatemala (1971) and Montreal (1975) Protocols Governing Regular Air Transport transportation;
Guadalajara Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air Performed by Persons Other than Contracting Carriers (1961).
At present, the share of international air transportation in the volume of civil aviation services, according to official world statistics, is about 53%.
In the international regulation of international air transportation of tourists and passengers, the most significant are the International Air Transport Association and the International Air Carriers Association.
International Air Transport Association (IATA) was founded in 1945 in Havana with the aim of promoting the development of safe, regular and economical air transport on an international scale, increasing its commercial efficiency and performance and studying related problems, as well as the practical development of cooperation between airlines - organizers of international air transport.
The governing body of IATA is the general meeting, which elects the Executive Committee for a term of office of three years. The President of IATA is elected for a one-year term. The main working body - the Permanent Secretariat - is headed by the Director General.
IATA has permanent committees: financial, technical, legal, advisory, transportation organization, created as necessary in accordance with the decisions of the Executive Council. It has become a tradition to hold annual transportation conferences, the main tasks of which are to set the level of tariffs and prices, clarify traffic schedules and terms of cooperation.
The day-to-day activities of IATA consist mainly of streamlining the work of airlines in terms of formulating recommendations regarding:
The level and rules for the application of tariffs for passenger and freight transportation;
Approval of uniform rules for air transportation;
Regulation of the procedure for using benefits and discounts from tariffs;
Development of common standards for servicing passengers and tourists;
Dissemination of technical and economic experience in the operation of airlines, the implementation of financial settlements between airlines - members of the association.
IATA maintains an extensive network of airline agents, which is overseen by committees and subcommittees of the IATA Advisory Committee. By providing the relevant supporting documents and evidence of its commercial and financial soundness, any agent can obtain the status of an approved IATA agent, which gives the right to represent the interests of IATA members in the sale of transportation for a fee or commission.
A permanent area of interest for IATA is the improvement of the system of calculations, seat reservations, the publication of fares, the coordination of timetables, the creation of a network of agents for the sale of transportation and the organization of training centers.
IATA members are national airlines of more than 100 countries engaged in regular air transportation. The Association annually publishes statistical collections, as well as reports of the general meeting, the executive committee and working bodies.
Through the IATA Legal Department, IATA participated in the preparation of international conventions to combat unlawful seizure of aircraft and unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation.
International Air Carriers Association (IAKA) was established in 1971 and registered in 1983 under Belgian law. Her goals:
Expansion of the basic basis of air transport tourism transportation through links and cooperation between international charter airlines;
Improving the quality of charter air services;
Defending the interests of its members before the relevant governmental and international organizations on the development of air charter transportation.
The supreme bodies of IAKA are the annual Assembly and the Board of Directors.
IACA's activities are focused on coordinating the development of air charter policy and research work, as well as the exchange of information in order to improve the organization of charter flights and the quality of passenger service. IAKA has close working contacts and links with ICAO and is an affiliate member of the WTO.
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) founded in 1947 and received the status of a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1948. The official address of registration and residence is Montreal, Canada. ICAO Goals:
Development of principles and technical methods in the field of international air navigation;"
Development of international air transport on the principles of safety and reliability;
Promoting the development of civil aircraft construction, air routes, airports and navigation facilities, as well as the development of international civil aerodynamics in general and in all its aspects in particular.
More than 180 states are members of ICAO (Russia's participation since 1979 through the succession of the USSR). The activities of ICAO in the field of international air law consist in the development of draft normative acts of international air law and in the codification of international air law. ICAO Bodies: Assembly, Council, Special Committees, Regional Offices, Secretariat. In addition, ICAO has a European Office for Europe in Paris (France) and an Office for the Far East and the Pacific in Bangkok (Thailand).
The highest governing body is the Assembly, which meets once every three years and elects from among its members the Council, which serves as the executive body of ICAO. The council is headed by a president, who is elected for a term of three years.
The activities of the ICAO Council are carried out through standing committees. The main executive function is carried out by the ICAO Secretariat, which has
administered by the Regional Offices and chaired by the Secretary General of ICAO, who is appointed by the Council.
The main legal act of Russian legislation regulating activities in the field of air transport is the Air Code of the Russian Federation, in which the concept of "aviation" is adopted as the main term for designating activities in the airspace. The Air Code of the Russian Federation determines that the air legislation of the Russian Federation consists of this Code, federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, federal rules for the use of airspace, federal aviation rules, as well as other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation adopted in accordance with them.
The RF VC establishes some significant restrictions on the ownership of aviation property. Thus, the property of civil aviation: aircraft, airports, airfields, technical and other facilities intended to ensure the flight of aircraft, may be in state and municipal ownership and the property of legal entities. However, Russian citizens as individuals may own civil aircraft.
The specially authorized body in the field of civil aviation - public service civil aviation, in whose competence is the provision of an equal right for all users of airspace to use it. Priorities in the "priority" of the use of airspace appear only in cases where the need arises for the simultaneous use of airspace by several users. For such cases, a gradation of state regulation of priorities has been developed, in which the implementation of regular air transportation of passengers and baggage receives a higher priority (8th place in the table of priorities) compared to even the implementation of regular air transportation of goods and mail (11th place) and non-scheduled air transportation. transportation or aviation work (12th place, respectively). This gradation is legalized and approved by the Federal Rules for the Use of the Airspace of the Russian Federation dated September 22, 1999 No. 1084 and was developed in accordance with the Air Code of the Russian Federation and the Convention on International Civil Aviation. The annexes to these Rules contain the Rules for submitting applications (schedules, schedules) for the use of the airspace of the Russian Federation and reports on the use of the airspace of the Russian Federation to the EU ATM authorities and the Air Force and Air Defense authorities, the Rules for requesting and issuing permits for the use of the airspace of the Russian Federation, Rules for the organization of communications and radio engineering support, Rules for the preparation and submission of proposals for improving the structure of the airspace of the Russian Federation, Rules for the development and establishment of temporary, local regimes and short-term restrictions on the use of the airspace of the Russian Federation, Rules for conducting investigations, organizing registration and analysis of violations of the procedure for using airspace Russian Federation.
Used civil aircraft are subject to state registration in the State Register of Civil Aircraft of the Russian Federation with the issuance of appropriate certificates. An aircraft registered or registered in accordance with the established procedure acquires the nationality of Russia. Civil aircraft are allowed to operate if they have airworthiness certificates (certificates of airworthiness).
Requirements for aviation personnel are established by the FAR, and state control over the activities of civil aviation personnel is carried out by the authorized body in the field of civil aviation.
Air transportation is governed by the rules set out in Chapter 40 "Transportation" of the RF PS and Chapter 15 "Air transportation" of the RF CC. According to the Air Code of the Russian Federation, a passenger carrier is an operator that has a license to carry out air transportation of passengers and baggage on the basis of an air transportation agreement for passengers and baggage. When carrying out air transportation of passengers or tourists, the air transportation agreement is certified by a ticket when transporting a passenger and a baggage check when transporting baggage. In accordance with the Air Code of the Russian Federation, the carrier is obliged to comply, when performing air transportation, with the general rules for the air transportation of passengers, baggage and cargo, as well as the requirements for servicing passengers, consignors and consignees established by the FAR, which, in addition, establishes the procedure for providing passengers and tourists with aircraft services and benefits.
