Madagascar is the largest island in Africa. Madagascar is Africa's largest island Why Africa is the hottest continent

Unique natural objects- The island of Madagascar. The Rwenzori mountains in the Congo. Canary Islands.

20.02.2017 / 10:06 | Varvara Pokrovskaya

Madagascar island

Most big Island The Indian Ocean - Madagascar - is often called by geographers "the mainland in miniature". This is explained, firstly, by the extraordinary diversity of its landscapes, and secondly, by the peculiar flora and fauna that distinguishes it from nearby Africa and from other parts of the world.

The combination of tropical rain forests, tall grass savannahs and even semi-deserts, mountain ranges, plateaus and coastal plains, extinct volcanoes and coral reefs, swampy lagoons and mangroves, monsoon and trade winds determines the existence of a wide variety of landscapes on the island, and the animals and plants of Madagascar, three a quarter of which are found only here, are not at all like Africans, and if they have relatives, then usually in Indo-China and Indonesia, and even in South America.

Madagascar is a mountainous country. Almost half of it is occupied by the High Plateau, stretching across the entire island from north to south. On east coast, where the trade winds bring moisture from the Indian Ocean, it rains, stormy and plentiful, almost every day. Due to the strong wind that accompanies them, shower jets are directed almost horizontally, and no umbrellas and awnings can save them from them. Strictly speaking, here we distinguish wet season and dry. But the latter, which lasts from May to November, differs only in that occasionally there are days without precipitation. In July, at the height of winter, the thermometer shows plus sixteen, and in February the temperature reaches thirty-four degrees.

On the steep slopes of the plateau grow evergreen forests of ferns, tamarinds, palms and other tropical trees, entwined with vines and decorated with bright orchids. There are many valuable species of trees in these forests. At different types rosewood, for example, wood is purple, pink and even black. There are also rubber plants here. And lacquer is made from the resin of the copal tree.

But of all Madagascar trees, the most famous is the equal. In appearance, it looks like a banana, only the banana leaves grow directly from the ground, and the Ravenala has a real trunk, from the top of which diverge, like the spokes of a wheel, huge leaves, torn by the wind along the edges. Where the leaf cuttings are going to the trunk, there are special containers containing several liters of water. Having met a revenant, a tired traveler can always quench his thirst. No wonder it is also called the "tree of travelers". Creepers of Madagascar are unique. The pod of one of them, the entada creeper, reaches two meters in length and one and a half in width! Several of these pods, split in half, make an excellent roof for a hut. They make ropes from vines, weave baskets and mats. And from some, especially strong ones, they build houses, since they are the only plants on the island that termites do not touch.

In the west, where the mountains do not let rain clouds through, the savannah reigns, and in some places, in the south, it is a hot semi-desert, since precipitation here is rare and falls only in winter. In the dry season, not a drop of moisture spills for months, and the temperature rises to forty degrees! Forests in the west are found only in river valleys, and the savannah is overgrown with brush-hard grass, and only in some places small baobabs and fan palms rise. Trees in the western part of the island shed their leaves for the winter so as not to evaporate moisture during the dry season.

The fauna of Madagascar in its originality can only be compared with the Australian one. The main treasure of the fauna of the island is, of course, lemurs. These funny animals, resembling a cross between a monkey and a cat, live in forests and are nocturnal. They have large, glowing eyes and a piercing voice, reminiscent of the whimsical cry of a child.

The largest of the lemurs is the indri. They are easily tamed, and the inhabitants of the island - the Malagasy - often use them for hunting instead of dogs. Another genus of lemurs with a fox head and a long tail is the maquis. They are very lively and mobile, stay in flocks and are often seen in the evenings when they jump through the trees in search of tasty fruits. The complete opposite of them is the fat lory. This clumsy and clumsy baby is slow, like an Australian koala. Also interesting is the aye-aye, or armlet, an angry flat-headed lemur with huge ears and a long tail. He lives in bamboo forests, feeds on the core of bamboo and sugar cane, does not disdain also beetles and larvae. With its long fingers, the aye-aye easily extracts the contents from the trunks of bamboo and reeds. This gourmet is very afraid of the light. As soon as the sun rises, he falls asleep with his head between his legs and wrapped around it with his long tail.

The Malgash consider lemurs to be sacred animals. There is a legend that once upon a time they were people, and then, living in the forest, overgrown with wool and turned into animals. When meeting a lemur in the forest, the hunters always politely greet him, and the animals that accidentally fell into a trap will certainly be released and released into the wild.

Of the predators on the island, only the reddish-black fossa is found - the ferret cat. It is about the size of a large dog, but is small in stature, since its paws are short. Malgasi are very afraid of fossa. There are many legends and hunting stories about her bloodthirstiness and strength.

It is found in Madagascar and the mongoose is the main exterminator of snakes. And in the mountain forests live shy and timid eared hedgehogs - tenrecs. These rather large (from a rabbit) animals come out of their holes only at dusk and busily begin to look for food - small insects. In winter they hibernate.

The Madagascar bird world is bright and unusual. Green parrots, bright red cardinals, blue doves and kingfishers, sultan chickens, ibises and guinea fowls are found here. Once upon a time, huge, similar to giant cassowaries, epiornis birds lived on the island. The growth of these giants reached five meters! They died out quite recently, since Marco Polo mentioned them in his book. And later, in the 18th century, sailors who sailed to the island heard the cries of these birds. The giant epiornis egg was 150 ostrich eggs in volume. The Malgash used them to make vessels that could hold eight liters of water.

There are no poisonous snakes in Madagascar, and the only truly dangerous animals here are crocodiles. They literally teem with swamps and lakes of the island.

And among European collectors, the amazingly beautiful butterflies of Madagascar enjoy special respect. Goliath - the largest of them - is easy to mistake for a bird. This is a brown butterfly with a pink belly. Urania is amazingly picturesque, rightly considered the most beautiful butterfly in the world. Her wings shimmer, it seems, with all possible colors. The Madagascaria butterfly also strikes with a bizarre pattern on the wings.

There are a lot of chameleons of various sizes on the island. Because of their unattractive appearance, the Malagasy consider them vicious and harmful creatures, although in fact they are of great benefit, exterminating flies and other annoying insects. The chameleon, in fact, is a relative of lizards, but nature has clearly deprived him of agility. Sometimes it seems that it is not blood in his veins, but carpentry glue - his movements are so viscous and slow. And only the tongue of the chameleon is thrown forward with lightning speed when the prey is within reach. The chameleon is known primarily for its extraordinary ability to change color to match the color of the surrounding background, which makes it completely invisible in the forest.

Unusual animals and plants of Madagascar are widely known, but there are in the west of it amazing place, about the nature of which little is known even by the inhabitants of the island. This is the Bemaraha Plateau, located in the Manambolo River basin near the coast of the Mozambique Channel. Everything is amazing here: a fantastic relief, animals and plants, perhaps the last untouched corner has been preserved here. wildlife Madagascar.

The limestone plateau of Bemaraha rises 400 meters above the Manambolo Valley. The river cut through it a grandiose gorge with white layered walls. And around the gorge stretched ... stone forest! The rocky ridges, karrs, fancifully carved by karst processes, bristled with thousands of sharp peaks, between which the water made deep cracks, and turned each boulder into a sharp jagged sword. A huge rocky labyrinth is almost impassable: limestone towers and walls overgrown with thorns formed a network of natural bastions throughout the plateau, reliably protecting it from aliens.

The Bemaraha region is poor in precipitation: the dry season here lasts up to eight months. And in the fissured limestones, even the moisture brought by rare rains quickly sinks into the depths, so that only plants well adapted to drought can survive here. An ebony tree, for example, turns green only during the rainy season, and the rest of the time it stands bare, saving water. And the baobab, on the contrary, accumulates water in its clumsy and powerful trunk, up to nine meters in thickness, and thanks to this it survives in the dry season.

Bizarre creatures inhabit the stone forest of Bemaraha. It is an armored chameleon resembling a small dragon or dinosaur with its prickly spines on its spine and spiky bumps on its head. There is also a kind of Madagascar rat with big ears. If you do not notice the long tail, it may well be mistaken for a rabbit. And on the trees that have grown in the crevices of the rocks, the arms and poppies live, enlivening the desert rocky landscape with their funny jumps and piercing screams.

Groups of remnant rocks formed by karst processes are also found in other places in the world, for example, in the Chinese region of Qingling or in Ha Long Bay in Vietnam. But there these limestone pillars and towers always have a rounded or flat top. And only here, in Madagascar, such an amazing pointed stone forest arose. The attractiveness of this corner lies also in the fact that not a single person has yet visited the depths of the plateau, and one can only guess what discoveries await scientists there. The nature of Madagascar still keeps many secrets that will be revealed only to inquisitive travelers who have managed to overcome all the difficulties that the pioneers of the mountains, jungles and mysterious rocky labyrinths of this unique island face.

Rwenzori mountains

Between the Central African lakes Edward and Albert, where the equator line crosses the border of the Congo and Uganda, there is one of the most mysterious mountain ranges of our planet - the Rwenzori Mountains.

Until 1888, not a single European saw them. And after the famous traveler Henry Stanley discovered them for science, few managed to admire their sparkling snowy peaks. The fact is that three hundred days a year the Rwenzori massif is covered by clouds, and in the remaining two months it only briefly opens at dawn or at sunset to the eyes of travelers passing at its foot.

When in 1906 the Italian expedition compiled the first map of these places, it turned out that the Rwenzori Mountains, stretching for one hundred and twenty kilometers from the northeast to the southwest, are the highest mountain range in Africa. As many as nine peaks rise more than four kilometers, and the highest of them - Margherita Peak - reaches five thousand one hundred meters and is the third highest on the continent. (After Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya standing alone south of Rwenzori.)

Since the time of Ptolemy, European and Arab geographers have written about the existence of mysterious moon mountains. It was believed that it was in them that the sources of the Nile were located. However, it took almost two thousand years to confirm this assumption. Moreover, already in the 20th century, five well-equipped expeditions that visited Lake Albert and Edward could not find Rwenzori, although it would seem that from such a distance it is no more difficult than to notice the Eiffel Tower from the Seine embankment. Dense clouds interfered, completely hiding the giant mountain range from researchers.

And only perseverance, patience and observation of Stanley allowed him on the third attempt (!) to finally open the elusive ridge. This is how he himself describes this "hunt for Rwenzori":

"... Returning from Lake Albert in December 1887, we suddenly noticed that two huge truncated cones appeared on the horizon to the south of us. It seemed to us that their height should be from three to four kilometers. We dubbed them "Twins" and strongly became interested in them, believing that in the neighborhood with them there should be a very picturesque area.

Returning to the lake in April 1888, we did not see the "Gemini", but on May 25, when we moved two hours from the lake, our eyes suddenly appeared a huge snow-white mountain, with a central massif of fifty kilometers in length; on both sides of this mountain stretched two chains of mountains, a kilometer and a half below it. That day, all this was visible for several hours in a row. But the next day, the vision disappeared, no traces were visible, neither the Twins nor the snow ridge.

Returning to the Albert for the third time, in January 1889, we stopped at the local village for two and a half months, but saw nothing in all this time. However, one fine day, as usual, looking at the place where the snow ridge should have been, we waited for it: all mountain ranges all at once stepped out from behind their cloud cover, and dozens of pairs of eyes greedily glared at this wondrous spectacle.

The upper part of the ridge, clearly divided into many pyramidal peaks, belted from below by a wide strip of milky-white fog, against the background of blue skies of extraordinary purity and transparency, seemed to be floating in the air, like that "Island of Bliss", rushing between heaven and earth, about which tells an old legend. As the sun sank to the west, the misty belt vanished, and the ghostly apparition became attached to a chain of mighty foothills. Although we were a hundred kilometers from the mountains, through the binoculars one could see strips of forests and individual tree groups growing either on wide ledges or along the edges of the cliffs of some cliff hanging over a deep abyss. I thought that these must be those Lunar mountains that Ptolemy once wrote about.

One must think that the transparency of the atmosphere is a rare phenomenon in the local area, and if we had visited here in passing, like other travelers, then, in all likelihood, Rwenzori would have remained in obscurity for a long time.

By the way, the Semliki River, which flows at the foot of these "Mountains of the Moon", flows into Lake Albert, as does the main source of the Nile - the Victoria Nile. Hence, already under the name of Albert-Nile, the future great river hurries north to meet the Blue Nile. So the ancient geographers were right: one of the sources of the Nile is indeed located in this mountain range.

Unlike Kilimanjaro and Kenya, the Rwenzori mountains are not of volcanic origin. This is a huge granite block, raised four kilometers up along a giant fault in the earth's crust, called by geologists the Great African Rift. Along the line of this arched fault are the long and deep African lakes Nyasa, Tanganyika, Kivu, Eduard and Albert, and on the sides of it rise to a three-kilometer height the mountain ranges of Kitengere, Malimba, Marunga and Mitumba, as well as the cones of the volcanoes Sapitva and Karisimbi.

Rwenzori means "Rain Maker" in the language of the Bakongo people living here. Indeed, a high mountain range is a powerful barrier to the winds that bring moisture from the basin of the full-flowing Congo. Climbing up the slopes of Rwenzori, the humid air cools and clouds appear that rain almost every day.

At the foot of the Rwenzori stretch vast savannas, overgrown with tall two-meter elephant grass. Here is expanse for buffaloes, elephants and rhinos, herds of antelopes, giraffes and zebras graze here and cheetahs, lions and hyenas hunt for game.

From a height of two kilometers, lush rainforests begin, where, in addition to the usual forest inhabitants of equatorial Africa, there are also such rare animals as the pintail squirrel, which uses a sharp bone spike on the lower surface of the tail when climbing trees, or the Rwenzor otter shrew, in contrast to her relatives, preferring to live in rivers and streams and having webbed paws.

There is also a huge Cape otter almost one and a half meters long, and a forest boar - the largest of those living in Africa. This meter-high animal weighs up to one hundred and sixty kilograms, and hunting for it is far from a safe occupation. But the three-horned chameleon living on Rwenzori has the most unusual appearance. Superstitious blacks are afraid of him, considering him a messenger of misfortune.

In caves and hollows of trees live the largest bats in the world - flying dogs - with a wingspan of more than a meter. And of the dangerous predators, only the leopard climbs high into the mountain forests, instilling fear in the numerous monkeys that inhabit these places.

From three to three and a half kilometers on the slopes of Rwenzori there is a belt of strange-looking semi-forests, semi-shrubs, densely hung with lichens. They are formed by thickets of tree-like heather, reaching monstrous size in this humid and hot atmosphere. Here, in general, everything grows to gigantic proportions: grass, flowers, and ferns. Even the earthworms on Rwenzori are a finger thick and a meter or more long.

The zone of mountain meadows stretches even higher, where the traveler will meet the main decoration of this fantastic botanical kingdom. The modest flowers of the senetia (ragwort), reaching a height of twenty to thirty centimeters in our country, become real five-meter trees here, striking with the quirkiness of their black stump-trunk topped with a bunch of half-meter leaves.

The modest northern lobelia reaches the same enormous size here, turning on the slopes of Rwenzori into a giant green rosette lying on the ground, from which a two-meter, candle-like inflorescence rises.

These plant giants that amaze the imagination, unlike anything else, rise among green meadows dotted with flowering violets, cuffs and lilies, and in places animated by mighty thickets of two-meter horsetails.

A similar landscape, reminiscent of frames from films about the conquest of alien worlds, can be found in only two other places on Earth - on the slopes of Kenya and Kilimanjaro.

Having risen another half a kilometer, the traveler finds himself above the strip of continuous cloudiness. The bright sun floods with its rays a completely unusual alpine landscape for Africa, as if transferred here from somewhere from Mont Blanc. Above - jagged ridges eaten away by glacial cirques, sharp pyramidal peaks, snow fields sparkling with virgin whiteness and bluish tongues of glaciers. Below are deep troughs of valleys plowed by glaciers and countless mirrors of small and large glacial lakes, which reflect the fanciful "candelabra" of giant senetias and slender "candles" of gigantic lobelias, perfectly complementing this picturesque landscape.

Eternal snows and glaciers the highest peaks Rwenzori feed many fast streams with cold clear water. Merging, they form a little lower, in the forest belt, swift noisy rivers, rushing down steep rapids channels and rolling a mass of stone fragments along the bottom. Such watercourses are able to cut deep into the slopes of the mountain range. Gorges up to a kilometer deep divide the slopes of Rwenzori into many separate blocks, giving the ridge a ribbed appearance. On the western side, where the massif breaks off to the valley with a steep cliff, the rivers rush down to the plain in foaming streams of waterfalls three hundred to four hundred meters high.

However, to admire all this beauty, you will have to climb almost four kilometers. From below, he risks not seeing the mountains at all through the cloudy cloak in which Rwenzori wraps himself. But the difficulties of the ascent are instantly forgotten when the majestic panorama of the transcendental ridge covered with eternal snow opens up to the traveler's gaze.

At one time, Stanley described the feelings of a person who saw Rwenzori in this way:

“It happens that half an hour before sunset the wind drives the clouds away, and then one peak after another appears in blue sky, one after another, powerful peaks are exposed, snow-white fields and the whole undulating mass shines in its full splendor until twilight thickens and the dark night covers it with an even darker tent.

These short—too short—minutes of looking at the glorious "Rain Maker," as the Bakongo call their mist-shrouded mountain, fill the viewer with the feeling of looking into an open sky."

Canary Islands

West of the coast of Morocco Atlantic Ocean stretched for four hundred and fifty kilometers from west to east, a ridge of seven volcanic islands. This archipelago, friendly, picturesque and diverse, has been called the Canary Islands since ancient times. Such a not-too-pleasant name (canis in Latin - "dog") was given to the islands by the famous Roman scientist Pliny the Elder, who claimed that huge dogs were allegedly found on them. Later it turned out that the great naturalist was wrong, but the name has already taken root. And although the fertile islands off the coast of Africa were given in different time many other, more romantic names: "Islands of Eternal Spring", "Enchanted Islands", "Islands of the Blessed", "Champs Elysees" and even "Gardens of the Hesperides", nevertheless, on the maps, these islands to this day remain under the first "dog » name.

Inhabited and developed by people five thousand years ago, the archipelago became known to the Phoenicians in the 11th century BC. A thousand years later, the Romans landed here, and in the 14th century, Spanish caravels appeared off the coast of the islands. A hundred years later, having broken the resistance of the local Guanches, Spain finally took possession of the archipelago, and to this day they belong to her.

It is clear that over the five hundred years of economic development of the Canary Islands by the Spaniards, the nature of the archipelago has changed in many ways. Fortunately, many islands, due to the mountainous terrain, turned out to be inconvenient for creating plantations, and their flora and fauna did not suffer so much.

The most famous, largest and most visible (in the truest sense of the word) island in the Canary Islands is Tenerife. Its main attraction, the Teide volcano, towering 3,700 meters above sea level, is visible from sailing ships almost two hundred kilometers away.

The vague outlines of a huge mountain, now appearing, now disappearing in the translucent haze of the morning mist, acted on the imagination of navigators from ancient times. Peak Teide was admired by Columbus and Cook, Bellingshausen and Humboldt. And in January 1832, the English ship "Beagle" approached the shores of the archipelago, on which he set off for his famous trip around the world young naturalist and future creator of the theory of evolution, Charles Darwin. Here is what he wrote in his diary:

"On the sixth of January we reached Tenerife ... The next morning we saw the sun, rising from behind the bizarre rocks of the island of Gran Canaria, suddenly illuminate the Tenerife peak, while the low parts of the island were still hidden behind curly clouds. That was the first of those delightful days that I will never forget."

The first known eruption of Mount Teide occurred in 1492, just the year Columbus visited Tenerife. The volcano then showed its activity more than once: it erupted in 1706 and 1909. The funicular today allows the traveler to easily climb to the edge of the crater and look into the black and gloomy volcanic basin, on the edge of which rises a young cone that grew in 1909.

The basin, which bears the expressive name of Caldera de las Cañadas ("caldera of the abysses"), amazes with bizarre shapes of solidified lava flows and minerals of various colors, among which tahinastes flowers rise here and there, similar to huge candles.

Although most of the island has long been converted by the Spaniards into banana plantations and orange groves, in the northeast of Tenerife, near its capital, Santa Cruz, a large forest area has been preserved that occupies the mountain slopes off the coast. In the dry and hot climate of the Canaries, this dense, gloomy and cool forest, in which Canarian pines, laurels and northern birches grow side by side, seems like a green oasis next to the hot beaches and the dry rocky slopes of the Teide. At the edge of the forest, a serpentine mountain road leads to an open area, to a high coastal cliff - Pico de Inglés. From its kilometer height, the traveler has a view of the endless ocean distances and golden beaches, high cliffs and green groves of the coast.

If Tenerife, with its mild and warm climate, is called the "island of eternal spring", then the easternmost of the Canary Islands, Lanzarote, will rightly be called the "island of fire-breathing mountains". On this small island, sixty kilometers long and fifteen kilometers wide, nature has brought together as many as three hundred volcanoes!

The last time the island erupted was in 1824. Then, along the fault line crossing the island, one after another, three volcanoes arose and began to throw out ash and lava at once: Tao, Tinguaton and Negro. But this formidable picture was no match for the firestorm that had raged on Lanzarote a hundred years earlier. In the autumn of 1730, thirty craters simultaneously began to spew hot ash and rivers of liquid lava, sowing death and devastation in the surrounding area. The monstrous eruption lasted for six whole years and covered a third of the island's territory with a gray lifeless cover of basalts.

The local priest then kept detailed records of what was happening. Here is an excerpt from this peculiar "chronicle of fiery years":

"Near Timenfaya, the earth split open and a huge fire-breathing mountain grew. The terrible spectacle lasted three weeks. A few days later, other craters opened and splashed out lava that buried the villages of Timenfaya, Rodeo and Mancha Blanca. On the sixth of September high rock, deflecting the lava flow, changed its direction from north to northwest. This led to the death of the villages of Maretes and Santa Catalina. On September 11, new fiery fissures opened up. Liquid lava flooded the city of Maso, and six days later it reached the shore and roared into the sea, scattering terrifyingly beautiful cascades of sparks ... "

After such a long rampage of the fiery element, the appearance of the island has completely changed. Fields and vineyards, the richest villages were destroyed. In the center of the island grew a gloomy ridge of volcanic cones, reminiscent of lunar mountains.

Today, the entire central and western part of Lanzarote is referred to by residents as Mal Pais (“Bad Country”). Dark colors dominate here, you won’t hear birdsong here, here the formidable volcanic ridge of Montaña del Fuego (“Fire Mountains”) rises above the lifeless valley. The landscape of these places makes a strong impression: destroyed volcanic cones, blue-black ash fields, rust-red walls of craters oxidized by volcanic heat and mountains of gray slag ...

Huge vents gape, but not a single crater smokes, breathes fire. Not a single cloud of steam or smoke rises over Montaña del Fuego. But quite shallow under the outer layer of volcanic rocks, the bowels of volcanoes are still glowing with heat, and a traveler who has landed on Lanzarote can easily be convinced of this.

On the crest of one of the craters, an enterprising Canarian set up a restaurant where the floor slabs are hot to the touch, and the cook fries the scrambled eggs, putting the frying pan directly on the heap volcanic sand. For fun, the owner of the establishment throws an armful of brushwood with a pitchfork into a two-meter hole. Not even a minute passes before a fire flares up there. And nearby you can admire the man-made geyser. It is enough to pour a bucket of water into a pipe dug into the ground, as almost immediately steam escapes from it, and then a stream of boiling water, flying up to a height of four meters.

Traveling around Lanzarote is not difficult to make by bus, but it is more interesting to do it on a camel. The road, laid through the National Park created here, leads along the frozen lava lake to a long chain of craters, bordered by heaps of slag and frozen lava fountains, which are called "hornitos" here.

But still the main attraction volcanic island is the Cueva de los Verdes cave. This is the largest lava cave in the world, stretching for six kilometers. Some of its halls reach fifteen meters in height and twenty-four in width. One of them even has concert hall.

The cave is located in the north of the island, under the lava fields of the Corona volcano. The river of molten basalt continued to flow under the cooled and hardened outer layer of lava from the side crater of the Crown down the slope directly into the sea, forming a natural tunnel with bizarre wall and roof shapes. From the plateau of Mal Pais, a narrow path leads the traveler into a gloomy deep abyss. Beyond the high, dark entrance, it first runs along a tunnel heading towards the sea, then turns west into a narrower passage and reaches the deepest part of the cave, forty meters below the surface.

All the way the tourist is accompanied by a quiet Electonic music reminiscent of the sound of glass drops. Searchlights light up the passages and halls, highlighting the arches painted with oxides and hanging lava pillars - a kind of volcanic stalactites that cast intricate shadows.

The cave has two tiers, the upper one being wider and more spacious. After several ascents and descents, the traveler finally enters the concert hall. The impression of underground music exceeds all expectations: after all, the porous walls of the lava cave create perfect acoustics.

On the way back, the tourist will meet a small lake near the path, filled with sea water seeping through cracks. Small crabs live in an underground reservoir, which have become absolutely white in the cave darkness. And in a wide funnel at the exit from the mysterious cavity, where the rays of the sun fall from above, you can sit in a cozy cafe, thinking about the terrible cataclysms that created this unusual underground volcanic world.

Other large islands of the Canary archipelago - Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Palma - have retained little of their pristine nature. The first of them is the kingdom of hotels and beaches, the second, due to the efforts of people, has become almost treeless, and its landscape does not please the traveler's eye. As for the island of Palma, it suffered greatly from what happened quite recently, in 1971, the eruption.

But the small mountainous island of Gomera, located south of Tenerife, has hardly changed since the time of the Spanish conquest. There is not even an airport here, and most tourists come here only on excursions.

The mighty Garahoney mountain range rises for a kilometer and a half above the island. Six deep gorges radiate from it to the coast. Two-thirds of the entire territory of the island of Gomera is covered with virgin forests of laurel, waxwort and tree heather. Of particular value are the laurel forests growing on the northern slopes. Covered with luxuriant fringes of mosses and lichens, the huge trees look "fluffy", and a continuous carpet of ferns complements the primeval appearance of these ancient forests that covered vast areas of the Mediterranean and North Africa millions of years ago.

Rare and cautious Canarian pigeons live in the laurel forests, giving themselves away only by gentle cooing, as well as the most famous feathered inhabitants of the islands - canaries, whose singing is heard from all sides.

Once upon a time, Guanches lived on Homer - the indigenous inhabitants of the archipelago, who appeared here thousands of years before our era. The rugged, rugged topography of the island forced them to develop a unique way of communicating. Being on opposite sides of the gorge, the Guanches could communicate in a special whistling language - silbo. This unique language made it possible to transmit messages over a distance of up to a kilometer.

Such an unusual language was found on our planet in only one other place - in one of the mountain villages of Turkey. Silbo has survived to this day, and on Homer one can still hear two shepherds whistling across the canyon, arranging a meeting or passing on news.

Another point of pride for the Gomers no longer belongs to botany or linguistics, but to history. Here more often than on other islands of the archipelago, great Columbus. From 1492 to 1502, he visited the island of Gomera as many as four times, the reason for which, as they say, was his romantic passion for the local beauty, the Marquise of Monya. The house where the navigator stayed has now become the Columbus Museum. The future conqueror of the Aztec empire, conquistador Hernan Cortes, also visited the island on his way to America.

It is interesting to explore the island of Homer not only on foot or on horseback, but also from the sea. From the boat you can see the main miracle of the Homeric coast - the rock of Los Organos. It is a steep wall made up of thousands of hexagonal basalt columns rising from the waves of the sea like the pipes of a gigantic organ.

The abundance of sun and heat in the Canary Islands is not that boring, but requires a change of scenery from time to time. And in search of diversity, up to half a million tourists annually pass along the shady forest roads of the island of Gomera. Nevertheless, many untouched corners have been preserved on it, and this quietest and greenest island remains a true oasis of the unaltered nature of the Canary archipelago.

A traveler who has visited the Canary Islands will certainly tell his friends about climbing Mount Teide and the stunning views from there to the expanses of the Atlantic, about the tunnels of Cueva de los Verdes scorched by underground fire, about the formidable craters of Montagnadel Fuego and about mysterious island with the beautiful name of Homer...

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There are three options for solving a plumbing problem: do it yourself, contact the housing office or call a plumber at your place of residence from our company. The first one is, of course, the most a budget option. But he requires you to understand this area, have free time, as well as the availability of special tools and spare parts. The second option involves a lot of inconvenience. A utility worker can only come to you during business hours, which may not coincide with yours. And if you have a force majeure event in the evening, at night, on a weekend or a holiday? For example, did a drainpipe break, a sewer clogged, a toilet flush tank not working, and more? There is a way out - contact us and order plumbing services urgently! We work around the clock, without breaks and weekends, and within a short time our specialist will be at your door. Plumbing services are provided with careful observance of the relevant regulatory documentation. Calling a plumber to your home in Moscow with a guarantee for the work performed. Urgent repair, installation and dismantling of plumbing from market leaders!

We are a team of professionals, we have been working in the plumbing services market for many years. Our staff consists of qualified specialists who thoroughly understand both the plumbing and sewer systems, and the latest generation of plumbing. Our masters are equipped with everything necessary, which allows them to provide speedy service, diagnostics and repair of plumbing equipment. Our Moscow emergency service of plumbers promptly visits you and solves plumbing problems efficiently around the clock.

We provide plumbing services not only to owners of apartment buildings, but also to owners of the private sector. The arrangement of an autonomous heating system is also our profile. Taking into account the individual features of the structure, we are ready to offer different solutions for the problem of rational heating of housing.

Services we offer:

laying / replacement / cleaning of sewer pipes;
installation of a water heater, boiler and heating radiators;
installation of a filter system and pumping equipment;
wiring of plastic and metal-plastic pipes;
replacement of the siphon, fine or coarse filters;
installation of hot and cold water meters;
connection of household appliances to water supply and sewerage;
dismantling of plumbing equipment and more.

Plumbing services from us - the best solution for you!

Plumbing services - the work of professionals

Any plumbing work requires a professional approach. As practice shows, amateurish actions can only aggravate the situation. It is not necessary to equip, for example, a water heater on your own. We install boilers and boilers in accordance with the rules for the safety and operation of this equipment.

Do you need to conduct collector wiring of polypropylene water supply pipes or change the battery at the height of the heating season? Not a problem, call us! With the help of a pipe freezer, we will quickly and efficiently, without draining the water, perform all the work.

We also install hot tubs and jacuzzis. These activities are usually associated with dismantling, connection to sewerage and water supply. Our experienced craftsmen, taking into account knowledge, new technologies and modern tools, will always find the most practical solution for your situation. The appearance of a blockage in the pipeline is a reason to call a plumber to your house.

5 reasons why you should choose us:

we provide a full range of plumbing services;
guarantee the quality and efficiency of work;
fulfill our obligations;
issue a guarantee and documentary reporting;
We approach each order individually.

Africa is a huge continent second only to Eurasia in area. It is washed by such oceans as the Atlantic and Indian. The northeastern shores of Africa go to the Red Sea, and the northern ones - to the Mediterranean. This part of the world includes not only the mainland, but also the islands adjacent to it. The islands of Africa increase its area from 29.2 million square meters. km (the area occupied by the mainland) to 30.3 million square meters. km.

Brief description of the African islands

The most significant island in this part of the world is Madagascar. It is separated from the mainland by the Mozambique Channel. Popular with tourists are located near the equator Seychelles. Africa also includes Madeira, the Canary Islands, Socotra, Principe, Bioko, etc. The largest land area in the state of Sao Tome and Principe is Sao Tome, bordering the equator. The island is located in the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic). It is 48 km long and 32 km wide. Nature, formed under the influence of the equatorial and tropical maritime climate, attracts tourists from all over the world to the island. Its population is represented by Santomeans and Portuguese using the Portuguese language.

The list of African islands also includes Moheli or Mwali. This is the smallest island of those that form the Comoros. The island has a poorly developed infrastructure and is sparsely populated. But there is the National marine park, which has no analogues. Therefore, fans of scuba diving seek to get to Moheli Island to admire the coral formations. Reunion Island is considered an interesting piece of land. This is an overseas territory of France with a population of about 800 thousand people. Reunion is located east of Madagascar. Next to it are the Swahili Islands. The French managed to turn the island into their colony in 1665. In terms of climate, it resembles Hawaii, as it is also located in a very hot spot on the planet.

Tropical piece of land belonging to Tanzania - Zanzibar. This main island archipelago of the same name. Zanzibar is the largest supplier of spices. The share of Zanzibar cloves in world exports is more than 70%. Therefore, more than half of the island is occupied by plantations of cloves, cinnamon and other spices. The African Islands in the Arabian Sea (northwest of the Indian Ocean) are land areas within the Socotra archipelago. It is formed by 2 rocks and 4 islands.

natural features

Different parts of Africa have a heterogeneous climate. The continent stretches from the subtropical northern zone to the subtropical southern zone, crossing the equator. The islands of Africa have a diverse flora and fauna. There is a rich underwater world, white sand beaches, impenetrable jungle and exotic animals.

Amorphophallus titanic | lat. Amorphophallus titanum
("Plates")

Kingdom - Plants;
Department - Angiosperms;
Class - Monocots;
Order - Chastuhotsvetnye;
Family - Aroid;
Genus - Amorphophallus;
View - Amorphophallus titanic.

The largest flower in the world is called Amorphophallus titanum.
This giant flower is native to the forests of Sumatra. Its dimensions are impressive - the height of the plant can be more than 2.5 meters, the length of the leaf is up to five meters.
The underground tuber is large and can reach fifty kilograms.
The largest flower in the world was discovered in 1878, it has several names - devil's tongue, corpse flower, voodoo lily, snake palm, umbrella palm, leopard palm and others.
In the homeland of the plant, in Indonesia and Sumatra, it is called "Bunga bangkai", which literally means "corpse flower".
This amazing plant lives up to forty years, while it blooms only three to four times.
Flowering lasts up to two weeks, while the cob of the plant heats up to forty degrees. At the same time, the flower emits a strong “aroma” of rotten eggs and rotting fish, thereby attracting insects for its pollination.
Initially, the titanic amorphophallus grew only in the forests of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, but the people who came there almost exterminated it. Now this rare flower is bred mainly in greenhouse conditions in the botanical gardens of the world.\

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Socotra is a small archipelago of four islands in Indian Ocean. Because of its landscape, the island is called the most unique place on earth, there is no other place like it. Just look at the photos to understand that the local nature is unique. We have already written about many unusual places in our issues, but Sokotora goes far beyond the usual concepts of what an unusual place is. So, we continue our series of articles about interesting places planet Earth. We have already talked about the most mysterious places on Earth, now let's visit the most unusual places. Socotra Island is unusual primarily for its landscape, it can be mistaken for a scenery for a film about some extraterrestrial civilization, but believe me, such beauty actually exists. In addition, it is also one of the most isolated places on the planet. Because of this location, a third of Socotra's plants are endemic, they can not be found anywhere else on the planet. Assume for a few seconds that a miracle happened and you suddenly woke up on this island. The first thing that will come to your mind is that you have gone crazy, or you have landed on another planet, or you have plunged into a completely different era of the history of the Earth. The latter option is most plausible in the case of Socotra, geographically isolated from Africa for 6 million years. The island is replete with extremely rare species of flora and fauna, of which there are about seven hundred. Despite the harsh, hot and dry climate, amazing plant life thrives here. Socotra Island is located 250 kilometers from Somalia and 340 from Yemen. Wide sandy beaches smoothly pass to the limestone plateau with many caves and mountains up to 1525 meters high. The name Socotra is translated from Sanskrit as the Island of Happiness. And it is quite possible to agree with this - crazy botanical charm coexists here with silence, isolation and huge quiet beaches. Let's move on to describing some of the unique plants and animals of the island that are protected here by natural isolation, and therefore some of them have been preserved in the same form as 20 million years ago. Let's start with dracena cinnibaris, a tree called Dragon's Blood, a source of valuable resin for varnishes, paints, and medicine. Dragon blood resin was also used in medieval ritual magic and alchemy. The branches of these trees expand towards the sky, and from below they resemble many flying saucers ... From above, they look like huge mushrooms: On Socotra there is also a Desert Rose (adenium obesium) - a plant similar to flowering elephant's foot: Dorstenia Giga - does not require any soil at all and sinks its roots right into the bare rock: Also among the interesting plants of Socotra is the strange and extremely rare Cucumber Tree (dendrosicyos socotranum). Despite the fact that the population of the island is about 40,000 inhabitants, the Yemeni government built the first roads here only 2 years ago - after negotiations with UNESCO, which declared Socotra a world heritage site. It is a quiet and peaceful enclave in the midst of a hectic world. If you decide

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Socotra is a small archipelago of four islands in the Indian Ocean. Because of its landscape, the island is called the most unique place on earth, there is no other place like it. Just look at the photos to understand that the local nature is unique. We have already written about many unusual places in our issues, but Sokotora goes far beyond the usual concepts of what an unusual place is. So, we continue our series of articles about interesting places on planet Earth. We have already talked about the most mysterious places on Earth, now we will visit the most unusual places. Socotra Island is unusual primarily for its landscape, it can be mistaken for a scenery for a film about some extraterrestrial civilization, but believe me, such beauty actually exists. In addition, it is also one of the most isolated places on the planet. Because of this location, a third of Socotra's plants are endemic, they can not be found anywhere else on the planet. Assume for a few seconds that a miracle happened and you suddenly woke up on this island. The first thing that will come to your mind is that you have gone crazy, or you have landed on another planet, or you have plunged into a completely different era of the history of the Earth. The latter option is most plausible in the case of Socotra, geographically isolated from Africa for 6 million years. The island is replete with extremely rare species of flora and fauna, of which there are about seven hundred. Despite the harsh, hot and dry climate, amazing plant life thrives here. Socotra Island is located 250 kilometers from Somalia and 340 from Yemen. Wide sandy beaches smoothly transition to limestone plateaus with many caves and mountains up to 1525 meters high. The name Socotra is translated from Sanskrit as the Island of Happiness. And it is quite possible to agree with this - crazy botanical charm coexists here with silence, isolation and huge quiet beaches. Let's move on to describing some of the unique plants and animals of the island that are protected here by natural isolation, and therefore some of them have been preserved in the same form as 20 million years ago. Let's start with dracena cinnibaris, a tree called Dragon's Blood, a source of valuable resin for varnishes, paints, and medicine. Dragon blood resin was also used in medieval ritual magic and alchemy. The branches of these trees expand towards the sky, and from below they resemble many flying saucers ... From above, they look like huge mushrooms: On Socotra there is also a Desert Rose (adenium obesium) - a plant similar to flowering elephant's foot: Dorstenia Giga - does not require any soil at all and sinks its roots right into the bare rock: Also among the interesting plants of Socotra is the strange and extremely rare Cucumber Tree (dendrosicyos socotranum). Despite the fact that the population of the island is about 40,000 inhabitants, the Yemeni government built the first roads here only 2 years ago - after negotiations with UNESCO, which declared Socotra a World Heritage Site. It is a quiet and peaceful enclave in the midst of a hectic world. If you decide

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Ambergris Cay (Belize) is the largest of Belize's nearly 200 islands and a major attraction for many travelers, especially divers. Cay means "island" and the name "Ambergris" comes from the large chunks of ambergris (a waste product of migrating whales) that used to wash up on the local shore.

Tourist popularity came to the island relatively recently, so nature here has retained its pristine beauty, almost untouched by civilization.

The coastline of the island is protected by the Barrier Reef, without which this small piece of land in the ocean could not exist. barrier reef serves as a natural breakwater and, of course, the biggest attraction. The reef is located about two kilometers from the coast of the island. The amazingly clear water separating the island from the reef provides countless diving and snorkelling opportunities. Dive into the dazzling turquoise ocean waters- This fabulous journey among colorful coral canyons and underwater caves, observing the life of marine life.

http://vk.com/tripdiary?z=photo-35238813_291690648%2Fwall-35238813_7014

Sao Tome
Sao Tome Island is the largest island in the Sao Tome and Principe region. This island, ()

Sao Tome
Sao Tome Island is the largest island in the Sao Tome and Principe region. This island, whose locals speak Portuguese, borders the Equator (the west coast of Central Africa). There is no large influx of tourists here, so travelers can enjoy a secluded vacation.

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The African continent is surrounded by many large and small islands. Some of them are so distant from the mainland that it would be more correct to attribute them to oceanic islands. Flora and fauna are not always very different from the coastal areas of the mainland, but endemic life forms are often found. Washed by the warm waters of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the African islands look like heavenly corners among the endless expanses of water. This article provides a list of the ten largest islands in Africa with names, brief description, photo and location on the map.

Tristan de Cunha archipelago

Tristan da Cunha Island

The total area of all the islands of the archipelago is 207 km², and the largest island of Tristan de Cunha has an area of 98 km². The island is round in shape and 9.5 km in diameter. This is the most distant land from the African mainland, located in the southwest. Tristan de Cunha was formed by the once active volcano Queen Mary about 1 million years ago.

Tristan de Cunha on the map/Wikipedia

The island has a rocky coastline and mountainous terrain. Rainy weather with winds prevails on the island. There are practically no mammals; among the birds, the Tristan shepherd also lives. The flora is represented by shrubs and dwarf trees. Tristan de Cunha, together with the islands of Saint Helena and Ascension, belongs to overseas territories Great Britain. The permanent population lives in the administrative center of Edinburgh.

Sao Tome

The area of the island is 854 km²; length - 48 km, width - 32 km. Sao Tome is located at west coast African mainland at a distance of 240 km from port city Port Gentil, Gabon, and also 2 km north of. The island is of volcanic origin. Along coastline convenient bays and bays were formed. Most of the island is occupied by mountains up to 2024 m high. Sources fresh water are rapid rivers.

Sam Tome Island on the map/Wikipedia

Sao Tome is famous for its citrus and peach groves. Coconut and banana palms grow on the plains. The coastal waters are inhabited by thorns, sailfish. There are a lot of amazing and endemic bird species on the island. Of the animals, sea turtles are remembered, which lay their eggs on local beaches. Sao Tome is part of the island nation of Sao Tome and Principe. The indigenous people are descendants of slaves, in addition to them, Creoles live on the territory. In total, the island is home to over 150,000 people, or 96% of the country's total population.

Zanzibar

The area of the island is 1666 km²; length about 85 km, width - 30 km. The island is located in the Indian Ocean near east coast continent. Zanzibar is a mainland island that formed about 20 million years ago. The coast is replete with small islands, rocks and reefs. In the central part of the island, Mount Karnukhala is located, having a height of 136 m. There are many rivers on the island that flow into the Zanzibar Strait.

Zanzibar Island on the map/Wikipedia

The flora is not very diverse, dominated by several types of palm trees. Due to the abundance, a variety of bird species make their nests on the coasts. The national park is teeming with monkeys, flying dogs and turtles. The island belongs to Tanzania. Zanzibaris are natives of continental Africa.

Mauritius

The area of the island is 1865 km²; length - 65 km, width - 45 km. The island is located in the Indian Ocean at a distance of about 900 km from Madagascar. Mauritius is of volcanic origin. The island has mountains that used to be active volcanoes.

Mauritius Island on the map/Wikipedia

About 400 plant species grow in Mauritius. The coastal zone was chosen by various amphibians. almost not represented. Mauritius is island nation. The indigenous people call themselves Indo-Mauritians.

Bioko

Bioko area - 2017 km²; length about 70 km, width - 32 km. The island is located 32 km off the west coast of Africa. Bioko is of volcanic origin. On the territory of the island there are many craters of extinct volcanoes. Before the sea level rose about 10,000 years ago, Bioko was a peninsula attached to what is now Cameroon. The highest point of the island - Pico Basile has a height of 3012 m above sea level.

Bioko Island on the map/Wikipedia

Varied due to fertile soil. Most of the territory is covered with tropical forests. is also rich, which is explained by its proximity to the continent and the absence of large ones. The island belongs to Equatorial Guinea. The indigenous people call themselves Bubi and Fernandino.

Tenerife

The area of the island is 2034 km²; length about 80 km, width - 11 km. The island is located in the Atlantic off the northwest coast of Africa, and is the largest in the Canary Islands archipelago. Tenerife is of volcanic origin. There are many rocks along the banks, and the area itself is mountainous.

Tenerife island on the map/Wikipedia

The climate of the north and south is influenced by the mountain range that divides the island in half. The unique flora is represented by balsam spurge, Canary pine, dracaena. Nowhere else in the world can you find the Tenerife gecko, spotted lizard and skink. The island belongs to Spain. Indigenous population by all indications - the Spaniards.

Comoros

Mayotte Island

The area of the archipelago is 2236 km². The Comoros are of volcanic origin and are located in the Indian Ocean between continental Africa and Madagascar. The most ancient island of the archipelago - Mayotte has an area of about 360 km²; length - 39 km, width - 20 km. All year round the archipelago is dominated by a humid climate without significant temperature fluctuations. Animal and vegetable world despite this, they are varied.

Comoros on the map/Wikipedia

Most of the area is covered with evergreen forests. live in coastal coral reefs different kinds fish, as well as sharks and manta rays. Of the animals, lemurs, turtles, bats and mongooses live here. The islands of the archipelago belong to Comoros and France, and are inhabited by natives, Arabs and immigrants from France.

reunion

The area of the island is 2511 km²; length - 63 km, and width - 45 km. The island is located in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar and 175 km from Mauritius. Reunion was formed as a result of volcanic activity. It has large lava fields, part of the area is covered with forests.

Reunion Island on the map/Wikipedia

Many species of birds live here. An oceanarium and a croco park have been created on the island. Reunion belongs to the overseas possessions of France. Creoles are considered to be the indigenous inhabitants, besides them, Indians and French live on the island.

Socotra

The area of the island is 3626 km²; length - 130 km, width - 42 km. Socotra is located in the Indian Ocean east of the mainland, 240 km from the Horn of Africa. It was formed as a result of the shift of tectonic plates. The coast is dominated by coral reefs and rocks.

Socotra Island on the map/Wikipedia

The island has a unique flora and fauna. Only here you can see the dragon tree, the long-tailed starling and the Socotran sunbird. Socotra belongs to Yemen. The population is mainly represented by the local ethnic group, the Socotrians.

Madagascar

The area of the island is 587041 km²; length - 1600 km, width - 400 km. It is a mainland island, which is located in the southeast direction from the coast of mainland Africa. The mountainous terrain smoothly turns into plains. highest point is dormant volcano Marumukutru, 2876 m. river system replete with waterfalls and rapids. The climate is monsoonal, equatorial.

Madagascar Island on the map/Wikipedia

Minerals have been discovered on the island. Flora and fauna have been preserved since ancient times and about 90% of the species are endemic. Only here you can see the iron tree, baobab, rosewood tree. Madagascar is known for lemurs, tomato frogs and leaf-tailed geckos. The territory of the island is under the control of the Republic of Madagascar. The population of about 25 million people is represented mainly by the Malagasy ethnic group.