Population density indicators. Differences in different types of density. Indicators of uneven distribution of the population and settlements

Basic concepts of a formalized description of population resettlement. Settlement description methods. Absolute indicators of the statistical distribution of the population.

Let us consider a number of the most common concepts of a formal description of the population: population, territory capacity, density, demographic potential, population center of gravity, development of the territory, uniformity of population distribution.

"Population" is a relative concept. The degree of population of the country is determined by both geographical and socio-economic conditions. L.I. Lubny-Gertsyk proposed the concept of a norm, or normal population, by which he means that population, which, according to the laws of nature, does not violate the natural balance of natural substances and forces and therefore should lead to the most harmonious relationship between population and nature. He considers normal population to be only that degree at which labor resources could be more completely used, and the supply of the population reached optimal sizes, which would make it possible to produce the quantities of economic goods necessary for society with the lowest labor costs.

The concept of "territory capacity" is closely related to the concept of "territory population". In essence, both concepts characterize the same connection, but from different positions. If the population shows how many people live in a certain area, then the capacity - how many people this area can accommodate, depending on the criteria we have chosen.

Demographic potential is a relatively new indicator characterizing the population of a territory. It was first proposed by John Stewart in 1958. In the domestic literature, this indicator is described in the works of O.A. Evteev and S.A. Kovalev. They suggested calling it “the potential of the resettlement field”, which, in their opinion, more correctly reflects the essence of the indicator. The potential characterizes the relative accessibility or the possibility of interaction, contacts of people living in any point of a given resettlement field, for which the potential is calculated with the rest of the population of this resettlement field.

The center of gravity of a population is geographic point, which has as its coordinates the average of the coordinates of the geographical centers of individual (if possible, small) territorial divisions of the country, weighted by the population of these territories. Territorial subdivisions are "source areas" - rather small territorial units within which the population distribution can be considered uniform, and "special points" - large highly concentrated settlements where the population density differs sharply from neighboring areas. Uninhabited areas, as well as large water basins - the so-called zero areas - are not included in the number of territorial divisions; they are excluded when determining the center of gravity of the population. The center of gravity of the population moves in space.

The degree of intensity of development of the territory is one of the most capacious characteristics of the population. The intensity of the development of the territory by society is an integral part of the study of the level of productive forces and forms of social relations. At the early stages of social development, when there was a huge preponderance of undeveloped lands over developed ones, the number of populated territories was the most important indicator. With the development of the productive forces, the spaces "conquered" by mankind expanded. Therefore, the characterization of only the quantitative side of the intensity of the development of the territory became insufficient, it became necessary to characterize the quality of development.

To characterize the population, indicators characterizing the uniformity of settlement are also used. A measure of territorial concentration of population shows the proportion of the population that must move from one part of the study area to others in order for this to lead to a uniform population density throughout the territory. The larger the coefficient, the more unevenly distributed the population over the territory, and vice versa.

R.'s studying of n. different is being carried out. methods. The grouping method makes it possible to substantiate the typology of settlements (see Type of settlements). Ranked series methods are used when the settlements are determined. terr. line up in accordance with the value of k.-l. characteristic (eg, number of us. or area). Comparison of such ranked series allows the use of decomp. rank correlation methods for studying the relationship between changes in the parameters of large populations of settlements. A common method for studying R. n. is the so-called. method of averages and analysis of their changes over time and across territories. (eg, average population density, density of settlements, average distance between them, average population of settlements, etc.). One of the areas of study of R. n. - identifying the degree of influence of the city, depending on its size and remoteness. An important characteristic of the R. n. is the degree of uniformity of placement of us. by territory. To determine it, the method of analysis of the nearest neighborhood is used (calculation of the distances from each settlement to the nearest settlement, point, summation of such indicators and calculation of the average distance over the entire territory). received a centrographic method. Among the specific. geographical methods of studying R. n. the method of districting of R. of n is allocated. Owls. geographer O. A. Konstantinov to identify the main districts of R. n. The USSR was offered a trace. minimum base. signs: the density of us. (total and only sat down.); share of mountains us.; the population of the mountains. settlements; village population. settlements; the dynamics of us. (total, urban and rural). Based on the totality of these features, 24 settlement microdistricts were identified in the USSR.

An important place in the study of R. n. occupy a cartographic methods (see Cartographic method in demography). In the 70s. widely used mathematical methods. computer simulations. Mathematical modeling makes it possible to conduct experiments to study the processes of R. n., to determine the conditions under which they function optimally. Modeling allows you to predict the territory. moving us.; the model at the same time plays a role of the hypothesis allowing to foresee the tendencies inherent in real process R. n.

The absolute indicator should characterize the size of the studied phenomenon or process in this place and in given time, it must be “tied” to some object or territory and can characterize either a separate unit of the population (a separate object) - an enterprise, a worker, or a group of units representing part of the statistical population, or the statistical population as a whole, for example, the population in country, etc. In the first case, we are talking about individual absolute indicators, and in the second - about summary absolute indicators. Individual called absolute values that characterize the size of individual units of the population (for example, the number of parts manufactured by one worker per shift, the number of children in a separate family). They are obtained directly in the process of statistical observation and recorded in primary accounting documents. Individual indicators are obtained in the process of statistical observation of certain phenomena and processes as a result of evaluation, calculation, measurement of a fixed quantitative trait of interest. Summary absolute values are obtained, as a rule, by summing individual individual values. Summary absolute indicators are obtained as a result of summarizing and grouping the values of individual absolute indicators. So, for example, in the process of the population census, state statistical bodies receive final absolute data on the country's population, on its distribution by region, by sex, age, etc. Absolute indicators can also include indicators, which are obtained not as a result of statistical observation, but as a result of any calculation. As a rule, these indicators are the difference between two absolute indicators. For example, the natural increase (decrease) of the population is found as the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths for a certain period of time; increase in production for the year - as the difference between the volume of production at the end of the year and the volume of production at the beginning of the year. When compiling long-term forecasts for the development of the country's economy, estimated data on material, labor, and financial resources are calculated. As can be seen from the examples, these indicators will be absolute, because have absolute units. Absolute values reflect the natural basis of phenomena, i.e. express either the number of units of the studied population, its individual components, or their absolute sizes in natural units arising from their physical properties(mass, length, etc.), or in units of measurement arising from their economic properties (cost, labor costs). Therefore, absolute values always have a certain dimension. In addition Moreover, absolute statistical indicators are always expressed in physical, cost and labor units of measurement, depending on the nature of the processes and phenomena they describe. natural meters characterize phenomena in their natural form and are expressed in terms of length, mass, volume, etc. or the number of units, the number of events. Natural units include such units of measurement as a ton, kilogram, meter, etc., for example: the volume of housing construction amounted to 2000 m 2. In some cases, combined units of measurement are used, which are the product of two quantities expressed in different dimensions. So, for example, electricity production is measured in kilowatt-hours, freight turnover - in ton-kilometers, etc. The group of natural units of measurement also includes the so-called conditionally natural units of measurement. They are used to obtain total absolute values in the case when individual values characterize individual types of products that are similar in their consumer properties, but differ, for example, in fat content, alcohol content, calorie content, etc. At the same time, one of the varieties of products is taken as a conditional natural meter, and with the help of conversion factors expressing the ratio of consumer properties (sometimes labor intensity, cost, etc.) of individual varieties, all varieties of this product are given. Labor units of measurement used to characterize indicators that allow you to evaluate labor costs, reflect the availability, distribution and use of labor resources, for example, the labor intensity of work performed in man-days.

Natural, and sometimes labor meters do not allow to obtain summary absolute indicators in terms of heterogeneous products. In this regard, universal value units, which give a cost (monetary) assessment of socio-economic phenomena, characterize the cost of a particular product or the amount of work performed. For example, such important indicators for the country's economy as national income, GDP are expressed in monetary form, and at the enterprise level - profit, own and borrowed funds. The greatest preference in statistics is given to cost units, because. cost accounting is universal, but it is not always acceptable. Absolute indicators can be calculated in time and space. For example, population dynamics Russian Federation from 1991 to 2004 is reflected by a time factor, and the level of prices for bakery products in the regions of the Russian Federation for 2004 is characterized by spatial comparison. When taking into account absolute indicators over time (in dynamics), their registration can be carried out on a certain date, i.e. any point in time (the value of fixed assets of the enterprise at the beginning of the year) and for any period of time (the number of births per year). In the first case, the indicators are instant, in the second - interval.From the point of view of spatial certainty, absolute indicators are divided as follows: general territorial, regional And local. For example, the volume of GDP is a general territorial indicator, the volume of GRP (gross regional product) is a regional feature, the number of people employed in a city is a local feature, i.e. the first group of indicators characterizes the country as a whole, regional - a specific region, local - a separate city, settlement, etc.

Absolute indicators do not give an answer to the question of what share this or that part has in the total population; they are not always suitable for comparison and therefore are often used only for calculation

Population density indicators. Differences in different types of density. Indicators of uneven distribution of the population and settlements.

Population density is an indicator of the development of the territory, the intensity economic activity people, the territorial structure of the economy. Population density is formed in the process of historical development under the influence of the economic laws of social formations, the level of social economic development society and the natural-geographical environment. The population of the territory develops in the process of economic development and acts not only as one of the factors contributing to the location of production in this region but is also a consequence of the economic development of the country. Speaking about the distribution of the population, a number of scientists pay attention to the degree of population of the country's territory. Population assessment is important for the development of the productive forces of the regions. At the same time, uninhabited regions are understood to be regions that have not yet become the object of permanent economic activity, do not have permanent settlements, and the density of the resident population in them is less than 1 person / km 2.

So, the uninhabited territory makes up more than half of the area of Russia. At the same time, the European macro-region is practically completely populated, not counting the Northern economic region, in which the population covers 2/3 of the territory. 94% of the uninhabited territory is located in the Asian part: less than 1/3 of the area is permanently inhabited there. The most sparsely populated is the Far Eastern economic region, where the developed territories occupy only 1/5 of the entire area and where more than half of all uninhabited territories of Russia are located.

Accommodation of the rural population. There are about 39 million rural residents in Russia, more than 150 thousand rural settlements. The rural population declined until the 1990s. In the last decade, its stabilization at the level of 27% was observed.

Out of 89 subjects of the Federation in 7 rural population significantly prevails over the urban (the republics of Altai, Chechen, Kalmykia, Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkess, Ingush, Tuva), in another 4 it makes up about half of the population (the Republic of Adygea, Krasnodar, Stavropol and Altai Territory). The rural population is distributed unevenly across the country. More than 1/4 of it falls on the North Caucasian and Central Black Earth economic regions, 13% each - on the Central and Ural. Its highest density is Krasnodar Territory, republics North Caucasus(except Karachay-Cherkess), Moscow, Belgorod and Lipetsk regions and the Chuvash Republic.

Influenced natural conditions and economic demands add up Various types settlements in the countryside. In the north, arable land is located in small areas, mainly in river valleys and near lakes, which created the corresponding type of settlement in the form of groups of small villages among vast forest spaces. In the main agricultural zone, in which the plowing of the territory reaches 70-80%, large (3-5 thousand people or more) settlements located in river valleys and forming many-kilometer chains predominate. Ciscaucasia is distinguished by large settlements (10-20 thousand people and more), located near rivers and irrigation facilities. Mountain villages are noticeably different. In the foothills and valleys they are larger, have a diversified economy, in the mountains they are smaller in size, more often livestock.

Rural settlements, like cities, perform certain functions. 90% of these are agricultural settlements. Among the non-agricultural destinations are industrial and timber industry settlements, in which the population is engaged in the maintenance of transport communications ( railways, pipelines, etc.), recreational. to mixed rural settlements include agro-industrial, local administrative and cultural centers, suburban settlements with a large number of migrants.

POPULATION DENSITY

POPULATION DENSITY, the degree of population of a particular territory, number. permanent population per unit area (usually 1 km 2).

where R - num. permanent us. territories; Q - the area of the territory. excluding large internal water basins. At cf. P. to the territory of inhabited land - 33 people. per 1 km 2 (1982), in some countries this figure exceeds 300 (, South Korea, the Netherlands, Belgium, etc.), P. n. Bangladesh - 623 people, per 1 km 2, in some small state-wahs - even higher (for example, P. N. Monaco - 17450, Singapore - 4205, Malta - 1158 people, etc.). In general, in the most densely populated districts of the world, occupying approx. 7% terr. ecumene, concentrated up to 70% of all of us. Earth. Wed P. n. OK. 54% of the inhabited land area - 5 people. per 1 km 2; in the vast sparsely populated spaces of the north of Eurasia and the Amer. continent, in a number of areas of deserts and high mountains P. n. ranges from 0.01 to 1.

Along with the above indicator, the so-called. physical P. n. others are used when the formula (P / Q) takes into account only the part P or Q. For example, the density of mountains. and sat down. us. separately, P. n. cities (see), P. n. per unit area of arable land, etc.

Indicator of social P. n. takes into account the uneven distribution of the population within the territory under study; these parts of the territory:

j = 1/N *c i n i ,

where j - social P. n., N = Σn i - num. us. studied territory, n i - num. us. i-th part of the territory, c i - physical. P. n. i-th part of the territory. Thus, an indicator of social P. n. similar cf. the value of the physical P. n. in places of concentration parts of us. def. territory. The more unevenly placed us., The greater the difference between the indicators of physical. and social P. n. So. P. n. RSFSR - 12.1 people. per 1 km 2 (1982), indicator social density, calculated on the basis of data on num. us. and the area of the main units adm.-terr. divisions of the republic, - 32.3 people. per 1 km 2. Relates the value of indicators P. n. K. Marx noted: "... A country that is relatively sparsely populated, but with developed means of communication, has a denser population than a more populated country with undeveloped means of communication" (K. Marx, F. Engels, Soch., vol. 23 , p. 365). P. n. taking into account the economic development of the territory. called economic. P. n. Owls. geographer Yu. G. Saushkin proposed to calculate this indicator as a product of the values of the physical. P. n. and some indicators characterizing the level of economic. the development of a given country or region, the size of the cargo turnover (in t. Km) or the length of the transport. networks (in km) per 1 km 2 of territory, total energy consumption (including reference fuel) per capita. etc. The difference between the values of economic. and physical P. n. reflects the level of economy. development of the territory. So, in 1982, physical. P. n. Estonian SSR - 33.2 people. per 1 km 2 was slightly lower than in the Uzbek SSR - 37.1 people. per 1 km 2, and economical. P. n. Estonia, calculated taking into account the density of the car network. roads, respectively, was 4 times higher.

Venetsky I. G., Statistical methods in demography, M. 1977; Kovalev S. A., Kovalskaya N. Ya., Geography of the population of the USSR, M., 1980; Khorev B. S., Smidovich S. G., Settlement of the population. (Basic concepts and methodology), M., 1981; Kosmachev K. P., Losyakova K. M., Geography of population density, "Geography and Natural resources", Novosib., 1982, No. 2.

S. G. Smidovich.

Demographic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Chief editor D.I. Valentey. 1985 .

See what "POPULATION DENSITY" is in other dictionaries:

Population density - … Geographic atlas

POPULATION DENSITY is the number of people living in an area of 1 km2. Average P. n. Lands 40 people per 1 km2, in Europe and Asia P. n. almost 3 times higher (more than 100 people per 1 km2), and in Australia and Oceania 10 times less. The highest P. n. typical for... Geographic Encyclopedia

POPULATION DENSITY- the degree of population of a particular territory, the number of permanent population per unit area (usually 1 km & sup2). With an average population density of the inhabited land area of approx. 38 people per km² (early 1990s), e.g. V… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

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POPULATION DENSITY- 1) the degree of population of a particular territory; number of inhabitants per unit area (usually per 1 km2). It is determined by the formula: where P is the number of permanent population of the territory; Q area of the territory without inland water basins; 2) average number ... Ecological dictionary

population density- The population per unit area of the territory [Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages (VNIIIS Gosstroy of the USSR)] EN population density DE BevölkerungsdichteEinwohnerdichte FR densité de population ... Technical Translator's Handbook

Population density- the number of inhabitants per square kilometer of the state or territory. Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Glossary of business terms

You will need

Map of the desired region
Census data for this region
Area measuring instruments
Questionnaires

Instruction

To count density population, it is necessary first of all to determine the area of the territory itself. This can be done on the map, measuring the desired area and using the scale to calculate what area of the real territory this area occupies. If you need to calculate density population in a small area, like a village, holiday village or a city block, you can simply measure it with a surveyor's compass, pegs and rope. The required territory is limited with pegs and a rope, after which measurements are taken. First, find out from local authorities where the boundaries of a given block or village pass, and then calculate the area based on these data.

Count or find information about how many people live in this area. This will require data from the latest census. population. You can use the data published in the directory, but then you need to make sure that the directory is the latest of all possible. If you want to define density population, say, in your neighborhood, you can conduct a telephone survey and count the number of inhabitants yourself.

Now that both parameters are known, we can move on to density calculations. Do you know the total population in a given territory, you know the size of the territory itself. It remains only to calculate how many people on average live on some unit of area. Most often, a square kilometer is taken as a unit of area. So we take the quantity population N and divide it by the area S, resulting in density population M:
M=N/S.

Don't be surprised if your calculations end up with a fraction. This means that 1 person has 2, 3 or more square meters of area. For example, density population one of the regions of Canada is 0.01 people/km2.

People are creatures that inhabited all corners of the planet Earth. They live everywhere: in impenetrable forests, in a hot desert, on fertile black soil, even on water. On average, according to the latest scientific information, there are 41 people per square kilometer of the Earth. To find out the population density, a quantity called density population, it is expressed as the number of permanent residents per unit total area territory. As a rule, this value is measured in the number of people per square kilometer.

Instruction

To calculate the density population any territory, you need to know two quantities: the number of people and the size (area) of the territory. Both quantities must be brought into correspondence before producing a relation between them. The first number is the number of people living on the specified piece of the planet. This value is a variable value, since people often move from settlements, finding all the best and most convenient places for themselves and their families, or temporarily arrive in one place or another for the purpose of recreation, work, etc. Therefore, when counting the number of people, only those people who live permanently in this locality are selected. If the settlement is small and all permanent residents are known, you can count them “manually”, but the authorities have already done this by conducting a census population, so that ready-made figures can be requested from the local administration or searched on the administrative websites of your city, village, etc.

The second value is the area of the settlement. It is almost impossible to accurately determine it on your own, without the help of special services. Moreover, the area of all settlements is annually measured by geodetic, household technical inspections, due to the fact that slowly but surely, the expansion of all human settlements is taking place. So, this value should also, for greater accuracy, be found out either on the websites of the city or in administrative services: BTI, the administration of the settlement, etc. Be sure to note whether the area is measured in square kilometers or square meters. Both values are correct, only this area value must be indicated in the calculation.

Having learned both values: the number of permanent residents and the area of \u200b\u200bthe populated territory, you should divide the first number by the second. That is the number of inhabitants per area. The resulting number is the desired density population.

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