Significance and prospects for the development of the standard of living of the population of Russia. The real standard of living of the population in Russia

Ministry of General and Vocational Education

Russian Federation

Ural Finance and Law Institute

Course work

in economic theory

Topic: Standard of living and its indicators in Russia

Performer: student FK-0509 RAP

Belyaeva A.V.

Head: Candidate of Economic Sciences,

Associate Professor, Istomina E.M.

Ekaterinburg

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 - 5

Chapter 1. The main indicators of the standard of living of the population of Russia:

Incomes of the population: types, sources, formation. Nominal and real incomes………………………………………………………………………………………..6 - 8

The concept and indicators of the standard of living of the population………………………………….8 - 11

Aggregate Consumption Indicators…………………………………………..……11 - 13

Chapter 2. Analysis of the standard of living of the population of Russia:

2.1. Analysis of income and well-being of the population……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14

2.2. Analysis of income differentiation of the population…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15

2.3. Consumption analysis……………………………………………………………………….…...16 - 12

2.4 Analysis of the impact of the financial crisis (2008) on the standard of living of the population of Russia……………………………………………………………………………………..… ..19 - 20

Chapter 3. Programs to improve the standard of living of the population of Russia:

3.1. The program to improve the living standards of the population………………………..……21 - 22

3.2. The main goals and measures to improve the standard of living of the population…………………………………………………………………………………………………..….22 - 26

3.3. Economic efficiency of measures to improve the standard of living of the population…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………27 - 30

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….………. 31 - 33

Bibliography………………………………………………………….… 34 - 35

Introduction

Improving the well-being of the population is the most important task of economic and social policy. In this course work, the well-being of the population is one of the main objects of study. The purpose of the study is to clearly define the problems of public welfare in Russia and ways to solve them. That is why the problem of the standard of living is especially relevant in our time and in our country.

IN Russian Federation it is necessary to quickly restore incomes and stimulate the effective demand of the population as much as possible, especially in connection with the past crisis of 2008. These tasks are very difficult. For the majority of the population, the decline in living standards continues for a long time. During the years of reforms, it fell in about 60% of Russians. Real cash incomes in families decreased by more than 30% on average. The wage fund today is only 37% of the 1990 level. Equally important is overcoming injustice in the distribution of income. The differentiation of monetary incomes of 10% of the most and least well-to-do population was 13.5 times. According to experts from the All-Russian Center for Living Standards (VTSUZH), the share of the population with monetary incomes below the subsistence minimum in the Russian Federation as a whole has increased to 56.7%.

At the present stage of development of the Russian economy, the problems of the standard of living of the population and the factors that determine its dynamics become very important. Their solution largely determines the direction and pace of further transformations in the country and, ultimately, the political, and

hence the economic stability in society. The solution of these problems requires a certain policy developed by the state, the central point of which would be a person, his well-being, physical and social health. That is why all the transformations that one way or another can lead to a change in the standard of living are of great interest to a wide variety of segments of the population.

The transition to market relations has introduced significant changes in the regulation of income, which primarily determine the well-being of people. First of all, the role of the state in this area has decreased, the independence of regions and enterprises has expanded, and the importance of market regulators has also increased. That is why it becomes so important to develop an enterprise's own policy in the field of income, which would take into account the interests of various groups of workers and owners, would provide for an effective system of employment and remuneration for work, measures for the social protection of workers, and therefore would provide a person with a decent life.

The standard of living is a multifaceted phenomenon that depends on many different factors, ranging from the territory where the population lives, that is, geographical factors, to the general socio-economic and environmental situation, as well as the state of political affairs in the country. The standard of living can be influenced to some extent by the demographic situation, housing and working conditions, the volume and quality of consumer goods, but all the most significant factors can be grouped into the following groups:

political and economic factors;

social factors;

scientific and technical progress,

environmental factors, etc.

It is a more detailed consideration of these factors that this work will be devoted to, the purpose of which is to study the very standard of living and its indicators that determine the dynamics of the standard of living of the population, analysis of the degree of their influence and role in raising the standard of living. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks were set:

Acquaintance with the concept and indicators of the standard of living;

Analysis of factors influencing its dynamics;

Identification of problems and prospects for improving the standard of living in Russia. Programs to improve the standard of living of the population of Russia.

Chapter 1. The main indicators of the standard of living of the population in Russia.

1.1. Incomes of the population: types, sources, formation. Nominal and real incomes.

The income of the population is a set of monetary and natural resources received or produced by households for a certain period. Income is generated from the work of the employee and other sources. Their role in human life is determined by the fact that the level and structure of consumption of the population directly depend on the value (size) of income.

According to the material form, income is divided into monetary And natural.

To characterize the well-being of the population, it is important total income(total population, family, individual), the growth of which at constant prices and taxes (or at least their smaller increase compared to the increase in income) indicates an increase in the ability to meet needs.

It is necessary to distinguish between nominal, disposable and real incomes. Nominal income characterize the level of cash income regardless of taxation and price changes. Disposable income- these are nominal incomes minus taxes and other obligatory payments, i.e. funds used by the population for consumption and savings. To measure the dynamics of disposable income, the indicator “real disposable income” is used.

Real disposable income (RDI) are calculated taking into account the price index, tariffs and represent the real purchasing power of nominal income.

The most important sources of cash income- this is wages, profits used to reward entrepreneurship, etc., social transfers.

For a long time, the main source of income for the majority of the population was income received in the form of wages, i.e.

wage. Wage- this is the price of labor services provided by employees of various professions in the implementation of their business activities.

It is necessary to distinguish between nominal (i.e. accrued) and real wages. Nominal Wage (WIP) represents the entire accrued amount of wages, regardless of taxes and mandatory deductions. disposable salary- this is the amount of wages accrued minus income tax and mandatory contributions to the Pension Fund (1% of nominal wages). Real Wage (WW)- this is the nominal wage, taking into account taxes and changes in prices, tariffs, that is, the real amount of material goods that can be purchased for nominal wages. Thus, a 15% increase in nominal wages with a 10% increase in retail prices (with taxes unchanged) can lead to a 4.5% increase in real wages (115: 110 x 100 = 104.5). Nominal wages can rise and real wages fall if prices of goods and services rise faster than nominal wages.

Social transfers- payments to citizens (from the state budget and (or) special funds) that are not directly related to the results of labor, entrepreneurial activity or property income (pensions, benefits, scholarships, etc.). They are distributed according to the principle of social justice.

Although in practice wages can take many forms (bonuses, honoraria, commissions, monthly salaries), we will refer to all of these by the term "wages" to denote the wage rate per unit of time - per hour, day, etc. This the designation has a certain advantage in that it reminds us that the wage rate is the price paid for the use of a unit of labor services. It also helps to clearly distinguish between "wages" and "general earnings" (the latter depending on the wage rate and the number of hours or weeks of labor services offered on the market). 1

There is no maximum wage limit. At the same time, the monthly remuneration of an employee who has fully worked out the norm of working time determined for this period and fulfilled his labor duties (labor standards) cannot be lower than the minimum wage established by law. The minimum wage does not include additional payments and allowances, as well as bonuses and other incentive payments (Article 78 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). These include: additional payments for combining professions, positions, admission to state secrets, bonuses and remunerations of a regular or periodic nature, monthly and quarterly remuneration (allowances) for length of service, length of service, payments due to regional regulation of wages, additional payments for work in hazardous or hazardous conditions and hard work, additional payments for work at night, on holidays and weekends, for overtime work, etc. 2

Introduction

The socio-economic policy of the modern state is based on maintaining a constant balance between its economic and social blocks. If within the framework of the first of them, first of all, tasks of a macroeconomic nature are solved, then the second - the social block is designed to ensure an adequate standard of living for the population and the normal process of its life activity. A distinctive feature of recent decades is the process of "socialization" of the economy, which is taking place not only in developed, but also in many developing countries. This is due to the fact that it is the quality of life that today comes to the fore in the system of factors that determine the international competitiveness of the national economy. The task of shifting the focus to the social sphere has now become very relevant for Russia as well.

The standard of living is a complex social economic category, reflecting the income and expenses of the population, consumption and the degree of satisfaction of needs, opportunities and abilities, the level of education and qualifications, organizational skills and motivation of a person, living conditions for people and the state of the environment. Raising the standard of living of the population is the main goal of any progressive society. The state is obliged to create favorable conditions for a long, safe and prosperous life for people, ensuring economic growth and social stability in society.

At the present stage of development of the Russian economy, the problems of the standard of living of the population and the factors that determine its dynamics become very important. The direction and pace of further transformations in the country and, ultimately, political and economic stability in society largely depend on their solution. The solution of these problems requires a certain policy developed by the state, the central point of which would be a person, his well-being, physical and social health. Transformations that entail a change in the standard of living are of great interest to a wide variety of segments of the population.

Target term paper- development of proposals to improve the level and quality of life of the population, involving an assessment of the level of its well-being, social stratification. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set and solved:

defines the basic concepts of the level and quality of life of the population;

factors influencing the level and quality of life of the population were identified;

assessment and measurement of the level and quality of life of the population;

the consumer basket and the subsistence level of the population were determined;

proposals aimed at improving the level and quality of life of the population have been developed.

The main task of the state today is to improve the level and quality of life of citizens, developing new projects for the development of the economy, including developments to involve free workers in the economic processes of the country, developing the social and political culture of citizens. Only if the path of development is chosen correctly will Russia be able to enter the world arena as a competitive, economically and socially developed participant in world processes. And the level and quality of life of Russian citizens will be a reliable and high-quality foundation and indicator of the development of the entire country as a whole in the international political arena.

1.Characteristics of the concepts of level and quality of life

1 Level and quality of life: concept and essence

The standard of living is an economic category and a social standard that characterizes the degree to which the physical and social needs of people are met. The main components of the standard of living are: health, nutrition and income of the population, housing conditions, household property, paid services, cultural level of the population, working and leisure conditions, as well as social guarantees and social protection of the most vulnerable citizens.

The current understanding of the essence of "standard of living" focuses on the fact that the standard of living is important not in itself, but in relation to the needs of the population.

The standard of living must be considered in conjunction with general economic indicators, as well as indicators linking general economic and living standards - incomes of the population, consumer demand, trade, prices, state budget, credit. For example, the income of the population is a key factor determining the standard of living.

The standard of living is one of the most important social categories. The standard of living is understood as the provision of the population with the necessary material goods and services, the achieved level of their consumption and the degree of satisfaction of reasonable (rational) needs. This is how well-being is understood. In a broad sense, the concept of "standard of living of the population" also includes the conditions of life, work and employment, life and leisure, its health, education, natural habitat, etc. In this case, the term "quality of life" is more often used.

Four levels of living can be distinguished:

)Prosperity (the use of benefits that ensure the comprehensive development of a person);

)Normal level (rational consumption according to scientifically based standards, providing a person with the restoration of his physical and intellectual strength);

)Poverty (consumption of goods at the level of maintaining working capacity as the lowest limit of labor force reproduction);

)Poverty (the minimum allowable set of goods and services according to biological criteria, the consumption of which only allows maintaining human viability).

Raising the standard of living (social progress) is a priority direction of social development.

The quality of life is the degree of development and completeness of satisfaction of the whole complex of needs and interests of people, manifested as various types activities, as well as in the very sense of life. The problem of the quality of life includes the conditions, results and nature of work, demographic, ethnographic and environmental aspects of people's existence. There are legal and political aspects in this problem related to rights and freedoms, behavioral and psychological aspects, a general ideological and cultural background.

The most important components of the quality of life are the income of the population and its social Security consumption of material goods and services, living conditions, free time.

Living conditions can be broadly divided into conditions of work, life and leisure. Working conditions include sanitary and hygienic, psychophysiological, aesthetic and socio-psychological conditions. Living conditions are the provision of housing for the population, its quality, the development of a network of consumer services (baths, laundries, hairdressers, repair shops, rental points, etc.), the state of trade and public catering, public transport, medical service. Leisure conditions are associated with the use of people's free time. Leisure time is a part of non-working time, intended for the development of the individual, more complete satisfaction of her social, spiritual and intellectual needs.

Three aspects of studying the quality of life are possible: in relation to the entire population; to his social groups; households with different income levels.

The productivity of workers, the price of labor power, as well as its implementation in labor, that is, the production of consumer goods, depend on the standard of living. The development takes place in the direction of the central general productivity. An increase or decrease in the standard of living of the population and labor productivity inevitably drives the economy forward or backward.

1.2 Quality of life indicators

There are integral and particular approaches to the knowledge of the quality of life. The integral approach assumes the behavior of two types of assessments: objective (based on official statistics, without involving generalizing information based on various kinds of public opinion polls, etc.) and subjective (based on the opinion of the population).

The health of the population, as a rule, can be one of the main criteria for the effective functioning of the economy, because its role is enhanced due to:

)Increasing the role of the human factor in the economy of the national economy, where health acts as the main property of labor resources, characterizing the quality of the labor force used by society for the reproduction of material and spiritual benefits;

)An increase in the direct and indirect costs of society in production, where the health of the population is the subject and product of labor in many sectors of the national economy

)The need for a quantitative measurement of the well-being of the population, in the assessment of which health is manifested as a consumer good and as its main component.

D. Pringle uses a system of quality of life indicators based on the use of a number of statistical assessments that characterize the level of employment, the state of health of the population, the level of crime, etc. At the same time, the author points out that many constituent elements of the quality of life are not quantitatively measurable (for example, satisfaction ).

Among such “not measurable elements”, other authors also include individual attachments and preferences, a person’s satisfaction in his ability to control any situation, etc.

After analyzing the existing approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of "quality of life" of the population, the authors came to the conclusion that a holistic picture of the quality of life can be created on the basis of combining two groups of criteria into a whole.

The first group consists of estimates based on statistical information. With a certain degree of conditionality, these criteria can be called objective.

The second group consists entirely of assessments based on sociological surveys of the population, in which respondents are asked to express their attitude to certain aspects of their lives, so it seems quite reasonable to classify them as subjective.

In general, it is necessary to carefully approach the measurement of quality of life by subjective indicators. The main reason for this approach is that the conditions that give people's judgments sufficient credibility include freedom and the ability to avoid hoaxes. Therefore, in order to avoid a mystified idea of the surrounding reality, it is possible, in society, to achieve a certain level of development. This level assumes the presence of a number of conditions, among which are the following:

)The basic material needs of consumption are satisfied to the extent that the stage of satisfaction of "refined, modified personal needs" begins. Spiritual and aesthetic needs should come to the fore

)A middle class of sufficient size has developed in the country, concentrating in itself a significant part of the nation's intellect, the well-being of which is beyond doubt;

)A person who assesses the quality of life has a certain practice of using alternative options. It is known from research that the smaller the family or individual has alternatives to compare. The less they appreciate the quality of life.

)stability of the socio-political situation in the country, sustainable economic growth.

Modern Russian reality does not yet satisfy any of the above conditions. Therefore, when studying the quality of life of the population of our country at the present stage, an approach should prevail, which, with a certain degree of conventionality, can be called objective. Criteria and assessments of the quality of life should be based on a system of indicators that objectively reflect the socio-economic situation.

1.3 Quality of life criteria

The study of the quality of life of the population involves the addition of criteria-based assessments with a system of scientific justification and systematic, organized observation. Data collection and analysis.

The different planning of the concept of "quality" of life is due to the variety of indicators. The latter may characterize separate element quality of life or the totality. Relevant metrics include:

üHealth

The ability to lead a healthy lifestyle at all stages of the life cycle;

Impact of health impairment on individuals;

ü Individual development through training

Assimilation by children of the basic knowledge and skills, as well as the values necessary for their individual development and successful activity as a member of society;

The possibility of continuing self-education and the ability to use these skills;

The use and development by individuals of their knowledge, skills and mobility, required for the realization of their economic potential and, if desired, enabling their integration with the economic process;

Preservation and development of cultural development by the individual in order to contribute to the well-being of members of various social groups;

ü Employment and quality of working life

Availability profitable work for those who seek it;

The nature of labor activity;

Satisfaction of the individual with his work life

Choice of your pastime

Ability to purchase goods and use services

Personal opportunity to purchase goods and use services;

The number of people experiencing material deprivation;

The degree of equality in the distribution of goods and services;

The quality, choice and availability of goods and services produced in the private and public sectors;

Protecting individuals and their families in the event of economic hardship;

ü Personal security and legal authorities

Violence, persecution, and harassment inflicted on the individual;

Fairness and humanity of legal bodies;

The degree of trust placed by the individual in the legal authorities;

ü Social opportunities and social activity.

The degree of possible participation in public life, in certain public institutions and decision-making in housing) household services in a broad sense (including transport, communications, household services, as well as medical services) and cultural services (including those provided by cultural and art institutions.

Therefore, the indicators used to characterize the standard of living can be divided into 3 types with some degree of conventionality:

)Synthetic cost indicators (GNP, consumption fund, total income of the population, etc.)

)Physical indicators measuring the volume of consumption of specific material goods (provision of personal property, food consumption, the number of passengers carried, etc.)

)Indicators showing the proportions and structure of the distribution of wealth (distribution of the population by income groups, indicators of concentration and differentiation of consumption income, etc.).

The All-Russian Center for the Living Standards of the Population of the Russian Federation and its Regions refers to them: Average per capita cash income (including average per capita income, average monthly salary, average pension), subsistence minimum (including for food products, non-food products, paid services to the population, purchasing power, average per capita monetary income of the population) consumer expenditures of the population for the year.

The most important elements of life are housing, social and consumer services, characterized by the following main indicators: the average provision of housing per inhabitant, the degree of provision of the housing stock with modern amenities, the structure of the housing stock by form of ownership (state, municipal, cooperative, private), supply of water by a public water supply system to the population for domestic needs per inhabitant. This should also include the main indicators of the development of education, health care, culture, and recreation.

4 Factors affecting the quality of life of the population

At the present stage of development of the Russian economy, the problems of the standard of living of the population and the factors that determine its dynamics become very important. The direction and pace of further transformations in the country and, ultimately, political and, consequently, economic stability in society, largely depend on their solution. The solution of these problems requires a certain policy developed by the state, the central point of which would be a person, his well-being, physical and social health. That is why all the transformations that one way or another can lead to a change in the standard of living are of great interest to a wide variety of segments of the population.

· political factors;

· economic forces;

· social factors;

· scientific and technical progress;

· environmental factors, etc.

Living conditions should be understood as the immediate objective circumstances of the life of the population (employment, wages and incomes, forms of resettlement, the nature of housing and property security of families, the development of public funds and social infrastructure). The standard of living is a set of living conditions of the population of the country, corresponding to the achieved level of its economic development. The main feature of the socio-economic category "standard of living" is the nature and extent of the realization of the needs not only of the population as a whole, but also of individual groups. The definition of lifestyle as a way of activity is based on the orientation of the behavior of a person, a team, a social community, associated with their goals (for example, a passive lifestyle is opposed to an active one). The standard of living is characterized by such indicators as:

average monthly accrued wages of those working in the economy;

monetary incomes on average per capita per month;

the average size of assigned pensions;

subsistence minimum per capita per month;

the number of people with cash incomes below the subsistence level;

correlation with the subsistence level of average per capita income, average monthly accrued wages, the average size of the assigned monthly pension;

the ratio of monetary incomes of 10% of the most and 10% of the least well-to-do population.

Among the factors affecting the quality of life, such as the subsistence minimum, the consumer basket, and the minimum wage are important. These standards are adopted by the government of the Russian Federation.

Consumer basket- a minimum set of food products that takes into account dietary restrictions and provides the minimum required number of calories. The consumer basket also includes the necessary set of non-food products, services, necessary payments.

Living wage- valuation of the consumer basket, an indicator of the minimum composition and structure of consumption of material goods and services. According to the subsistence minimum, the official poverty line is fixed. According to the declaration of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, all benefits and payments to citizens must provide an income level not lower than the living wage established by law.

Population income- these are the material means that citizens have to fulfill their needs. Incomes of the population are divided into monetary and in-kind. Monetary incomes of the population include payment for labor of all categories of the population; pensions, allowances, scholarships and other social transfers; proceeds from the sale of agricultural products; property income in the form of interest on deposits, securities, dividends; income of persons engaged in entrepreneurial activities, as well as insurance indemnities, loans, income from the sale of foreign currency and other income.

Average per capita cash incomeare calculated by dividing the total amount of cash income by the number of the present population.

Natural income of the populationinclude products created by households for their own consumption.

Cash and in-kind incomes form personal income of the population.

Nominal income of the populationcharacterize the level of monetary income of the population, regardless of taxation and the level of prices for goods and services.

Disposable income- is the nominal income of the population minus taxes, mandatory payments and voluntary contributions of the population in public organizations. This indicator allows you to determine the funds used by the population for consumption and savings. However, it does not take into account the dynamics of the price level. For this purpose, the index is used real disposable income. It refers to disposable income adjusted for changes in consumer prices.

The main components of the monetary income of the population in a market economy are wages, income from entrepreneurial activities, and social transfers.

Any economic system is characterized by differentiation of the population by income level. Income differentiation- this is an objectively determined ratio in the incomes of various socio-demographic groups of the population, regions. Differentiation is the result of a complex interaction of economic, demographic, social and geographical factors. The differentiation of incomes is connected with the differentiation of wages and largely depends on it. Income differentiation actually causes a difference in the consumption of goods and services by the population, that is, in its standard of living. The formation of market relations objectively deepens the social stratification of society. Objective reasons reflect the social usefulness of classes. They are based on territorial, sectoral and interprofessional differentiation of the level of wages, educational level, ownership of property. Subjective causes are associated with personality characteristics. Specific reasons are due to the current features of the market environment, market conditions.

2. The standard of living of the population of Russia

1 Employment and unemployment

Rosstat summed up the results of a sample survey of the population on employment issues as of the second week of March 2013.

Number of economically active population aged 15-72 (employed + unemployed) in March 2013 amounted to 75.2 million people, or about 53% of the total population of the country.

Of the economically active population, 71.0 million were classified as employed and 4.3 million as unemployed using ILO criteria (i.e. unemployed or gainfully employed, looking for a job and ready to start). during the study week).

Unemployment rate (the ratio of the number of unemployed to the economically active population) in March 2013 amounted to 5.7% (excluding the seasonal factor).

Compared to February, the number of employed people in March 2013 decreased by 34 thousand people, the number of unemployed - by 85 thousand people, or 2.0%. Compared to March 2012 the number of employed people increased by 962 thousand people, or 1.4%, the number of unemployed decreased by 447 thousand people, or 9.5%.

The total number of the unemployed, classified in accordance with the ILO criteria, was 3.9 times higher than the number of the unemployed registered with state employment agencies. At the end of March 2013 1,083 thousand people were registered as unemployed in public institutions of the employment service, which is 1.4% less compared to February and 17.5% compared to March 2012.

As the materials of population surveys on employment problems show, in March 2013, as in March 2012, 68% of the unemployed were looking for work on their own, without the assistance of employment services. At the same time, men were less likely to apply to employment services in search of work than women. Among unemployed men, the share of job seekers through employment services in March 2013 was 29.0%, among unemployed women - 35.5%. The most preferable is to seek the help of friends, relatives and acquaintances when looking for a job - in March 2013. it was used by 59.3% of the unemployed. Appeal to public employment services is the second most popular way to find a job, which is used by about a third of the unemployed.

Incomes and expenditures of the population

Real disposable money income of the population is a relative indicator calculated by dividing the index of the nominal size (ie, actually formed in the reporting period) of disposable money income of the population by the consumer price index for the corresponding period.

Real disposable money income in the Russian Federation

in % to the corresponding period of the previous year to the previous period 2013*January 100.949.4 February 105.9130.8 March 108.3102.3Q105.375.7* Preliminary data

The volume and structure of household expenditures - the volume of monetary expenditures of the population includes the costs of purchasing goods and paying for services, mandatory payments and various contributions (taxes and fees, insurance payments, contributions to public and cooperative organizations, interest on loans, etc.) and savings. Savings consist of an increase (decrease) in deposits in the accounts of citizens, expenses for the purchase of securities, real estate, changes in debt on loans, expenses for the purchase of foreign currency, changes in funds in the accounts of individual entrepreneurs; the structure of household expenditures represents the distribution of cash income by sources of use, as a percentage of the volume of cash income.

Structure of the use of cash income (dynamics)

20082009201020112012*Total cash income (in percent)100100100100100 including: Purchase of goods and payment for services74,169,869,673,574.3Compulsory payments and miscellaneous contributions12,310,59,710,310.7savings5,313,914,810.41 0.1purchase of currency7.95.43.64.24.9increase (decrease) money in the hands of the population0.40.42.31.60.0

Poverty Reduction

To characterize well-being, one can analyze data on the population with cash incomes below the subsistence level. In 2012, the number of people with incomes below the subsistence minimum decreased by 3 million people compared to 2011. (For comparison, we take 9 months of 2012 and 9 months of 2011). The significant increase was mainly due to the increase in the level of pension provision to the subsistence level. An example of improving the welfare of citizens is the state program: "Social support for residents of the city of Moscow for 2012-2016."

The purpose of the Program: Improving the level and quality of life of citizens in need of social support, reducing poverty through the development of targeted forms of social protection of the population.

Program Objectives:

1.Improving the quality of social services and introducing new forms of social services for the population;

.Increasing the effectiveness of social support measures through the development and strengthening of targeted provision of social assistance to residents of the city of Moscow;

.Reducing poverty and social exclusion.

Thus, the quality and well-being of the population, as properties that make up the environment and the system for supporting the life of the population, begins to gradually increase thanks to various social programs. This means that the state is interested in improving the well-being of the population and improving the quality of life.

Conclusion

Raising the standard of living of the population is the main goal of any progressive society. The state is obliged to create favorable conditions for a long, safe, healthy and prosperous life for people, ensuring economic growth and social stability in society.

The current stage of socio-economic development is characterized by a large number of problems accumulated in the social sphere, acute contradictions related to the level of social development and improving the quality of life of the population. The resolution of these problems and existing contradictions will improve the quality of life of the population and organize the transition to a more perfect stage of social development. Therefore, the substantiation of the essence of social development and the quality of life from modern positions is an important link in understanding the totality of the process of socio-economic changes in society and can serve as an effective mechanism for solving practical problems in its progressive progressive development.

In the context of increasing the role of a person in the development of the social sphere, which provides the conditions for his life and quality of life, an effective social policy should be based on the following principles: prevention of negative sustainable social trends and events that have already taken place; social investment that reduces the number of people in need; initiation and development of mechanisms of self-organization, self-sufficiency of citizens (interactivity).

The criteria for the effectiveness of the new social policy can be: increasing the level and quality of life of the population; preservation and development of the human potential of the country; growth of social and labor mobility; increasing the efficiency of formation and use of financial, material, informational and human resources of the social sphere.

To fulfill the main goal of the socio-economic policy of the Russian Federation (which is similar for all regions) - the creation of conditions for sustainable economic development and the creation of conditions for improving the level and quality of life of the population, it is necessary to implement social policy on new principles, such as mutual joint responsibility of all subjects social policy; voluntariness and variety of forms of people's participation in the formation and implementation of social policy; openness and accountability of social policy to society, to a person; interethnic, interfaith, intergroup and interpersonal tolerance; protection of the able-bodied population from social risks mainly on insurance principles; guaranteeing the preservation of previously acquired social rights for people who actually enjoy these rights, stimulating the active participation of people in the formation of their own well-being and in public life.

The analysis of the main indicators characterizing the standard of living of the population revealed the need to develop and take measures to improve the life of the population. The priority areas are:

achieving sustainable growth in the real sector of the economy; increase in the share of processing industries;

limiting the growth of regulated prices for products of natural monopolies and tariffs for housing and communal services;

intensifying the work of interdepartmental commissions considering the legalization of "shadow" wages, with the organization of comprehensive surveys of organizations;

ensuring the growth of real monetary incomes of the population and reducing their differentiation by raising wages in the real and public sectors of the economy and more fully accounting for the wages of individual entrepreneurs and employees of small enterprises;

reducing the unemployment rate by providing temporary employment and sending to public Works, assistance in organizing entrepreneurial activities, as well as to make wider use of methods of retraining and retraining of the unemployed population in accordance with the prospective needs of the labor market;

strengthening the targeting of social support for the population;

formation of budgetary funds for the provision of targeted social assistance;

social support and social services for citizens in difficult life situations.

List of used literature

unemployment employment population

1. Abakumova N.N., Podovalova R.Ya. The Policy of Income and Wages: A Study Guide. - Novosibirsk: NGAEiU, 2009 - 60s.

2.Averin A.N. Social policy of the state. - M.: ANKh, 2009.-166 p.

3. Bobkov V.N., Maslovsky-Mstislavsky P.S., Malikov N.S. Quality of life: issues of theory and practice. M.: VCUZh 2009;

4. Bulletin of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation and the Russian News Agency "Novosti", Standard of living and employment of the population, development of social sectors, Measures of socio-economic policy of the government of the Russian Federation in the near future // Bulletin of the Economy - No. 14, 2010 - p.7-11, 11-13, 49-51.

Gryaznova, A.G., Macroeconomics. Theory and Russian practice: A textbook for university students studying in economic specialties and areas // Edited by A.G. Gryaznova and A.Yu. Yudanov. - M.: ITD "KnoRus", 2009. - 544 p.

Levashov V.I. Social policy of income and wages - M: Center for Economics and Marketing, 2010. - 360 p.

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The problem of improving the level and quality of life for modern Russia the most relevant. Therefore, the standard of living of the population plays the role of the most important integral characteristic of the socio-economic system in the conditions of its transformation and development, shows how certain changes in society affect various groups of the population.

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Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution of higher

vocational education

SAINT PETERSBURG TRADE AND ECONOMIC

INSTITUTE

Department of General Economic Theory

Coursework on the course "Macroeconomics"

Topic: "The level and quality of life of the population in Russia and abroad"

Saint Petersburg

Introduction

Chapter 1 Level and quality of life of the population

1.1 The concept of living standards and the system of indicators

1.2 Quality of life

Chapter 2 Analysis of the standard of living of the population

2.1 Dynamics of living standards in Russia in 2000-2009

2.2 International comparisons on the HDI

Chapter 3 Main Directions for Improving the Level and Quality of Life in Russia

Conclusion

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

The topic of the level and quality of life attracts the attention of a wide range of researchers, is the subject of scientific discussions, which indicates its undoubted relevance. This issue is especially important for our economy, where the standard of living of the population is significantly lower than in developed countries. Therefore, at the present stage of development of the Russian economy, the problems of the standard of living of the population and the factors that determine its dynamics become very important. The direction and pace of further transformations in the country and, ultimately, political and, consequently, economic stability in society, largely depend on their solution. The solution of these problems requires a certain policy developed by the state, the central point of which would be a person, his well-being, physical and social health. That is why all the transformations that one way or another can lead to a change in the standard of living are of great interest to a wide variety of segments of the population.

Thus, the study of the dynamics and quality of the standard of living of the population, its forecasting is extremely important for the sustainable, balanced and progressive development of society as a whole. The problem of raising the level and quality of life for modern Russia is the most relevant. Therefore, the standard of living of the population plays the role of the most important integral characteristic of the socio-economic system in the conditions of its transformation and development, shows how certain changes in society affect various groups of the population.

Thus, based on the foregoing, the goal of this course work is to study the standard of living of the population of Russia. The following tasks follow from the purpose of the work: to consider the current standard of living, to follow its dynamics over the past decade, to compare Russian indicators with the standard of living of developed countries and suggest ways to improve the level and quality of life of the population of Russia. Chapter 1 discusses the theoretical aspects of this topic, in particular the concept of the level and quality of life, presents various systems of indicators and approaches to measuring the standard of living of the population. Chapter 2 provides an analysis of the standard of living of the population, including the dynamics of the standard of living of the population in Russia over the past decade, as well as international comparisons of the HDI. Chapter 3 discusses the main ways and directions for improving the level and quality of life of the population.

CHAPTER 1 LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION

1.1 The concept of living standards and a system of indicators

Before characterizing the system of indicators of the standard of living, it is necessary to define the very concept of “standard of living of the population”.

The level and quality of life are complex and multifaceted categories. There is a wide variety of theoretical approaches and interpretations of these concepts. Here are some definitions for comparison:

“The standard of living of the population is the provision of the population with the material and spiritual benefits necessary for a normal civilized life and the degree of satisfaction with these benefits.” (Economic Dictionary).

"The standard of living is the total living conditions (work, life, leisure) of the country's population, corresponding to the achieved level of its economic development." (New economic encyclopedia).

"The standard of living is the degree of satisfaction of the physical, spiritual and social needs of people, the provision of the population with consumer goods." (Great Soviet Encyclopedia).

“The standard of living is the level of well-being of the population, consumption of goods and services, a set of conditions and indicators that characterize the measure of satisfaction of the basic vital needs of people, usually determined by the value of GDP or GNP per capita, average family income, a person in comparison with the subsistence minimum in a given country and in other countries, with the family's consumer budget. (Modern Economic Dictionary).

Thus, the concept of the standard of living of the population in a broad sense characterizes the level and structure of consumption, working conditions, the structure and degree of satisfaction of socio-cultural needs, the degree of development of the service sector, the amount and structure of non-working and free time, the level of environmental safety, etc. In a narrow sense, the standard of living is understood as the volume of real incomes that determine the volume and structure of the actual consumption of final goods and services. The standard of living of the population is expressed by a number of quantitative and qualitative indicators (the system of these indicators is given in more detail in Chapter 1.3) and is a generalizing characteristic of the economic situation of the population. Used in marketing work to identify potential demand. The assessment of the standard of living belongs to a category that varies in time and space. An analysis of the standard of living of the population is usually accompanied by an analysis of two interrelated indicators: the consumer basket and the subsistence minimum.

The consumer basket is the minimum set of food products, non-food products and services necessary to maintain human health and ensure its vital activity. The size of the consumer basket depends on the achieved level and quality of life and varies greatly by country. In developed countries, it has several hundred items of goods and services. For example, in the US, the consumer basket includes 250 different items of goods and services. In countries with economies in transition, these figures are lower. In Russia, the cost of a set of 19 basic foodstuffs is calculated based on the annual consumption rates required for a man of working age. It is accepted that the recalculation of the consumer basket must be carried out at least once every 5 years.

The consumer basket provides a certain level of consumption. The level of consumption is a feature of consumption, which depends on the number of consumers. Allocate individual, collective and social levels of consumption.

There are also "minimum level of consumption", "rational level of consumption" and "physiological level of consumption".

"Minimum level of consumption" is a consumer set calculated on the basis of a minimum level of needs. Its value is determined by a set of goods and services for the reproduction of the labor force of an unskilled worker and his dependents. When calculating the consumer basket for the minimum level of consumption, the most low prices, delicacies, luxury items, alcoholic beverages are not taken into account.

"Physiological level of consumption" means the level of consumption below which a person cannot exist physically. In this regard, the so-called "poverty line" is introduced. The proportion of the population below the "poverty line" characterizes the general standard of living of the population in the country. To determine this share, the indicator “poverty rate” was introduced.

The "poverty rate" is the proportion of the population that earns an income below the government's official poverty level. According to world standards, the proportion of the population that is at the subsistence level should not exceed 10%. According to the UN, poverty is defined as an income of $2 a day per person, poverty - $1. in a day.

"Rational level of consumption" is determined based on the satisfaction of reasonable human needs. The set of goods and services included in it ensures the complete and harmonious physiological and social development of the individual. When determining consumer basket sets, data from various sciences that study the physical and social needs of a person are used.

The living wage is a cost estimate of the minimum set of essential foodstuffs, non-food products and services necessary to maintain human health and ensure its livelihoods. The living wage should provide conditions for maintaining the active physical condition of adults, the social and physical development of children and adolescents at the minimum acceptable level. The concept of "living wage" has been officially used in the Russian Federation since January 1, 1998. The living wage is used as the justification for the minimum wage. In the social legislation of developed countries, poverty is measured using this indicator: the population with incomes below the subsistence level is recognized as poor and has the right to support from the state.

Many social guarantees are tied to the subsistence level: the minimum wage, the minimum pension, student scholarships, and some benefits. In Russia, it does not yet perform such a function, but the new Labor Code contains a provision that the minimum wage should provide a living wage. Several indicators of the subsistence minimum are calculated depending on the size and purpose of the consumer basket. Separately, indicators of the subsistence minimum are calculated for able-bodied men and women, children, and pensioners. The subsistence minimum and its dynamics are important, but not the only indicators used in assessing the standard of living of the population.

It is necessary to clearly distinguish between the concepts of the standard of living and the subsistence minimum, tk. human needs are much broader than what the subsistence minimum provides. And we are talking not so much about physical needs, but about spiritual ones. To meet the latter, funds are needed, and considerable ones. They are not reflected in the subsistence minimum, but constitute an essential characteristic of the standard of living. It has been noticed that the richer, more prosperous the country, the more often they talk about the standard of living, and vice versa, the poorer and more disadvantaged it is, the less they mention the standard of living and more often discuss (and even then in a streamlined way) what constitutes a living wage. .

Socio-economic indicators of the standard of living of the population are formed on the basis of statistical data. They characterize the volume, composition, main directions of use and distribution between individual groups of cash income, and also reflect the final result of economic and social policy in areas affecting various aspects of the welfare of the population.

Rosstat regularly develops and publishes a system of basic parameters of the standard of living of the population, which includes the following indicators:

1. Indicators of the standard of living of the population

Average per capita cash income per month

Real disposable money income as a percentage of the previous period

The average monthly nominal accrued wages of those working in the economy

The average amount of assigned monthly pensions

The cost of living

Population with money income below the minimum wage

Correlation with the value of PM, percent:

Per capita cash income

Average monthly nominal accrued wages

The average size of assigned pensions

Ratio of funds (cash income)

Structure of household disposable income: wages of employees, mixed income, balance of property income, balance of current transfers

· Actual household final consumption, incl. through household spending

2. Income, expenses and savings of the population

The average per capita cash income of the population

Real disposable money income of the population

The volume and structure of monetary incomes of the population by sources of income

The volume and structure of the use of monetary incomes of the population

Purchasing power of average per capita cash income of the population

The volume and composition of monetary savings of the population

The balance of cash income and expenditures of the population

3. Distribution of incomes of the population and socio-economic differentiation of the population

Distribution of the population by the size of average per capita cash income

· Distribution of the total amount of cash income by 20 percent groups of the population and the main indicators of socio-economic differentiation

4. Indicators of social protection of the population

Key indicators of pension provision

Implementation of measures of social support and social protection of the population

Key performance indicators of state non-budgetary funds

5. Housing stock

Housing stock

Improvement of the housing stock

Provision of accommodation

Provision of social support and subsidies for housing and utility bills

· Utilities

The above list of official statistical indicators cannot provide a comprehensive assessment of the standard of living. For a more complete and reliable characterization of the standard of living, it is necessary to involve a wide range of indicators covering various aspects of the life of the population:

1. Demographic - life expectancy, mortality, etc.

2. Health care - indicators of medical and preventive care, morbidity, disability, etc.

3. Education - pre-school and secondary education, secondary and higher vocational education, etc.

4. Employment - indicators of employment and unemployment, labor costs and wages, working conditions

5. Consumption - the ratio of the PM, the minimum consumer budget and the consumer basket with the level of monetary income of the population, food consumption per capita, the share of food expenditures in the structure of consumption.

6. Indicators of environmental and public safety.

There is also a system of living standards indicators recommended by the UN, which includes a wide range of characteristics of living conditions. There are 12 groups of indicators:

1. birth rate, death rate and other demographic characteristics of the population;

2. sanitary and hygienic living conditions;

3. consumption of food products;

4. living conditions;

5. education and culture;

6. working conditions and employment;

7. income and expenses of the population;

8. cost of living and consumer prices;

9. vehicles;

10. organization of recreation;

11. social security;

12. human freedom.

Since 1990, the UN has been calculating an aggregate indicator by which, to a certain extent, it is possible to assess the quality of life in various countries, to compare it. This indicator was originally called the "Human Development Index". It is now called the "Human Development Index". It is calculated as a weighted average of three indicators:

National income per capita;

Educational level of the adult population;

life expectancy.

The standard of living can be considered not only when analyzing the well-being of individual groups of the population, but also at the national level. This allows you to compare the living standards of the population in different countries.

Ideas about the standard of living change over time and are associated not only with the income level of the population, but also with the level of its culture and other components. Therefore, its level cannot be studied once and for all, it tends to change, and sometimes dramatically and in a short time.

Thus, the standard of living is a complex and multifaceted concept that expresses the degree of satisfaction with the vital needs of citizens. There is a whole range of different theoretical approaches to determining the standard of living and interpretations of this concept, and various systems of indicators are used to measure the standard of living of the population. UN experts recommend taking into account 12 groups of indicators, and since 1990 they have been using the Human Development Index (HDI).

1.2 Quality of life

The quality of life is a set of characteristics that reflect the conditions of human life. The quality of life depends on two parameters - the level of a person's well-being (the level of his income and inherited property) and the level of his culture.

The quality of life includes the level of consumption of material goods and services, the satisfaction of spiritual needs, health, life expectancy, environmental conditions, the safety of citizens, and individual freedom. The problem is that many of these parameters are not statistically measurable. Some economists include the following indicators in the concept of "quality of life":

working conditions and safety;

Environmental Safety;

Availability and possibility of rational use of free time;

Cultural level of the population;

State and level of physical culture.

The level and quality of life are very similar concepts, but still different. The quality of life is more abstract. Of course, it depends on the level of socio-economic development of the country in which a person lives, but at the same time, in many respects, each person ensures his own quality of life. Therefore, the quality of life is also a philosophical concept associated with a person's worldview. And a poor person can provide with his work a higher quality of life due to cleanliness, order, careful attitude to his things, rational housekeeping, constant improvement of his qualifications, knowledge of his rights and obligations and the ability to profitably sell his labor force. It should also be noted that the population plays two roles: as a subject of social stratification and as an expert evaluating this stratification. Those. a person evaluates social inequalities in society, finds his place in the economic hierarchy (most often he uses the criterion of justice). Thus, different people perceive the same conditions of existence differently. For most European and American workers, the life of a multi-million dollar supermarket owner seems like a dream come true. However, for Orthodox or Buddhist monks, the life of this person seems to be extremely unsuccessful. The reasons for these differences are ultimately determined by different understanding of the meaning and goals of life.

An increasing part of the inhabitants of developed countries are aware of the negative trends in the development of the economy and accordingly change their life orientations. There is a growing understanding that the quality of life cannot be determined by the amount of goods consumed. The focus will be on the characteristics of health, education, security, social relations and the natural environment.

The standard of living of the population is determined not only by the labor efforts and economic activity of individuals, households or social groups, but also by the efficiency of the economy and national wealth in general. Naturally, countries with more efficient economies and significant national wealth are able to provide their citizens with higher living standards and social guarantees than economically backward states.

Thus, the quality of life of the population is a more abstract concept than the standard of living, and is more difficult to measure. Also, the level of quality of life can rise from the non-economic activities of citizens and depends on subjective assessment the citizens themselves.

CHAPTER 2 ANALYSIS OF LIVING STANDARDS OF THE POPULATION

The current situation in the Russian economy has several features:

1. economic reality - an echo of the "collapse and recession of the economy" of 1998 (expressed in the loss of savings, a fall in real incomes, an increase in the cost of living and, most importantly, the frustration of society due to instability and unjustified hopes)

2. continued adaptation of the socio-economic system to market conditions:

Formation of a new institutional environment (emergence of new market institutions, their further development);

Changing the legal environment (especially important for the development of production), however, is ambiguous - some areas of law remain unaffected;

3. the predominance of primary industries (makes the country's economy highly dependent, because the backwardness of other areas of production will lead to the country's unviability in the event of exhaustion of resources);

4. Deterioration of the geopolitical situation and an increase in the likelihood of intercountry military-political conflicts (population growth in other countries, limited territories, lack of basic natural resources leads to the desire of states to get these resources).

Along with this, a paradoxical situation has arisen: on the one hand, Russia is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of natural and human resources, and on the other hand, it lags far behind the world leaders in terms of the quality of life of people. This means that after analyzing the standard of living of the population of Russia, it is necessary to determine the main ways to improve it.

2.1 Dynamics of living standards in Russia in 2000-2009

The UN recommends measuring the standard of living in 12 groups of indicators. Because many of the indicators are quite difficult to measure (and, consequently, to find reliable data), I will try to analyze only a few groups of indicators. The analysis was based on data Federal Service State Statistics.

Employment

Employment is the first and main condition for ensuring a normal standard of living for the population (Fig. 1), because Employment provides the population with income that is used to meet personal needs.

The growth of the economic activity of the population in connection with an increase in its standard of living does not lead to an increase in the number of employees, but rather to an increase in initiative, enterprise, and employment in their own business of the main family workers.

Unemployment is not general economic, but sectoral in nature, and depends on local conditions.

Rice. 1. Unemployment rate, %

The above graph shows that during the period under review, the unemployment rate was not stable due to the instability of the entire Russian economy as a whole. Until 2008, the number of unemployed gradually decreased (however, in 2002 the percentage of unemployed increased slightly), but due to the financial crisis of 2008-2009. The unemployment rate has risen sharply and has not reached stability to date. Therefore, we can conclude that the standard of living has declined.

Incomes and expenses of the population.

Much can be said about the level of income of the country's population. For the majority of the population, wages are the main source of income, so raising wages will lead to an increase in living standards.

Monetary incomes of the population include wages for the work of all categories of the population, bonuses, permanent wage increments and funds for travel expenses, pensions, allowances and scholarships, proceeds from the sale of agricultural products, receipts from the financial system, and others. Monetary expenditures of the population include the expenditures of the population on the purchase of goods and services, mandatory payments and various contributions, an increase in savings in deposits and securities (Fig. 2).

In the economic and statistical analysis of this graph, the following can be noted. Both expenses and incomes of the population continue to grow every year. As a rule, this does not mean anything, because the main thing is not the increase in wages in itself, but the growth of their purchasing power, and the growth of the general level of incomes of the population can be achieved by increasing the incomes of the richest segment of the population. Since 2002, the growth of real incomes has led to an increase in the dependence of the Russian economy on external factors (primarily, on the situation on the world market for raw materials). But it should be noted a positive trend in the growth of the excess of income over expenditure - this means that the population does not "make ends meet". It can be seen that wages are growing most dynamically (Fig. 2). But, despite the growth in the salary of Russians, its level remains much lower than in Europe and the USA; low official earnings contribute to the development of undeclared "black" incomes, bribes and other hidden incomes that impede normal wages and the development of legal incomes, improve the standard of living of the population, and develop the economy.

Income from relatively new for Russian citizens types of activities - entrepreneurship, property transactions, etc. Statistics show that various social transfers are also growing. The "monetization" of benefits marked the beginning of systemic changes in the composition and structure of the population's monetary income.

But do not forget that the majority of the Russian population has incomes below the world average, and there is also a strong polarization of society in terms of income (Fig. 5), which causes various unrest in society (part of the population, especially the older generation, considers such differentiation unfair). It should be noted that this polarization is increasing due to the activities of the shadow economy (according to some experts, the shadow sector reaches 30-40%).

Rice. 2. Dynamics of income of the population

It can be seen from the above graph that there were no major changes in the level of income during the study period. Experts note that the economic crisis of 2008 did not significantly affect the overall level of income, but only deepened the social differentiation of the population by income.

Rice. 3. Distribution of the population by average per capita income (in % of the total population) - 2008

The diagram shows that about 15% have incomes below the subsistence level, and only 19% have cash incomes of more than 25 thousand rubles, which reflects the insolvency of the Russian middle class, because. according to the World Bank, the average monthly income of a middle class representative starts at $3,500 (about 105,000 rubles). But despite this, when assessing the domestic middle class, the figure is 25% (before the crisis, according to official data, this figure was 10-12%).

Pensions in real terms, 2000-2009 increased by almost 7.5 times, but the ratio of the average pension to the average salary during this time decreased from 32.9% to 25.8%. Legislated PM for pensioners - 4091 p. All this testifies to the low level of humanization of the domestic economy, which most negatively affects the level and quality of life of the population.

Rice. 4. The average size of assigned pensions (before 2002 - including compensation), the value of the indicator for the year

Another surprising feature for Russia is that in our country the minimum wage and the living wage are not as closely interconnected as they should be. The minimum wage is a formal basis for determining the minimum social guarantees, in many respects it is a symbolic and even technical indicator (used, in particular, to calculate fines). In our country, the minimum wage is also less than the subsistence minimum (PM). At present, the minimum wage (since January 1, 2009) is 4330 rubles, and the PM per capita is 5144 rubles. For example, in a single tariff scale consisting of 18 digits, 15 digits are below the PM.

Thus, the minimum wage and PM remain nominal and very conditional, although they determine the level of income of a significant part of the Russian population. To improve the standard of living, this misunderstanding must be urgently eliminated.

The Gini coefficient indicates the degree of stratification of society in terms of annual income: the lower the coefficient, the more even the distribution of income (but does not mean that it is fairer). It can be seen that Russian society is highly stratified, and the gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen, although in recent years it has significantly slowed down. In addition, it should be noted that income differentiation is enhanced by the shadow economy (some experts argue that in Russia the shadow economy is about 40% of GDP).

Rice. 5. Gini coefficient (income concentration index)

Such a strong stratification of society is quite dangerous, because. the majority of the population of Russia finds such a phenomenon unfair and therefore a further deepening of this stratification threatens to increase social tension and, possibly, a social explosion.

Dynamics of GDP per capita

The standard of living largely depends on the total volume of GDP and its per capita values (Fig. 6).

GDP growth since 2000 is a consequence of the exit from the protracted socio-economic crisis and the revival of business activity. If GDP per capita continues to grow at this pace, then for Russia this could mean an increase in living standards. But do not forget that the GDP in other countries is still growing, so in order for Russia to reach the world level in terms of living standards, it is necessary to almost double the GDP. It is also important to take into account the inflation rate (Fig. 7)

Rice. 6. Dynamics of GDP (in constant prices) per capita

At the beginning of the new millennium, high inflation can be explained by the echo of the transition to a market economy and the crisis of 1998 (after the denomination of the ruble in 1999, inflation was 36.5%). The gradual decline continued until 2006, when inflation again exceeded 10%. Experts note that there is an optimal level of inflation that is safe for economic growth: for developed countries it is within 8%, and for transitional countries - 13%.

Rice. 7. Change in the level of consumer prices (in % to the previous year)

The successes of many countries in developing the economy and raising living standards have not led to the elimination of poverty and destitution in the less developed countries. In Russia, the population below the poverty line includes persons with an average per capita income below the established subsistence minimum (Fig. 8). In a number of other countries, the main criterion for classifying as poor is insufficient (relative to the average level of well-being achieved in a given society) amount of consumption (income). Therefore, the poor in developed countries in developing countries can be attributed to the middle class or even to the affluent group of the population. The world standard in defining poverty is the % of the population living on less than $1 or $2 a day (World Bank estimate).

Rice. 8. Population with cash incomes below the subsistence level (in % of the total population)

The above graph shows that in 9 years the poverty rate has halved, therefore, we can talk about overcoming mass poverty in Russia. But this did not lead to the growth of the middle class, but the so-called. "proto-middle class", which is approximately 60%, while the middle class is 10-12%. Those. the majority of the population found itself in an unstable transitional category between the poor and the middle class. The new social stratum is dangerous because it can easily fall below the poverty line again.

demographic indicators.

Demographic indicators are basic in the analysis of the standard of living, because the total population is the indicator that is used in the calculation of average per capita indicators. The population of the country is a huge potential (human capital), with the help of which our country can come to prosperity.

Rice. 9. Population dynamics (2000-2009)

From the above graph it can be seen that, despite all the efforts on the part of the state, the population of Russia continues to decrease, but not as rapidly as at the turn of the 21st century. Population decline does not always indicate a low standard of living. It is known that all the developed countries faced with the problem of a decline in the birth rate - married couples most often simply do not want to have children. In our country, population decline is associated with high mortality and low birth rates.

Marriages and divorces also have certain trends. Marriages are becoming more frequent - couples prefer to have the official status of spouses. The number of divorces over the past year or two has greatly decreased, which should be noted as a plus. But as recently as 2002, there were only 166,115 fewer divorces than marriages. Over the past 9 years, this is the smallest difference between marriages and divorces. Fluctuations in the number of marriages and divorces are most often associated with state policy, more precisely, with the introduction of amendments to the Civil and Family Code. In particular, on the graph we see the consequences of the adoption of amendments to the Civil Code of 2006 - conciliation procedures have been increased, and in general, measures have been taken to strengthen the family.

Rice. 10. Dynamics of marriages and divorces (2000-2008)

Consumption of food products

It can be seen that, despite the expansion of the range of goods, consumption is declining. In general, it is difficult to judge the standard of living by the dynamics of food consumption, because an increasing part of the population is a supporter proper nutrition and healthy lifestyle.

Rice. 11. Average calorie content of food consumed per household member (per day - kcal)

Thus, in general, according to the dynamics of the standard of living of the population in Russia, we can say the following:

In general, there has been a trend towards an increase in the standard of living of the population;

· the state pays more and more attention to this issue, takes specific measures to improve the standard of living, and certain positive results have been achieved in this direction;

social policy of the state becomes more effective, but not always with its help the set goals are achieved;

· the economic growth of the Russian economy makes it possible to increase the real incomes of the population;

· the growth of consumer prices is still ahead of the growth of wages - this must be combated by indexing the income of the population;

some demographic problems have not been solved;

2.2 International comparisons on the HDI

As already noted, UN specialists use the HDI (human development index) to compare countries in a number of groups of indicators (poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy). But this indicator is not a comprehensive indicator of human development - for example, it does not include such an important indicator as gender inequality in income or the not measurable concept of respect for human rights and political freedoms.

Of the components of the HDI, only income and gross enrollment are somewhat responsive to short-term policy changes. This is important for studying changes in the HDI over time. HDI trends may shed light on some facts in this regard. Between 1990 and 2007, the HDI of the Russian Federation decreased by -0.03% per year from 0.821 to 0.817 at present (hereinafter, data from the UN Human Development Reports are used). The HDI in all regions increased gradually over the course of the year, although all experienced periods of economic slowdown or even worsening. This year's HDI, which refers to 2007, highlights very large gaps in well-being and life potential. The RF HDI is 0.817, ranking it 71st out of 182 countries that provided data.

By focusing on some of the most fundamental aspects of people's lives and their opportunities, the HDI provides a much more complete picture of a country's development than other indicators such as GDP per capita, so countries at the same HDI level can have very different levels of income or countries with similar income levels can have very different HDIs.

The HDI measures a country's average progress in human development. The Population Poverty Index (HPI-1) focuses on the proportion of people living below the threshold levels in each of the HDI - to live a long and healthy life, have access to education and a decent standard of living. Looking at insufficient income, HPI-1 is a multivariate alternative to $1.25 a day (PPP USD) as a measure of poverty.

TIN-1 value of 7.4% for Russia, thirty-second indicator among 135 countries for which the index was calculated.

The HDI measures the overall achievements in a country, but does not include the degree of gender imbalance in these achievements. The Gender Development Index (GDI), introduced in the 1995 Human Development Report, measures achievement using the same indicators as the HDI, but reflects the disparity in achievement between men and women. Those. The HDI is simply adjusted to reduce gender inequality. The greater the gender disparity at the heart of human development, the smaller a country's GDI relative to its human development.

Russia's GDI value is 0.816 compared to its HDI value of 0.817. Its GDI value is 99.9% of its HDI value. Of the 155 countries with a HDI-GDI ratio, 8 countries have a higher ratio than the Russian Federation.

Women's Rights Empowerment (GEM) indicates whether women are actively involved in economic and political life. It tracks the proportion of parliamentary seats held by women, the number of women legislators, senior officials and leaders, and women professionals and technicians, and gender income disparities reflecting economic independence. Unlike GDI, GEM shows disparities in opportunities in certain areas. Russia ranks sixtieth out of 109 GEM countries, with a value of 0.556.

Based on the foregoing, we can draw a simple conclusion that we have something to strive for. Russia lags behind the most in terms of life expectancy (in 2009 - 66 years), while Andorra (82.51), Japan (82.12) and Singapore (81.98) have the best indicators. At the end of the list are the backward African countries (with an average life expectancy of less than 40 years). In terms of GDP and the level of education, our country occupies a leading position - 7th place in terms of GDP (in terms of PPP), ahead of us are the USA, China, Japan, India and Germany, respectively. But despite the high economic performance, in terms of living standards, Russia lags far behind the world powers. This once again confirms the fact that the economic success of the country does not mean an increase in the standard of living of the population. The main ways to improve the level and quality of life in Russia are discussed in Chapter 3.

CHAPTER 3 MAIN DIRECTIONS FOR INCREASING THE LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN RUSSIA

For a significant increase in the standard of living in Russia, a necessary condition is the formation of a high proportion of the middle class. At the same time, it is not enough just to have high per capita incomes, effective “social lifts” are needed: access to high-quality professional education, strengthening of small and medium-sized businesses (in all regions of the country). Only under such conditions will the middle class be truly stable and become the social support for a stable state.

Territorial mobility plays an important role in the formation of a powerful middle class. On this moment in Russia it is low due to the underdevelopment of the housing market and political attitudes (in particular, the desire to keep the economically surplus labor force in depressed regions at any cost - subsidies and indulgences for unviable enterprises). Plus, there is an inefficient public sector with numerous jobs and low wages. The disadvantage of the pension system, which is the low ratio of pensions and wages, leads to the fact that pensioners fall out of the middle class. To prevent this from happening, we need pension capital (large savings for old age).

Experts offer the following solutions: territorial migration, restructuring of unviable industries, optimization of the public sector, stimulation of pension savings to include tens of millions of Russians in the prosperous middle class.

Only after a stable middle class has been created can we speak of a significant increase in the standard of living. the middle class are honest taxpayers with a stable high income, and therefore a regular income to the country's budget. With the allocation of significant funds from the federal budget, it is possible to implement various social programs aimed at improving the standard of living.

An effective social policy should include a clear formulation of lower and upper benchmarks (poverty and well-being), indicators or standards of living standards of the population through a system of general or other agreements and collective agreements, laws and other regulations, budgets and economic levers.

The society is also concerned about the fact that the low growth rates of the minimum social and economic standards in Russia lag far behind the rates of inflation and the rate of rising needs. This injustice must be corrected.

The federal structure of the country requires special attention to the development of social policy (especially regional), aimed at equalizing the opportunities for ensuring a high quality and standard of living for the population throughout the territory. Therefore, when developing social programs, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of the country in the territorial context.

Improving the quality of life of Russian citizens is a key issue of state policy. This goal is being implemented with the help of national projects, of which 4 priority projects are currently identified: modern healthcare, affordable and comfortable housing, quality education and the development of the agro-industrial complex. Why are these areas identified as priorities? Because it is these areas that affect every person, determine the quality of life and form "human capital" - an educated and healthy nation. The social well-being of society and the demographic well-being of the country depend on the state of these spheres. It is in these areas that citizens most reasonably expect a more active role of the state, real changes for the better. More about each of them:

Priority national project "Modern healthcare".

The state of health of the population is currently characterized by low level birth rate (10.5 cases per 1000 population), high overall mortality rate (16 cases per 1000 population). One of the characteristic problems of Russia is the mortality of people of working age. More than 200 million different diseases are registered annually among the population of the Russian Federation. Health indicators have a negative impact on life expectancy, which in 2004 was 65.5 years, including 59 years for men and 72 years for women.

The main directions of the priority national project in the field of healthcare include:

“Development of primary health care, which includes the following activities:

– training and retraining of general (family) practitioners, district general practitioners and pediatricians;

– increase in wages for primary health care workers, feldsher-midwife stations and ambulances;

– strengthening the material and technical base of the diagnostic service of primary medical care, emergency medical care;

– prevention of HIV infection, hepatitis B and C, detection and treatment of HIV patients;

– additional immunization of the population within the framework of the national vaccination schedule;

- introduction of new programs for the examination of newborns;

– additional medical examination of the working population;

– provision of medical care to women during pregnancy and childbirth in state and municipal health care institutions.
Providing the population with high-tech medical care:

- increasing the volume of high-tech medical care;

– construction of new centers of high medical technologies, training of highly qualified doctors and paramedical personnel for these centers”.

The development of prevention and primary health care has become a priority, as in the past the health care system was oriented towards the provision of inpatient care, which led to underfunding of primary health care. Directing funds for the development of diagnostics allows you to create a system that will reduce the cost of treatment, since the disease is always easier to prevent than to cure. Expensive medical care does not have effective financing mechanisms, not all citizens can get it, therefore, when declaring a person-oriented policy, it is necessary to make it as accessible as possible.

One of the aspects of the Modern Health project is the implementation of demographic policy. So far, this policy is being implemented through a system of various payments and a small amount of social advertising. According to AI Antonov, head of the Department of Family Sociology at Moscow State University, such actions are not enough. He notes that not a single state has yet set itself the task of changing the value orientations of its citizens. Of the real measures, at the same time, he also offers exclusively material ones - only an increase in child benefits ($ 1,000 per year for each subsequent one) and an extension of the payment period to 16 years.

Priority National Project "Quality Education"

The main directions in the field of education include stimulating the work of teachers, in higher education - the unification of study and science, the development of innovative education.

Since January 2006, the federal budget has financed an additional remuneration for teachers for class management (1,000 rubles). Such a measure was considered necessary, since the class teacher is the person who stimulates his students to gain knowledge to a greater extent. Every year, 10,000 most deserving teachers will be selected through an open competition and public examination. The number of winners is distributed by regions in proportion to the number of urban and rural schoolchildren. The amount of the incentive will be 100 thousand rubles. Every year, 3,000 educational institutions that implement innovative programs will receive state aid (1 million rubles). The funds will be directed in the form of subsidies from the federal to the regional budgets. Financial support is intended for the purchase of laboratory equipment, software and methodological support, modernization of the material, technical and educational base, advanced training and retraining of employees of educational institutions.

Innovative education is education that is not so much focused on the transfer of knowledge as it allows you to master the basic competencies for self-acquisition of knowledge, as information becomes outdated all the time. Innovative education is closely related to practice. Today, traditional education as a system for obtaining knowledge lags behind the real needs of modern science and production. Innovative education involves learning in the process of creating new knowledge - through the integration of fundamental science, directly the educational process and production. In 2007, it was planned to select 30 universities that use training in innovative programs. “The education system in an innovative university should be open to modern scientific research and modern economy. The curriculum of such a university should include such forms as project development, training, internships in production, in research organizations. The technological equipment of the educational process should correspond to the level achieved in European and American universities.”

Universities were selected according to two criteria:

1. The quality and effectiveness of the innovative program submitted for the competition.

2. Innovative potential of the university itself (in dynamics over the past three years)

Efficiency of scientific and innovative activity;

State of training;

The intellectual potential of the university;

Provision of innovative activity with material and information base.

The funds received by universities under this program were supposed to be directed in a targeted manner to the implementation of innovative educational programs: retraining and advanced training of teachers, purchase of laboratory equipment, software and modernization of classrooms.

The development of other reforms in the field of education is proposed to be entrusted to the pedagogical community in order to avoid ill-conceived reforms.

Priority national project "Affordable and comfortable housing"

The main directions for the implementation of the national project are the development of the mortgage lending market, the provision of benefits and subsidies for the purchase of housing for young families, subsidizing local authorities to stimulate construction.

Today, the main problem in the mortgage lending market is large volumes and short terms of loan repayment. Banks do not have enough of their own long-term resources to issue mortgage loans for more than 15 years. In world practice, this problem is solved through the issuance of long-term mortgage bonds by banks, which allows them to attract funds from private investors. The more money the bank has, the more loans it will be able to give at lower interest rates. Another solution to the problem is refinancing mortgage loans. Claims on mortgage loans are redirected to another financial institution that itself issues mortgage-backed securities and lists them on the stock market. The Government of the Russian Federation created its own operator of the secondary market with 100% state capital - OAO Agency for Housing Mortgage Lending (AHML). This organization provides large-scale refinancing of mortgage loans, which makes it possible to develop mortgages.

Young families can apply for housing subsidies. A family is considered young if the age of the spouses does not exceed 30 years, or families consisting of one parent under the age of 30 and one or more children recognized as in need of improved living conditions.

According to experts, this project does not correspond to modern reality. The “age” of a family making a decision to have a first child has recently grown. L. V. Pepelyaeva proposes to raise the age of the “young” family to 35, thereby increasing the number of families that can participate in the project and receive subsidies.

The pace of construction on average in Russia remains low due to the lack of land. The communal infrastructure remains unprepared for construction. Usually funds for its creation are attracted from the pocket. construction companies. As a result, housing prices are rising. The new Town Planning Code obliged the city authorities to provide plots for building with all the necessary infrastructure. This rule came into effect on October 1, 2005 and was supposed to help launch mass construction. But for such construction very often there is no money in the local budget. Within the framework of the national project, interest rates on loans for equipping land plots with communal infrastructure are partially subsidized to local authorities. According to the Chairman of the Public Chamber Committee on Regional Development and Local Self-Government VL Glazychev, the creation of the housing and communal services market is a powerful impetus for the development of the entire economy.

Priority national project "Development of the agro-industrial complex"

The priority national project "Development of the agro-industrial complex" includes three areas: "Accelerated development of animal husbandry"; "Stimulation of the development of small forms of management"; "Providing affordable housing for young professionals (or their families) in the countryside."

From 1991 to 2005 there was a reduction in the number of livestock by more than two times. The import of meat and meat products is growing (34%). The accelerated development of animal husbandry is planned to be implemented through:

Increasing the availability of long-term loans attracted for up to 8 years;

Growth in deliveries of pedigree livestock, machinery and equipment for animal husbandry through the federal lease system due to an increase in the authorized capital of JSC Rosagroleasing, a reduction in the rate for the use of funds from the authorized capital of JSC Rosagroleasing and an extension of the lease term for machinery and equipment for livestock breeding complexes up to 10 years;

Improving the measures of customs and tariff regulation by approving the volume of quotas and customs duties for meat and the abolition of import customs duties on technological equipment for livestock breeding, which has no domestic analogues.

Stimulating the development of small forms of management - an increase in the volume of sales of products produced on personal subsidiary farms and peasant farms. It is planned to reduce loan rates for them (to subsidize part of the cost of paying interest), to develop infrastructure for servicing these farms (cooperatives).

S. Yu. Glazyev says that "The more successful the antimonopoly policy and the more effective the measures to decriminalize the commodity distribution network, the less government subsidies will be required." It is planned to increase the profitability of the agro-industrial complex by 2 times, while reducing the volume of state subsidies. Business development in the agro-industrial complex is now hindered by another problem. This is an under-privatization, the land cannot be used as collateral now, it does not help to attract investments from outside. V.V. Labinov (executive director of the Russian Union of Dairy Enterprises) proposes to evaluate the land in monetary terms and distribute among the shareholders not an abstract "land", but already these funds. Indirect support of agriculture from the state would also be useful (through government orders - free food for the disabled, milk for schoolchildren, etc.). For such government orders, it is necessary to create a single coordinator, to eliminate interdepartmental disunity. For example, to implement the order “free milk for schoolchildren”, it is necessary to coordinate the actions of the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Health.

It should also be noted that everyone can improve the quality of their own life with the help of such non-economic operations as the use of their own labor in the household (maintaining cleanliness and order, housekeeping), creativity (needlework, interior design on their own). An integral part of improving the quality of life is self-improvement (there are many ways of self-development without the help of money). At the municipal level, this is the so-called. subbotniks, designing flowerbeds, planting trees.

CONCLUSION

Forecasting and improving the standard of living and social protection of the population are an important function of the state. The market itself cannot regulate this area, so the obligation to regulate this area rests with the state. An ill-conceived state policy in this area can lead to an increase in social tension.

Funding in this area is clearly not enough. To solve this problem, it is necessary to transfer the shadow economy to a legal position, including by reducing the tax burden. It is necessary to improve the economy, raise the level of real wages, which should be a stimulus for the growth of labor productivity and the economic activity of the population. On the one hand, this will lead to an increase in tax deductions and, consequently, an increase in the revenue side of the budget. And on the other hand, to reduce the proportion of citizens who really need state assistance.

Based on the analysis of the standard of living of the population, it can be said that, in general, there has been a trend towards an increase in the standard of living of the population. The state pays more and more attention to this issue, takes concrete measures to improve the standard of living, and certain positive results have been achieved in this direction. With the help of effective national projects, it is possible to achieve a real increase in the level and quality of life of the population. Social policy as a whole becomes more effective, but it does not always achieve the set goals with its help, therefore, it is necessary to strive to increase the effectiveness of state social support and more thorough development of social programs.

The economic growth of the Russian economy allows to increase the real incomes of the population, the same allows for a surplus budget, but the Russian government is wary of measures to increase wages and benefits due to the expected increase in inflation. And even now, consumer price growth is still outpacing wage growth - this must be fought. Some demographic problems have not been resolved.

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