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Introduction
Chapter 1. Theoretical approaches to determining the level and quality of life of the population
1.1 The concept of the level and quality of life of the population
1.2 Indicators for measuring the level and quality of life
Chapter 2. Main indicators of the level and quality of life of the population
2.1 Indicators of the level and quality of life of the population of Russia
2.2 The main directions for improving the standard of living of the population of Russia
Conclusion
Bibliographic list
INTRODUCTION
The standard of living occupies a central place in the socio-economic life of society. In civilized countries, the main task of the state is to ensure a decent level and quality of life for the population. In modern transformations of the market economy, the problem of raising the level and quality of life becomes very important. It is with the social function of state policy that society associates ever-increasing expectations regarding the improvement of the quality and standard of living. The direction and pace of further transformations in the country and, ultimately, political and, consequently, economic stability in society, largely depend on the solution of this problem. In this regard, it is necessary to clearly understand the essence of this concept, its role in the life of the state. In recent years, the topic has become especially relevant, since the indicators of the level and quality of life have significantly decreased due to the global economic crisis. The crisis forced us to take a fresh look at the indicators and indicators of the level and quality of life. The work of many economists has been devoted to the study of questions of raising living standards. A significant role in the development of their methodological foundations was played by the works of K. Marx. Research in this area was carried out by S.L. Brew, J.M. Keynes, F. Kotler, A. Maslow, S. Fisher and others. Foreign authors have developed national models of living standards, indicators of their assessment, and regulatory mechanisms.
In our country, the development of systematic assessments of the standard of living of the population belongs to one of the outstanding scientists - Weinstein.
A significant contribution was made by: Buzlyakov N.I., Kapustin E.I., Mayer V.F., Rimashevskaya N.M. and others. Separately, it should be noted the research of the All-Russian Center for Living Standards, conducted under the direction of V.N. Bobkov. The works of domestic authors reflect the problems of raising the standard of living, the development and classification of indicators of the standard of living.
The main purpose of this work is to analyze the specifics of the concepts of "standard of living" and "quality of life", study the most important indicators and consider the state of the level and quality of life in the Russian Federation.
In connection with this goal, the main tasks of the work are set - to define the concepts of standard of living and quality of life, describe measurement indicators, reveal the importance of studying these concepts, on the basis of analysis to determine the current state of the level and quality and quality of life of the population of Russia, and also identify the main directions improving the standard of living of the Russian Federation.
The subject of research is defined as a set of economic relations that determine the standard of living of the population. The object of the study is the standard of living of the population and the conditions affecting it as a certain section of socio-economic relations.
CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO DETERMINING THE LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION
1.1 THE CONCEPT OF THE LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION
The concepts of "standard of living" and "quality of life" are the subject of study in many disciplines. In modern scientific literature, these concepts are interpreted differently depending on the goals and objectives of the study.
The approach from the point of view of production considers the standard of living depending on the level of development of the productive forces, the structure and efficiency of social production. So, N.I. Buzlyakov notes: "... in the economic literature, the most common idea is about the standard of living as the amount of consumed material, cultural, domestic and social benefits and the degree of satisfaction of needs for them at the achieved stage of development of the productive forces" Gorelov N.A. The policy of income and the quality of life of the population: Proc. allowance. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007.
A somewhat different approach to understanding the standard of living of the population is determined by I.I. Eliseeva: "The standard of living is understood as the provision of the population with the necessary material goods and services, the level of their consumption and the degree of satisfaction of reasonable needs", "the monetary value of goods and services is the cost of living." Bulatov A.S. Economics: Textbook. - M.: Beck, 2006.
A.G. Kryzhanovskaya gives the following definition: "The quality of life is a category that characterizes the essential circumstances of the life of the population, which determine the degree of dignity and freedom of the personality of each person." Kryzhanovskaya A.G. Theoretical approaches to determining the quality of life of the population // Finance, money circulation and credit. - 2009. - No. 5.
It seems reasonable enough to define the standard of living in the narrow and broad sense.
In a narrow sense - through a characteristic of the level of consumption of the population and the degree of satisfaction of needs (changes in income, expenses and consumption of goods and services by the population). A need can be defined as a direct expression of a need that requires its satisfaction, due to which it acts as the initial cause of activity. One of the fundamental features of the development of needs is their cumulative nature of growth, namely: the emergence of new needs does not lead to the disappearance of old ones. Habits, tastes, inclinations and preferences of a person influence the formation of various needs. This influence is subjective. But the formation of needs is influenced not only by subjective factors. Various external levers, which can be economic, socio-psychological or organizational, act as an objective "irritant" of needs. Taken together, they constitute objective factors in the formation of needs. Eliseeva I.I. Social statistics: Textbook. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2007.
The classification of needs is very diverse. Many economists have attempted to sort out the diversity of people's needs. Thus, the outstanding economist A. Marshall notes that needs can be divided into absolute and relative, higher and lower, urgent and can be postponed, direct and indirect, present and future, and others. In educational economic literature, the division of needs into primary (material) and secondary (spiritual) is often used. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 20, 1999 No. 201-FZ (as amended on July 21, 2004) "On the consumer basket as a whole in the Russian Federation" // Collected. Legislation - 2005 - No. 30.
When studying the standard of living in the narrow sense, in most cases we are talking about material and the most important spiritual needs.
As a rule, the material needs include the needs for food, clothing, housing, household items, transport, health and others. The spiritual, in turn, includes the needs for education and cultural development. It is important to emphasize that almost all needs have a material basis, that is, they require material costs, and the source of their coverage is income. That is why income in relation to the standard of living should be interpreted as a need and as a source of satisfaction of needs. It should be noted that the selected set of needs can change in accordance with the level of social economic development society and natural conditions human existence - some needs are excluded from a number of necessary, others, on the contrary, are added to their number. Human needs do not remain unchanged; they develop with the evolution of human civilization and this concerns, first of all, spiritual needs. Efimova M.R., Bychkova S.G. Social statistics: Proc. allowance - M.: Finance and statistics, 2006
Thus, in the narrow sense of the word, the standard of living is expressed in the quantity and quality of goods and services consumed by a person, or, in other words, as the ratio of the income level of the population to the cost of living.
In a broad sense, the standard of living is represented through a characteristic of the level of human development (the state of health and the ability of the population to meet needs) and the living conditions of the population (the state of the environment and the safety of the population). In other words, the standard of living in this aspect is considered as a set of real socio-economic conditions of life, aimed at meeting the material and spiritual needs of the population. Bulatov A.S. Economics: Textbook. - M.: Beck, 2006.
First of all, it is the people's welfare, the broadest and most capacious concept from this set. "The people's welfare is understood as a complex socio-economic phenomenon that integrates the characteristics of the level, lifestyle and quality of life of the population, each of which represents only a certain slice of a single, but multifaceted and voluminous social organism. Ultimately, the people's welfare reflects the development of people's needs, the state and ways to meet them in relation to the main spheres of life: the sphere of labor, consumption, culture, reproductive behavior, social and political life. Zherebin V.M., Ermakova M.A. Intergroup comparisons of the standard of living of the population // Problems of statistics. - 2007. - No. 6.
By now, "people's welfare" has begun to gradually lose popularity, being, firstly, a term referring to the outdated vocabulary of a centrally planned economy, secondly, under the influence of the growing use of the concepts of the level and quality of life, and, thirdly, in connection with a certain incompatibility of the term "welfare", which has a positive connotation, with a significant drop in the standard of living of the majority of the country's population.
The quality of life is defined as a subjective assessment of the degree of satisfaction of the material and spiritual needs of people. Russian scientists actively turned to the study of quality of life problems, primarily in connection with the aggravation of the systemic crisis and the deepening of socio-economic contradictions in society, which is expressed mainly in a decrease in real incomes of the population, deepening property differentiation, an increase in the incidence of the population and a gradual reduction in the duration of his life. Urchenkov V.V. The level and quality of life in the south of Russia: trends and prospects // Finance and credit. - 2007. - No. 27.
The quality of life, therefore, should be considered as a set of certain characteristics of vital aspects for a person, processes and phenomena that reflect his modern existence, both in the aspect of labor activity and in the aspect of life in general.
It should be noted that the quality of life as a category of economic science is interconnected with such concepts that are close in origin and content, such as lifestyle, lifestyle, standard of living.
A way of life is a fusion of objective conditions and the subjective side of people's activities, an expression, first of all, of their socio-economic activity. A way of life is "led", practiced, it is, as it were, a general formula for the everyday existence of a person. In other words, the way of life is the typical, practiced norms, behavior of people, the way of their daily activities in the sphere of work and life, in the production and consumption of both material and spiritual values.
Thus, the quality of life reflects the degree of satisfaction of a whole complex of various material, spiritual, intellectual, cultural, aesthetic and other needs of people.
1.2 INDICATORS FOR MEASURING LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE
To determine the level and quality of life of the population, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of those elements that help assess the socio-economic situation in the country.
It should not be forgotten that these concepts are influenced by many factors.
Integral indicators for measuring the standard of living are: real per capita income, real wages, income from secondary employment, from the sale of personal subsidiary plots, dividends (on shares and bonds), interest on deposits of the population, pensions, allowances, scholarships.
With the help of these indicators, the level, dynamics and structure of income from various sources are studied and forecasted.
There is a difference between real incomes of the population without taking into account services and taking into account services.
Real income, excluding services, is the part of GDP used by the population to meet material and cultural needs.
Real income, taking into account services, is the part of GDP used by the population for the consumption and accumulation of material goods and services. Bulatov A.S. Economics: Textbook. - M.: Beck, 2006.
To characterize the growth (decrease) of real incomes, indices of real incomes of the entire population are calculated, as well as indices of real incomes in the context of social groups.
When calculating real income indices, price comparability should be ensured; to do this, the calculations take into account the change in prices for a comparable period - the consumer price index.
The real wages of workers are a component of real incomes (including services).
It is determined by dividing the nominal (accrued) wages by the consumer price index for goods and services:
where ZP R - real wages,
ZP N - nominal wages;
Consumer price index.
In the policy of income and wages, indicators that characterize their differentiation are also far from the last place.
The differentiation of incomes and wages makes it possible to assess the ongoing social changes, the level of social tension, and to determine the nature of the policy of income and wages.
The indicators of differentiation of income and wages are:
distribution of the population according to the level of average per capita income - an indicator of the share or percentage of the population in certain given intervals of average per capita cash income;
distribution of the total amount of money income by various groups of the population - an indicator (in percent) of the share of the total amount of money income that each of the 20% (10%) groups of the population has;
decile coefficient of income differentiation - the ratio of average per capita cash income, above and below which are tenths of the most and least wealthy population;
the coefficient of differentiation of incomes of the population by the subjects of the Federation - the ratio of the highest and the lowest level of average per capita income in the subjects of the Federation;
wage differentiation coefficient - the ratio of the highest and lowest levels of wages between industries, regions, professions, within industries and enterprises, etc. Gorelov N.A. The policy of income and the quality of life of the population: Proc. allowance. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2006.
Income concentration coefficient (Gini index) is the value of the deviation of the actual distribution of incomes of the population from the line of their uniform distribution. It is determined by the ratio of the area of the figure formed by the Lorentz curve and the line of absolute equality to the area of the entire triangle OAC. The value of the coefficient can vary from 0 to 1 or from 0 to 100%. It should be noted that the higher the value of the indicator, the more unevenly distributed incomes in society.
To determine the general direction of changes in the distribution of income, the coefficient of the direction of the population stratification process is used - the ratio of the population with incomes below the subsistence minimum to the population with incomes above the high-income budget per 1 thousand people. The dynamics of the stratification coefficient characterizes the increase or decrease in the polarization of society.
In Russia, the bottom 20% account for 6% of income, while the top 20% account for 47%. This ratio is close to the national average. Income is distributed similarly, for example, in the UK, Estonia, and Kyrgyzstan. A lower ratio of the income share of the 20% of the most and least wealthy people is in Slovakia (12% to 31%), the Czech Republic (10% to 37%), Hungary (9% to 37%). In a number of developing countries, this ratio is much higher - in South Africa (3% to 63%), Chile (3% to 61%), Mexico (4% to 51%).
The Gini coefficient in Russia is 38%, which is also at an average level. This is lower than in South Africa (58%), Chile (56%) and Mexico (50%), but higher than in Hungary (17%), Slovakia (19%), Czech Republic (26%), Poland (27% ).
Particular indicators of the standard of living include indicators of the consumption of individual goods and services - per capita, family, by social groups, regions, - indicators of the provision of durable goods, housing, and household amenities. Among them are natural and cost indicators.
Natural indicators characterize the level of consumption, provision with certain goods. In order to get an idea of the level of satisfaction of a particular need, several indicators can be used. For example, in order to characterize the level of satisfaction of food needs, data are needed on the amount of food consumed by a person and their calorie content, and their comparison with scientifically based norms.
At the same time, the consumption of basic food products per capita is determined taking into account the consumption of both domestically produced and imported products, regardless of the type of consumption and the method of selling products to the population.
The level of satisfaction of needs in school education services is characterized using data on the proportion of school-age children attending schools, the number of students in paid and free schools and studying abroad. It is also necessary to take into account the technical condition and improvement of educational institutions, the level of education of the teaching staff.
Cost indicators reflect the costs of meeting specific needs and their dynamics. These indicators are grouped by type of need, such as food, housing, utilities, clothing, durables, recreation, cultural needs, and so on.
The total consumption of material goods and services in terms of value includes all expenses for the purchase of goods and services and the monetary value of the consumed goods of own production, for example, products of personal subsidiary plots. The calculation of this indicator makes it possible to consider the level and structure of consumption in relation to the total income of the population and gives a fairly complete description of the satisfaction of its personal needs.
The integral, generalizing, indicators of the quality of life include the human development index (human development index), the index of the intellectual potential of society, human capital per capita, and the coefficient of vitality of the population.
The most important indicator is the human development index. However, it very poorly captures the qualitative characteristics of life, has significant shortcomings and therefore requires adjustment. It is the arithmetic average of three indices - life expectancy, education level and GDP per capita (in dollars, at purchasing power parity):
It ranges from 0.252 in Ethiopia to 0.960 in Canada.
In the 90s. the value of the human development index in Russia decreased (from 0.85 to 0.77). At the same time, the indexes of GDP per capita and life expectancy decreased the most. Close to Russian values of this index are typical for some post-socialist countries - Belarus, Bulgaria, Romania, Lithuania. A higher value is noted in developed countries - Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Japan (over 0.9). They are followed by Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Argentina, Mexico, Chile - over 0.8.
An important indicator of the quality of life is also the index of the intellectual potential of society. The intellectual potential of society reflects the level of education of the population and the state of science in the country. When calculating the index of intellectual potential, the level of education of the adult population, the share of students in the total population, the share of spending on education in GDP, the share of people employed in science and scientific services in the total number of employees, and the share of spending on science in GDP are taken into account.
During the period of market reforms in Russia, the index of the intellectual potential of society has decreased by almost half. This happened as a result of a reduction in spending on science, a decrease in the educational level of the younger generation. This trend will continue in the coming years.
Human capital per capita is also an indicator of the quality of life. It reflects the level of spending by the state, enterprises and citizens on education, healthcare and other sectors of the social sphere per capita. The higher the level of economic development of the country, the greater the level of human capital and its share in the structure of all capital. Human capital, even in poor countries, exceeds the reproducible one, including the material conditions of production.
The coefficient of vitality of the population also belongs to the indicators of the quality of life. It characterizes the possibilities of preserving the gene pool, the intellectual development of the population in the context of the socio-economic policy being implemented at the time of the survey in the country. This coefficient is measured on a five-point scale. According to the results of a study by UNESCO and WHO (World Health Organization) in 2006, the coefficient of viability of the Russian population was determined at 1.4 points. A score below 1.5 means a crisis situation, a drop in the level and quality of life to the point beyond which the population begins to die out.
The coefficient of vitality of the population for different groups of countries had the following value:
5 points - no country in the world has;
4 points - Sweden, Holland, Belgium, Denmark;
3 points - USA, Japan, Germany, about. Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea and etc.;
2 points - China, Iran, Brazil, Argentina, Mongolia, Turkey, Vietnam, etc.;
1.6 points - Somalia, Haiti, Burma (since 1989 Myanmar);
1.5 points - Bosnia, Western Sahara.
Private indicators characterize some separate aspects of the quality of life. These include the following:
socio-demographic - life expectancy, dynamics of morbidity, fertility, mortality;
economic activity of the population - unemployment rate, population migration and its causes;
social tension - participation in political events, strikes, the share of the shadow economy in GDP, the dynamics of crime;
development of the social sphere - the share of expenditures on education, science, health care and culture in GDP, the number of students and students, including those studying free of charge and paid, the average number of students per teacher;
environmental - the content of harmful substances in the atmosphere, soil, water, food, the share of environmental costs in GDP, investments in fixed assets aimed at protecting the environment and rational use of natural resources.
These indicators can be used to analyze the level and quality of life in Russia.
CHAPTER 2. MAIN INDICATORS OF THE LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION
2.1 INDICATORS OF THE LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE RUSSIAN POPULATION
The indicator is a numerical characteristic of individual aspects of activity. Socio-economic indicators of the standard of living of the population are formed on the basis of statistical data characterizing the volume, composition, main directions of use and distribution between individual groups of the population's monetary income, as well as, with the involvement of other data, reflecting the final result of economic and social policy in areas affecting various aspects of the standard of living of the population. Socio-economic indicators are expressed in terms of averages, rates of change, coefficients of frequency, concentration, differentiation and purchasing power.
The standard of living of the population can be judged by evaluating its financial situation, socio-economic aspects of the development of society over the period under study. To assess the material situation, it is necessary to characterize the structure of the population's monetary incomes and their use.
Monetary incomes of the population are one of the main indicators of the standard of living. Monetary incomes of the population include paid salaries of employees, pensions, allowances, scholarships and other social transfers, income from property in the form of interest on deposits, securities and other incomes. Monetary income minus mandatory payments and contributions represent the disposable monetary income of the population Bolotin B. The gap in the income of the population: world statistics data // World economy and international relations. - 2006. - No. 7.
13 Federal Law of the Russian Federation of October 24, 2005 No. 134-FZ "On the subsistence minimum in the Russian Federation" // Collected. Legislation of the Russian Federation - 2008 - No. 30.
Per capita cash income is calculated by dividing the total amount of cash income by the population. The average per capita income of the population increased annually and in 2004 amounted to 6,457 rubles, which is 24.6% more than in 2003. Real disposable cash income in the period from 2005 to 2006 increased by 1.1%, from 2007 to 2008 - increased to 14939.2 rubles.
According to the State Statistics Committee, the monetary income of the population in 2008 amounted to 25,561.2 billion rubles and increased by 19% compared to 2007.
In 2007, in Russia, the growth in consumer prices, which outstripped the dynamics of the money income of the population, led to a drop in the purchasing power of income and an increase in the number of people with money incomes below the subsistence level. Such a change in the social and economic situation is accompanied by a sharp increase in the differentiation of the population according to the main socio-economic characteristics: wages, housing provision, disposable property, and monetary savings.
Statistics presents two types of income distribution among the population: the distribution of the population by the size of average per capita monetary income and the distribution of the total volume of monetary income of the population, which together gives a relatively complete picture of the distribution of income.
The subsistence minimum in accordance with Federal Law No. 134-FZ "On the subsistence minimum in the Russian Federation" is a cost estimate of the consumer basket, including the minimum sets of food, non-food products and services necessary to preserve the health of human life support, as well as mandatory payments and fees.
The subsistence minimum is determined on a quarterly basis and is established by the government of the Russian Federation - in Russia as a whole, by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
In 2007, the average subsistence minimum was 4,005 rubles. The number of the population with cash incomes below the subsistence level established in the whole of the Russian Federation in the quarter of 2007 amounted to 18.7 million people (13.3% of the total population). In 2008, the Government established the official living wage in the country, calculated on the basis of the results of the fourth quarter of 2008, it turned out to be very small - 4693 rubles. per capita per month. By categories of the population, the subsistence minimum is differentiated as follows: for the able-bodied population - 4971 rubles, for pensioners - 3644 rubles, for children - 4389 rubles. Compared with the third quarter of 2007, the subsistence minimum increased by 814 rubles. - by about 10%, although consumer prices for the fourth quarter of 2007, according to official data, rose by 11.1%.
According to the standard of living between workers, pensioners and children, according to data for 2000-2008, using the ratio of average per capita cash income and the subsistence minimum for each of these categories of citizens. Considering the above analysis, that in 2007 the average per capita cash income for the entire population amounted to 12602.7 rubles and the subsistence minimum - 3847 rubles, then the average standard of living can be estimated as a percentage as a ratio of 12602.7: 3847 or approximately 327%. In 2008 - 14939.2: 4593, which is approximately equal to 325%.
The children's subsistence minimum was equal in 2008 to 4389 rubles, which means that the standard of living of a child is 181.5%. In 2007 - 253.5%. Finally, a pensioner's standard of living in 2007 was equal to the average pension divided by his living wage, or 76.3%. In 2008, this figure was 117%.
The total volume of monetary incomes of the population in 20% groups, where there is an increase in unevenness. Thus, the wealthiest group of the population concentrated in 2006 at 47.3% against 47.9% in 2007, while the share of the least wealthy group in total income decreased over the period from 2006 to 2008, and amounted to 5.1%.
In the structure of the use of cash income in 2005, as compared to 2003, there was some increase in financial assets. In the period from 2006 to 2008 - the growth of financial assets. Changes in the structure of the use of cash income from 2003 to 2008 are traced in the table in Appendix 5.
Of the total amount of cash income in 2007, 14,831.4 billion rubles were spent on consumer purposes (purchase of goods and payment for services) (21.7% more than in 2006), and 3,331.8 billion were spent on paying taxes and contributions rubles (by 60.9%), for savings in deposits and securities - 2731.9 billion rubles (by 43.5%), for the purchase of foreign currency - 4534.5 billion rubles (by 11.8%) . The availability of money in the hands of the population in 2007 amounted to 819.0 billion rubles, exceeding the level of 2006 by 29%.
For citizens employed in enterprises and organizations, the bulk of cash income is wages. In 2007, the nominal accrued wages of one employee amounted to 13,593.4 rubles, as evidenced by the data in Appendix 6. Real Level wages compared with 2006 increased by 24%.
There is still a significant differentiation in the level of average monthly wages in various sectors of the economy. So in 2008 the highest wages were among workers in lending, finance, insurance, transport, industry, construction and management. The employees of education, agriculture, wholesale and retail trade, public catering had the lowest wages.
Another indicator of the standard of living of the population is the level of poverty. In 2007, the poverty of the main part of the population, as before, remained the main social problem of the country. Baigereev M.V. Analysis of Russian Poverty: Causes, Peculiarities and Counting Methods // Man and Labor. - 2007. - No. 8.
Poverty is the socio-economic situation of a part of the population and households that are at a relatively low level of provision with monetary, property and other resources, and, consequently, at a low level of satisfaction of their natural physiological, material and spiritual needs. The basis of officially published data on the level of poverty is the index of the poor population, determined in Russian conditions as the proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence level. Figure 1 of Annex 8 shows the dynamics of this indicator over the years of reforms, from which it follows that over the past 12 years there have been noticeable fluctuations in the index. Prior to 1995, poverty rates steadily declined. In 1994, there was a particularly strong decline. The main factor in the radical decrease in the number of the poor in that period was a change in the methodology for constructing a series of income distributions.
In 1995, there was some increase in poverty, which is associated with a banking crisis, after which there was a downward trend in poverty, until the August 1998 crisis. After this new crisis, the consequences of which were most pronounced in 1999, there has been a steady reduction in poverty, which objectively took place as early as 2000. However, it was in 2005 that Russia switched to a more expensive subsistence level, so the growth in real incomes of the population was not reflected in the dynamics of the population with incomes below the subsistence level. Since 2001, there has been a steady downward trend in the number of poor people, which indicates a positive impact of economic growth on the level of income security of the population Rzhanitsyna L.A. Poverty in Russia: causes, features, ways to reduce // The Economist. - 2005. - No. 4.
The scale of poverty, despite all the economic successes and favorable changes in the income of the population in 2005, is still one of the most acute social and political problems.
Expenses are also one of the main indicators of the standard of living. Monetary expenditures of the population are the use of incomes of the population for the purchase of goods and services and various kinds of payments: mandatory payments and trade union dues (taxes, fees, insurance payments, contributions to public and cooperative organizations, repayment of bank loans, interest on commodity credit, etc. .), the purchase of foreign currency, as well as an increase in savings in deposits and securities. At the same time, the System of National Accounts makes a distinction between final consumption expenditure and actual final consumption. Selective budget surveys, the balance of monetary incomes and expenditures of the population, and trade statistics are used as a source of information.
Household final consumption expenditure consists of consumer spending, the value of food in-kind receipts, and the value of in-kind subsidies and benefits.
The goods consumed by the population satisfy various needs. A growing role in the consumption of the population is played by a variety of services provided to the population and satisfying human needs.
The volume of services produced for own final use includes two types of services: for living in one's own dwelling - they are estimated approximately, in the amount of the cost of providing living in a dwelling, and domestic services produced by employees, their value is determined by the remuneration of these workers, including all types of compensation in kind (food, housing, etc.).
There are material services (industrial - repair of clothes, shoes, household and household items) and intangible (cultural, educational, medical, etc.), services are divided into paid (market) and free (non-market) Bulatov A.S. Economics: Textbook. - M.: Beck, 2006.
Monetary expenditures of the population are a form of realization by the population of their monetary incomes. Consumer expenditures of the population on average per month per member of the surveyed household in 2008 amounted to 8561.8 rubles and increased by 31.8% compared to 2007.
The growth of money income of the population leads to changes in the structure of consumer spending. This is manifested in the fact that with an increase in family income, the share of food costs decreases. The lower this proportion, the higher the level of well-being.
According to the table in the period from 2003 to 2008, the largest increase in expenditures on the purchase of food products was noted in 2003 (by 35.8%), the smallest - in 2007. The largest expenditures on non-food products were in 2006, the smallest in 2003 Finally, the largest expenses for services were in 2006, the smallest - in 2003.
Under the influence of profitable organizations and price dynamics, the differentiation in spending on certain types of goods between groups of the population with different levels of well-being has also intensified. The growth of differentiation in expenditures for the population with different levels of per capita disposable resources was uneven in terms of food products that are part of a particular group of food products. Average per capita cash expenditures for the purchase of non-food items (monthly average) in 2005 amounted to 397.1 rubles and increased by 8% compared to 2004.
Housing and communal services (10.4%), services passenger transport(3.1%), communication services and services in the education system (1.6% each).
Also, one of the most important indicators of the standard of living is the level of health care. An analysis of the table in Appendix 9 shows that in the period from 2004 to 2007. in Russia, a significant number of health care institutions decreased from 9.8 thousand in 2004 to 6.8 thousand in 2007, the number of medical outpatient clinics during this period also decreased from 22.1 thousand to 18.3 thousand. The number of antenatal clinics, children's clinics and outpatient clinics decreased from 15.2 thousand to 11.5 thousand in the period from 2004 to 2007. The number of feldsher points in the period from 2004 to 2007 sharply decreased from 43.2 thousand to 39.8 thousand. Russian Statistical Yearbook: Statistical Collection. M.: Goskomstat of Russia, 2009.
Thus, over 4 years, the number of hospitals decreased by 3.6%, the number of medical outpatient clinics by 0.3%, the number of antenatal clinics, children's clinics and outpatient clinics decreased by 0.5%, and feldsher-obstetric stations decreased by 0 ,8%.
A difficult situation arises with the formation and development of the school network. Appendix 10 data show that in the period from 2003 to 2009 in Russia the number of state educational institutions decreased by 11.4 thousand and amounted to 55.1 thousand in 2009. The number of non-state institutions in the 2008-2009 academic year was 691, the number of secondary specialized educational institutions - 2624, higher education - 1134, state evening - 1720. The total number of general educational institutions in the period from 2003 to 2009 decreased by 11.7 thousand, amounting to 55.1 thousand.
One of the most important indicators characterizing the standard of living of the population is still the provision of housing. In Russia, the housing problem is very acute. In the queue for housing and improvement of living conditions at the beginning of 2007. there were 31% of the total number of families. In recent years, there has been a decentralization of housing finance. In the context of limited budgetary financial resources, the main sources of financing for housing construction remain the funds of the population, the own funds of enterprises and organizations.
Thus, there are many indicators that characterize various aspects of the standard of living of the population and are integral components of social programs, as well as being used as a tool for measuring the results of the impact of economic reforms on the standard of living of the population. On the basis of the analysis performed, it can be concluded that in Russia the standard of living of the population has not reached perfection, and it is necessary to find ways to improve it. Many indicators closer to 2009 have dropped significantly.
2.2 MAIN DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING LIVING STANDARDS OF THE RUSSIAN POPULATION
In connection with the global economic crisis, many enterprises in the manufacturing sector and those providing services are faced with a serious decline in demand for their product. Large organizations such as Avtovaz, Sberbank and others were forced to significantly reduce their staff and optimize their work. Thus, hundreds of thousands across the country were unclaimed, their purchasing power plummeted. The country's GDP began to decline, budget revenues were significantly reduced because of this, the state was forced to suspend the growth of healthcare spending, part of the budget associated with cultural and educational activities. All this in the overall picture resulted in a halt in the already not high growth rates of living standards in the country.
Now very often people talk about the standard of living of the population, about the quality of life. In order to solve the existing problems in this area, one should understand this concept, know what it consists of, and, based on this knowledge, create programs to improve the level and quality of life.
Speaking about the quality of life of the population, we must not forget that this is the most important component of economic development. The quality of life depends on the standard of living of the population and vice versa. The quality of life can be described based on a set of specific indicators of the quality and standard of living of the population. By pursuing a certain economic policy, the state changes these indicators, therefore, the standard of living improves or worsens.
These indicators can be broadly divided into four blocks. First, financial and economic indicators. For example, national wealth, income and expenditure of the population, inflation rate. Secondly, indicators of the material well-being of the population, which include employment, labor, housing, utilities, etc. Thirdly, medical and environmental indicators, including the health of the population, the level of medicine, the state of the environment, etc. And, finally, indicators of the spiritual state of the population. This is the level of education, culture, as well as politics and general employment of the population.
Based on these indicators, it is possible to develop measures to improve the quality and standard of living. It is impossible not to notice that these indicators are connected, and a change in one will entail a change in the other. A high standard of living can be ensured by increasing the income of the population, especially for workers employed in the social sphere. Each of us knows about the problem of teachers and doctors. A decent salary will solve at least partially the problem of employment in this area. An increase in income will entail an increase in expenses, therefore, the standard of living will increase Rzhanitsyna L.A. Poverty in Russia: causes, features, ways to reduce // The Economist. - 2005. - No. 4.
Indicators of material well-being, such as labor and employment, have a significant impact on the country's economy, so the state, first of all, should be interested in improving them. These can be measures to reduce unemployment, increase the level of employment by creating favorable working conditions, maintaining long-term working capacity (reducing mortality, improving the health of the population). Raising the professional and qualification level of the main part of specialists, especially highly qualified workers, in all sectors of the national economy seems to be effective. It is realistic to create and use various kinds of training programs, where specialists, with the financial support of their firms, can carry out their own research. It is obligatory to support vocational training and advanced training, especially for workers in socially significant areas, to ensure social protection in the field of employment, and to conduct special events that contribute to employment.
Over the past five years, the Russian economy has grown by 40%, and it is high time for everyone to feel this statistically impressive growth. The increase in real incomes of the population, again according to statistics, is 10% per year, but judging by this, it is inappropriate to say that each of us lives better. And if we take into account that the main income of the majority of the population is wages, then when raising wages, one must also take into account the fact that prices for goods and services do not remain unchanged, that every year they rise in price by a certain percentage, then, therefore, in order to increase purchasing power of the population, it is necessary to raise wages by a higher percentage than the price of goods and services Rzhanitsyna L.A. Poverty in Russia: causes, features, ways to reduce // The Economist. - 2005. - No. 4.
The state should pay close attention to the low-income strata of society (and we have 25 million people living below the poverty line), primarily to workers in the public sector. It is necessary to focus on priority national projects that determine the social well-being of society and create the necessary starting conditions for the development of “human capital” Kryzhanovskaya A.G. Theoretical approaches to determining the quality of life of the population // Finance, money circulation and credit. - 2009. - No. 5.
Among the main directions for improving the standard of living is the need to accelerate the pace of economic growth, since the development of production, which ensures economic growth, determines the totality, level of development of human needs and the degree of their satisfaction through the quantity and quality of products produced, the amount of income received. No less significant is the significance of the feedback: economic growth is possible only if the necessary standard of living is achieved.
In a market economy, the importance of supporting and developing domestic production is great. They demand immediate implementation of measures to stimulate investment activity, to facilitate access to loans. An effective antimonopoly policy, protection of domestic production through the introduction of anti-dumping quotas and technical barriers, and support for small and medium-sized businesses can play an important role.
Of particular importance are measures to preserve and develop the domestic scientific and technical potential. Among them are subsidizing the costs of protecting intellectual property and maintaining rights to it in Russia and abroad, exempting R&D costs from taxes. It also seems effective to preserve the information infrastructure of research work, subsidizing the costs of scientific and technical organizations for the use of information networks and databases.
The state will be able to provide a decent standard of living for the population by solving the housing problem, because the health of people and their family well-being largely depend on the quality of housing. However, a more comfortable apartment or house, in fact, remains only a dream for millions of Russian families.
Particular importance should be attached to mortgages - loans for the purchase of housing secured by the housing itself. This is especially important for young families who are simply not able to fully pay in cash for the purchased apartment.
Comparative analysis shows that in terms of housing conditions, Russia lags behind developed countries to a large extent. In Russia, in modern conditions, in order to solve the housing problem for people with an average income, it is necessary to develop a system of affordable credit, to bring the quality of housing in line with the amount of payment for it, to streamline the activities of housing maintenance services. The system of housing certificates practiced for certain categories of the population justifies itself. It is important to note that the rates for public transport, utilities and communications must be no higher than the limits set by the federal government.
The basis for the formation of a healthy and active society is the state of health of citizens. It's no secret that the municipal healthcare networks in our country are in a "deplorable state". The state should allocate sufficient funds to improve the level of medical care. It is necessary to equip more than ten thousand municipal polyclinics with new diagnostic equipment (of which more than a third are in rural areas) , a significant number of district hospitals and feldsher points.It is important to pay attention to providing the healthcare sector with worthy qualified personnel, continuous professional development and retraining of personnel.It is necessary to update the ambulance fleet, including the purchase of resuscitation vehicles, medical equipment and modern communication systems.
It is advisable to finance the healthcare system through direct payment for services by the population and earmarked contributions from entrepreneurs and employees (in contrast to the deductions included in the general tax that exist in the Russian Federation in modern conditions). Targeted funding will provide a strong position for healthcare in the hierarchy of public priorities, and contributions will go directly to the needs of health care. In the sphere of state regulation, targeted assistance to those in need of expensive treatment, the focus of medicine on finding new, less costly and more effective ways to prevent and treat diseases, and ensuring that the necessary set of medical services are free of charge are of particular importance.
The organizational and legal form of medical institutions needs to be changed. Development needed new system rationing and remuneration of health workers to increase their interest in the results of work.
Citizens need not only to be well treated, but also well taught. To do this, it is necessary to allocate significant amounts for the purchase of laboratory equipment and software by universities and schools that are actively implementing innovative educational programs. This money should also be used to modernize classrooms and train teachers.
The search for ways to improve the education system in Russia, improve the quality and raise the level of education of trained specialists requires immediate implementation. The first steps towards the creation of a modern system have already been taken - the Doctrine on Education has been adopted, the main provisions of which call for a qualitative change in the system of financing education, creating socio-economic conditions for the priority development of the education system, ensuring the development of higher educational institutions and strengthening control over the activities of non-state universities, making the education system more flexible and receptive to change.
All reforms in the sphere of healthcare and in the social sphere should be associated with the implementation of measures to increase the birth rate and reduce the death rate. Speaking about the health of the population, we must not forget about the ecology and the state of the environment, especially today.
In order to improve the standard of living of the population, our government must work in these areas, since these components are the most important components of the standard of living. For 2006-2008 V.I. Putin announced his new social program, where he paid much attention to these problems, saying that as long as we do not have an "economically healthy population", it is impossible to achieve high economic growth.
level of quality of life of the population
CONCLUSION
Thus, the standard of living is a complex socio-economic category that reflects the level of development of physical, spiritual and social needs. The level and quality of life of the population is one of the most important characteristics of the socio-economic system. It can be seen from the content of the work that at the end of 1999 there were serious changes in the standard of living of the population, which continued until 2008 and continue to this day. Favorable trends had a positive impact on the income and living standards of the population over the past years, there was a real increase in the population's monetary income, including wages and pensions. Adaptation to new conditions allowed entrepreneurs in a number of industries to improve the situation with wages, including the growth of nominal wages.
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Introduction
The socio-economic policy of the modern state is based on maintaining a constant balance between its economic and social blocks. If within the framework of the first of them, first of all, tasks of a macroeconomic nature are solved, then the second - the social block is designed to ensure an adequate standard of living for the population and the normal process of its life activity. A distinctive feature of recent decades is the process of "socialization" of the economy, which is taking place not only in developed, but also in many developing countries. This is due to the fact that it is the quality of life that today comes to the fore in the system of factors that determine the international competitiveness of the national economy. The task of shifting the focus to the social sphere has now become very relevant for Russia as well. The quality and standard of living of the population is the social structure of Russian society.
The standard of living is a complex socio-economic category that reflects the income and expenses of the population, consumption and the degree of satisfaction of needs, opportunities and abilities, the level of education and qualifications, organizational skills and motivation of a person, living conditions for people and the state of the environment. Raising the standard of living of the population is the main goal of any progressive society. The state is obliged to create favorable conditions for a long, safe and prosperous life for people, ensuring economic growth and social stability in society. In the Russian Federation, in the conditions of the transition period, the crisis of which has led to a significant impoverishment of the population and escalation of social tension in society, monitoring the standard of living should become a permanent component of economic policy at all levels of government.
The term "quality of life" became widespread in the middle of the 20th century in countries with a market economy and at the end of the same century became the dominant feature of perestroika processes in Russia. The concentration of attention to the term "quality of life", in the course of the transition to market relations, was associated not only with the difficult situation in the social sphere, but also with the gradual realization that the pace and scale of sustainable socio-economic development of the country will be determined by the quality of life of various strata society. The past fifteen years of Russia's transformational transition to a market economy is characterized by inconsistency, instability and unevenness in ensuring sustainable socio-economic development. Despite the successes achieved, it is obvious that the complete solution of many social issues in our country is still far enough away. Some problems in the field of providing the population with housing, social protection, healthcare, education and a number of others that are part of the modern concept of "quality of life" even tend to worsen. This is due both to inadequate resource provision of social policy and to shortcomings in its practical implementation. Social policy - both at the federal and regional levels - is not always implemented as a single whole. Often, individual social problems are solved autonomously, without complex linkage with other areas of "social regulation".
At the present stage of development of the Russian economy, the problems of the standard of living of the population and the factors that determine its dynamics become very important. The direction and pace of further transformations in the country and, ultimately, political and economic stability in society largely depend on their solution. The solution of these problems requires a certain policy developed by the state, the central point of which would be a person, his well-being, physical and social health. Transformations that entail a change in the standard of living are of great interest to a wide variety of segments of the population.
The transition to market relations has made significant changes in the regulation of income, which determine the well-being of people. The role of the state in this area has decreased, the independence of regions and enterprises has expanded, and the importance of market regulators has increased. It is important to develop an enterprise's own income policy that takes into account the interests of various groups of employees and owners, provides for an effective system of employment and remuneration for work, measures for the social protection of employees and provides a person with a decent life. The strategic goal of the ongoing reforms is to take care of the well-being of the population of the Russian Federation.
1. Quality of life of the population
.1 Structural components of quality of life
The concepts of "quality of life" and "standard of living" are often intertwined and replace each other, which is not entirely correct. Wherein standard of livingis defined as an indicator that characterizes the quantity and quality of goods and services consumed in the country. Among a large number of works devoted to a special consideration of the quality of life of the population and its various aspects, there is still no unity in understanding what socio-economic processes and phenomena are denoted by this term. On the one hand, there is an extremely broad interpretation of this category, which includes all the processes of human life and society. On the other hand, indicators of the quality of life sometimes include, without any scientific argumentation, only a narrow part of the processes of people's life support. It is characteristic that over time the situation in this area not only does not become clear, but, on the contrary, becomes more and more confusing, because the scope of consideration includes more and more acute problems and little studied social consequences, which are so rich in the fleeting and changeable life of post-industrial society. Very often, close terms are used that are identified with “quality of life”: standard of living, lifestyle, standard of living, lifestyle, lifestyle, etc. The opposite point of view is also important, according to which the quality of life is the most integrated social indicator, which includes, as constituent features: the standard of living, lifestyle, way of life. Sometimes we are talking about the fact that the quality of life, along with living conditions, standard of living, social behavior is part of a broader concept of "lifestyle". At present, the problem of analyzing the quality of life of the population as a whole and the state of its health is acquiring a pronounced applied emphasis. The quality of life can be interpreted as an integral category that comprehensively characterizes the level and degree of well-being, freedom, social and spiritual development of a person, as well as his physical health. Among its structural components, the following main components can be singled out (largely conditionally, because certain interrelations can be traced between them): the level of health and life expectancy of the population, the standard of living of the population, and the way of life of the population. Simplified structure of the quality of life of the population The allocation of the component "level of health and life expectancy of the population", as one of the main structural components of the quality of life, is due to the following consideration: in world practice, the level and dynamics of health, life expectancy are put in first place in determining the conditions of life, since they are considered as a basic human need , the main condition of his life. There are many definitions of health that try to capture the diversity of this phenomenon. The approach to determining the category of health, which is proposed by scientists from the St. Petersburg Sanitary and Hygienic Medical Institute, seems to be constructive. The category of health is represented as such a state of the structure of functions and adaptive capabilities (reserves) of a person that provides him with a given quality of life at a given time and in a given environment. Another important component of the quality of life is the standard of living of the population. The standard of living of the population expresses the satisfaction of the material and cultural needs of the individual, in the provision of consumer goods, which are characterized by quantitative indicators, abstracted from their qualitative value. These are: the amount of wages, income, the volume of consumption of goods and services, the level of consumption of food and industrial goods, the length of working and free time, housing conditions, the level of education, health care, culture, etc. The third of the main structural components of the quality of life of the population is the way of life. This category makes it possible to consider in an integrated manner the content of aspects of life activity - the position and development of the individual, her social activity; the attitude of the population to work, to the policy of the authorities, to the institution of the family and marriage, to law and order; value orientations of various social groups, etc. The quality of life is a complex characteristic of socio-economic, political, cultural, ideological, environmental factors and conditions for the existence of an individual, a person's position in society. The concept of quality of life is a modern continuation of the intellectual searches begun by Teilhard de Chardin and V.I. Vernadsky, who introduced the concept of “noosphere” into scientific use, which became one of the terms of the dictionary on socio-economic statistics: “Noosphere is a sphere of reasonably organized interaction between society and nature. The biosphere turns into the noosphere with the purposeful activity of mankind, through the implementation of measures for the rational use of natural resources. The concept of quality of life, adopted in post-industrial societies, includes restrictions on the satisfaction of people's needs, ensuring the harmonious development of the noosphere: environmental protection; Concern for the safety of production and products; Maintaining the resource potential of the country. The central tasks in the concept of quality of life: Ensuring the physical and moral health of society; increased consumption of organic food; harmonization of working conditions, etc. There is a concept of "social circulation of quality": the quality of a person - the quality of labor - the quality of production - the quality of technology - the quality of education - the quality of culture and the quality of science - the quality of management - the quality of social and economic systems - the quality of life - the quality of man. Quality of life management, from the standpoint of the quality of life category, integrates all types of "quality management" and is considered as a kind of management of the "social circulation of quality". The quality of education
- intellectual revolution, intellectualization of productive forces. Creativity becomes the main function of management. Creative, innovative management appears as a form of company management, focused on the disclosure of creativity, the creation of innovative potential, the development of strategies for "behavior in the market" with targets for "technological breakthroughs". The result of these shifts was the differentiation of the world economy into two classes: the class of "hot" and the class of "cold" economies. Class "hot economies"- this is a class of "high-speed", intellectual, knowledge-intensive, education-intensive and information-intensive economies. Their appearance is an adequate transformation of economic mechanisms that ensure the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the "fast" dynamics of the renewal of science-intensive and capital-intensive goods and technologies. In "hot economies" the transformation of the market mechanism is taking place, the role of planning mechanisms, programming, the formation of long-term strategies in personnel policies, marketing, investment policies is increasing, the centralization of the banking system is increasing. Class "cold economies"- this is a class of "slow-moving" economies with low susceptibility to science and education, with a low level of capital concentration. Their technological basis is traditional technologies. The mobility of the investment complex in such economies remains low. The intellectual and innovative revolution has affected the development of countries with "hot economies". The intellectualization of the labor force of the productive forces of society in developed countries accompanies the process of "warming up the economies." In large economic structures - corporations, companies - there are internal education systems. Continuous professional development of company personnel is becoming a way of life. Ecological quality.
Environmental quality management implies the management of environmental risks. Risk is a complex and ambiguous concept. From the standpoint of quality, it is a measure of the appearance of an undesirable consequence as a result of a decision. Using the concept of a measure, risk is a measure of the quality of an appropriate decision, project, economic activity, plan, program, etc., measured on a certain scale. Risk is a management concept associated with reliability, with the quality of management. environmental risk
- a complex category that reflects the level of danger of undesirable environmental consequences as a result of the implementation of a particular project, the adoption and implementation of a certain economic activity. An important point in the assessment of environmental risk and in the management of environmental risk is the formalization of the situation, depending on which the differentiation of requirements for initial data, the volume of research and testing is carried out. Among the directions of such formalization, it is proposed to introduce the ecological category of the region. The ecological category of the area is a complex characteristic of the ecological quality of the area, reflecting the classification characteristics of the conditions of the environment, human and population health, nature and natural ecosystems, the classification characteristics of the states of individual environments. Sources of environmental risk can be: enterprises, technologies, environmental components that can become a source of emergency impacts on enterprises, an ecological system not provided for by the project. Sources of risk, in relation to an economic object, can be external and internal. As a result of the environmental risk assessment, it is possible to determine environmental quality of life
- part of the quality of life system, which includes "quality of the environment". 1.2 Definition and assessment of the quality of life of the population
Criteria for the quality of life of the population of the territory is a set of features, through which an assessment is made of the achieved level and the dynamics of the socio-economic performance of the city's development. When determining the composition of the quality of life criteria, integral and particular approaches are used to assess the categories under consideration. The integrated approach involves two types of assessments: objective (based on official statistics) and subjective (based on public opinion, with the involvement of general information based on the results of sociological surveys of the population). Objective and subjective criteria, coexisting in one system of criteria, complementing each other, from different angles reflect the objective conditions of life, the subjective feeling of the degree of satisfaction of the individual with the conditions of life given to him. The integral approach is relevant because many of the constituent elements of the quality of life (for example, satisfaction) are not quantitatively measurable. Such “not measurable” elements include individual attachments and preferences, the degree of freedom, a person’s confidence in his ability to control any situation, etc. Along with a generalized assessment of the quality of life, with the help of integral indicators, a particular approach is aimed at a deeper study of individual components of the quality and standard of living. These are the state of health, education, housing, leisure and recreation. Scientific support for monitoring the quality of life of citizens combines two groups of criteria. The first group consists of estimates based on statistical information. The second group consists of assessments based on sociological surveys. The selection of statistical and social indicators is based on the essence of the main elements of the quality and standard of living. International statistics on the level (quality) of life (adopted by the UN in 1978) includes 12 main groups of indicators: 1.
Demographic characteristics of the population: birth rate, death rate. 2.
Sanitary and hygienic living conditions. 3.
Consumption of food products. 4.
Living conditions 5.
Education and culture. 6.
Working conditions and employment. 7.
Incomes and expenses of the population. 8.
Cost of living and consumer prices. 9.
Vehicles. 10.
Organization of recreation. 11.
Social Security. 12.
Human freedom. In the conditions of Russia's transitional economy, the Center for Economic Conjuncture and Forecasting under the then Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation developed a system for assessing the standard of living, consisting of seven sections and 39 indicators. The most important 12 indicators out of the 39 listed are included in the system of indicators for assessing the progress of economic reform in Russia, in the section “Social sphere, standard of living population”, subsection “Standard of life”. The system of indicators of the "Living Standard" subsection has been put into effect by the State Statistics Committee of Russia since 1993 and consists of the following indicators: 1.
Average salary of employees. 2.
The purchasing power of the population with an average salary and pension. 3.
The minimum consumer budget for the main socio-demographic groups of the population. 4.
Living wage for the main socio-demographic groups of the population. 5.
The population with average per capita income below the minimum consumer budget and subsistence (physiological) minimum. 6.
Food consumption in households with different levels of average per capita income. 7.
Monetary income and expenses of certain socio-demographic groups of the population. 8.
Indicators of population differentiation. 9.
The ratio of per capita incomes of the population is 10% of the most and 10% of the least well-to-do population. 10.
Population income concentration index (Gini coefficient). 11.
Demand structure expenses of socio-demographic groups of the population. 12.
Distribution of the population by average per capita income. In 1998, the State Statistics Committee of Russia approved the "Unified System of Indicators Characterizing the Socio-Economic Situation of a Municipal Formation", in accordance with which it is planned to characterize the socio-economic situation of a municipal formation in 25 areas using 300 indicators. The list of indicators includes sections that reflect the main aspects of the quality and standard of living. The system of statistical indicators that characterize the socio-economic situation of the municipality can be used to a large extent to assess the quality of life of the population. The main disadvantage is the lack of an extensive network of municipal statistics institutions or information and analytical institutions that could, on a contractual basis with the state statistics authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, monitor the standard of living on the territory of the municipality. An analysis of the criteria for the quality of life in Russia and abroad shows that the quality of life is characterized and supplemented by indicators that determine not only the level, but also the conditions of life: Macroeconomic indicators (industrial production dynamics, inflation rate, wages of the employed population). Housing, social infrastructure. The health status of the population. The state of the environment. Social anomalies (crime, drug addiction, etc.). The most important component of assessing the quality of life is to determine the level of satisfaction of the population with the dynamics of socio-economic changes in the city (the quality of medical and preventive care, labor activity, recreational services, environmental and civil safety, etc.). In this regard, the management of the quality of life of the population in the territory involves, along with the use of a system of statistical indicators, the development and application of a set of social indicators obtained in the process of conducting sociological surveys. In order to comprehensively assess the quality of life, it is necessary to present it in the form of a few integrative indicators that would allow us to assess the living conditions of the population at the most generalized level. This involves the construction of an aggregation procedure, "folding" many hundreds of primary features to indicators that describe the quality of life as a holistic phenomenon. Information from primary measurements, recorded through elementary indicators, must make a very definite ascent, make its way "up" and appear as a system of integrative social parameters that allow making meaningful assessments of the state of the quality of life of the population as a whole. The process of consolidation of information is associated with the loss of information content, the specific content of indicators. Integrative indicators should contain a new quality about the object under study, provide an opportunity to “see” generalized patterns and trends that were previously hidden. The measurement of the quality of life can be represented as a pyramid, at the base of which there are primary heterogeneous signs constructed according to different types of scales of different levels. At the top are generalized indicators obtained as a result of the coordination of scales at each intermediate level and aggregation, the consolidation of information to a greater extent, the farther from the base of the indicated pyramid information moves. Scheme of aggregation of quality of life indicators The measurement procedure is a non-empty set of transformations (in the language of mathematics, “homomorphism”), therefore, the results of measuring the quality of life can be fundamentally different both in terms of quantitative assessment and the possibilities of interpreting the measurement. For this reason, various non-formalized methods for assessing the quality of life are proposed in various literary sources. In addition, a relentless research effort is being made to find easy-to-understand and measure indicators that can be used to draw generalized conclusions about the level of quality of life. As such indicators, various authors propose to use GDP per capita, average life expectancy of the population, the share of expenditures in the household budget for essential services, etc. The UN social statistics currently use the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Human Development Index (HDI) to compare living standards across countries. HDI is a multifactorial index, which includes an assessment of the main indicators: By average life expectancy. For health. By level of education. By level of well-being. By income level. IN 1999 HDI in Russia, according to UN experts, was equal to 0735, and Russia ranked 71 -th place in the world (in 1993 our country was in 31st place). However, each of the proposed indicators in relation to various situations suffers from incompleteness, a certain subjectivity and cannot claim universality and validity. The main difficulty in measuring the quality of life is the heterogeneity of its indicators. The measurement of some components of the quality of life does not present any special procedural difficulties and, as a rule, is carried out in metric scales. Such indicators include, for example, the level of income, the number of children in the family, the amount of wages, the level of education, the number of square meters in occupied housing, the volume of paid services sold to the population, the length of free time, etc. Measurement of almost all objective aspects of the quality of life causes no fundamental problems and allows the use of relatively simple mathematical transformations. The problem looks different when the objects of measurement are the subjective feelings of a person, the level of his satisfaction with various aspects of life support. In this case, nominal or rank scales are most often used to register various subjective components of the quality of life. Procedurally, measurements of such objects are carried out by assigning some evaluation points to a person's subjective feelings, his moods, social well-being, or some ordering of his subjective assessments in one or another feature space. So, to measure the degree of satisfaction of the population with transport services, a five (or seven) point system can be proposed, each point of which is compared with subjective assessment individual of the extent to which he is satisfied with the existing in a given municipality transport network. Measuring the quality of life of the population makes sense only when its results are used in the management of social processes, when the subjects of management make certain adjustments to the ongoing social policy, when the costs are reviewed by item of expenditure, in a word, when the quality of life becomes an element of social management in a broad sense. In this case, the procedure for measuring the quality of life performs the function of a feedback that closes the control loop. Such measurements should be made at regular intervals and culminate in relatively standardized management decisions. This task should be ensured by monitoring the quality of life of the population, which is a kind of social monitoring. Monitoring the quality of life of the population, as a tool of social management, is understood as a scientifically based system of periodic collection, generalization and analysis of information about the conditions of life support for residents of a certain territory, their social well-being, needs, values, motivations, attitudes towards the current situation in their natural and social environment. . Mandatory submission of processed data for decision-making at the state, regional and municipal levels. Monitoring studies of the quality of life of the population provide local governments with prompt, necessary and sufficient information to make decisions in appropriate situations and ensure sustainable development of the municipality. 2. Standard of living of the population quality of life population qualification 2.1 The concept of the standard of living of the population
At the present stage of development of the Russian economy, the problems of the standard of living of the population and the factors that determine its dynamics become very important. The direction and pace of further transformations in the country, political and economic stability in society largely depend on their solution. The solution of these problems requires a certain policy developed by the state, the central point of which would be a person, his well-being, physical and social health. That is why all the transformations that entail a change in the standard of living are of great interest to a wide variety of segments of the population. The standard of living is a multifaceted phenomenon that depends on many different factors, ranging from the territory where the population lives, that is, geographical factors, to the general socio-economic and environmental situation, as well as the state of political affairs in the country. The standard of living can be influenced to some extent by the demographic situation, housing and working conditions, the volume and quality of consumer goods, but all the most significant factors can be grouped into the following groups: The standard of living is the degree of satisfaction of the material, spiritual and social needs of the population. But it must be borne in mind that the standard of living is a dynamic process that is influenced by many factors. Determining the standard of living is a complex and ambiguous process. Since, on the one hand, it depends on the composition and magnitude of the needs of society, and on the other hand, it is limited by the ability to satisfy them, again based on various factors that determine the economic, political and social situation in the country. This includes the efficiency of production and the service sector, the state of scientific and technological progress, the cultural and educational level of the population, national characteristics and etc. The standard of living assesses the quality of life of the population and serves as a criterion for choosing the directions and priorities of the economic and social policy of the state. Often the concept of the standard of living is identified with such concepts as "well-being", "way of life" and others, but the essence of the standard of living is most fully revealed by the following definition. The standard of living is a complex socio-economic category that reflects the level of development of physical, spiritual and social needs, the degree of their satisfaction and the conditions in society for the development and satisfaction of these needs. 2.2 Social norms and needs
An important role in the study of the standard of living of the population is played by social norms as scientifically substantiated guidelines for the direction of social processes in society. Social standards differ: the development of the material base of the social sphere, the income and expenditure of the population, social security and services, the consumption of material goods and paid services by the population, living conditions, the state and protection of the environment, the consumer budget, etc. They can be level, expressing the absolute or the relative value of the norm, respectively, in natural terms or percentages (possible options for standards: instantaneous, interval, minimum, maximum), as well as incremental, presented as a ratio of increments of two indicators. Directly related to the standard of living is the consumer budget, which summarizes the standards (norms) for the consumption of material goods and services by the population, differentiated by social and age and sex groups of the population, climatic zones, conditions and severity of work, place of residence, etc. There are minimum and rational consumer budgets. Other basic social standards include: the minimum wage and temporary disability benefits, unemployment benefits for able-bodied persons, minimum labor and social pensions for the elderly and disabled citizens, the disabled; minimum scholarships for students, regular or one-time targeted benefits for the most financially vulnerable groups of the population (large and low-income families, single mothers, etc.). Taken together, they form a system of minimum social guarantees as the obligation of the state to provide citizens with: minimum wages and labor pensions, the right to receive social insurance benefits (including unemployment, illness, pregnancy and childbirth, care for a young child, low income and etc.), a minimum set of public and free services in the field of education, health and culture. The core of social policy is the subsistence minimum, and all other social standards and guarantees must be linked to it. The existing standards reflect modern scientific ideas about people's needs for goods and services - personal needs. However, the latter should not be absolutized, since they are always changeable, which makes it difficult to quantify them. Personal needs reflect the objective need for a certain set and quantity of material goods and services and social conditions that ensure the comprehensive activity of a particular person. Personal needs are divided into physiological (physical), intellectual (spiritual) and social. Physiological needs are decisive - of the first order, since they express the needs of a person as a biological being; in their composition, the urgent, primary needs are the needs for food, clothing, footwear, housing, rest, sleep, physical activity, etc. Intellectual needs relate to education, advanced training, creative activity generated by the internal state of a person. Social needs are associated with the functioning of a person in society - these are socio-political activities, self-expression, communication with people, ensuring social rights, etc. Intellectual and social needs are not essential needs and are satisfied after a certain degree of satisfaction of primary needs occurs. They do not have a direct assessment, although they largely depend on the state of culture in society, the general level and quality of life of the population. The conditions for their satisfaction are characterized by the time budget of the population. By the values of working, non-working and free time, one can evaluate the efficiency of working time and the possibility of satisfying the intellectual and social needs of a person. There are rational (reasonable) and irrational needs. The former correspond to scientific ideas about the consumption of goods and services necessary to maintain a healthy lifestyle and harmonious development of the individual. These are socially useful needs that are difficult to quantify. They can be conditionally determined using rational norms and standards (except for rational norms for food consumption, established on the basis of nutritional science data). The second (irrational) needs go beyond reasonable norms, take hypertrophied, sometimes perverted forms, in particular in relation to nutrition. The external form of manifestation of personal needs is the demand of the population, although both quantitatively and qualitatively it differs from the actual need. Distinguish between general consumer demand, the volume and structure of which correspond to the volume of consumption of material goods and services by the population, and effective demand for them, reflecting the solvent capabilities of the population. Along with personal, they distinguish the social needs of society, due to the need to ensure the conditions for its functioning and development, including production, the needs for management, defense, environmental protection, etc. The most important task of living standards statistics is to identify patterns of changes in the well-being of the population. To do this, studies are conducted covering both the entire country and its regions, socio-demographic groups of the population and various types of households. This will make it possible to trace the differences in the standard of living depending on economic, national, climatic and other characteristics, as well as on the incomes of the population. The results of the study can be either general or specific, related, for example, to assessing the consumption of specific goods by the population and the availability of various services. The tasks of studying the standard of living also include: a comprehensive review of the structure, dynamics and rates of change in its indicators; differentiation of various groups of the population by income and consumption and analysis of the influence of various socio-economic factors on the change in level. Of great importance is the assessment of the degree of satisfaction of the population's needs for material goods and various services in comparison with rational norms for their consumption and the development on this basis of general indicators of the standard of living. The sources of information for solving the set tasks are: current accounting and reporting of enterprises, organizations and institutions serving the population; data on labor statistics, population employment, employment and wages, household budgets, population censuses, various kinds of sociological and other surveys of the social conditions of life and activities of people. 2.3 Living standards indicators
The standard of living is determined by a system of indicators, each of which gives an idea of any one side of a person's life. There is a classification of indicators according to individual characteristics: general and particular; economic and socio-demographic; objective and subjective; cost and natural; quantitative and qualitative; indicators of the proportions and structure of consumption; statistical indicators, etc. General indicators- the size of the national income, the consumption fund of national wealth per capita. They characterize the general achievements of the socio-economic development of society. Private indicators- working conditions, provision of housing and improvement of life, the level of socio-cultural services, etc. Economic indicatorscharacterize the economic side of the life of society, the economic possibilities of meeting its needs. Indicators characterizing the level of economic development of society and the well-being of the population (nominal and real incomes, employment, etc.) Socio-demographic indicators- gender and age, professional and qualification composition of the population, physical reproduction of the labor force. Dividing indicators into objective and subjectiveassociated with the justification of changes in people's lives and are divided depending on the degree of subjectivity of the assessment. TO valueindicators include all indicators in monetary form, and naturalcharacterize the volume of consumption of specific material goods and services in physical terms. It is important to characterize the standard of living quantitative and qualitative indicators. Quantitative ones determine the volume of consumption of specific material goods and services, while qualitative ones determine the qualitative side of the population's well-being. An important role in determining the standard of living is played by statistical indicators, which include generalizing indicators, indicators of income, consumption and expenditure, monetary savings, accumulated property and housing of the population, and others. Integral indicators of the standard of living
include: Ø macroeconomic indicators; Ø demographic indicators; Ø indicators of economic activity; Ø pension indicators. As macroeconomic indicators
the following are used: o household final consumption expenditures; o actual household final consumption; o growth rates of real disposable household incomes; o wages of employees, including hidden; o salary fund; o nominal and real average monthly wages. Demographics
assessments of the standard of living play an important role, since the population is, on the one hand, an object of observation in the study of the standard of living, and on the other hand, it reflects the level of economic and social development of the country with its characteristics. As demographic characteristics of the standard of living and quality of life, the system of indicators includes: o the growth rate of the resident population; o life expectancy at birth; o infant mortality rate, including by sex; o infant mortality rates, including by sex; o maternal mortality rate. Economic Activity Indicators
include: o level of economic activity; o employment rate; o the ratio of the number of people employed in the economy to the population; o unemployment rate. o the number of pensioners, including those grouped by age; o the amount of assigned monthly pensions, including by age; o the average nominal amount of monthly pensions; o growth rates of the average real size of assigned pensions; o minimum pension. Indicators of material security of the population
divided into: household income and inequality in the distribution of income between certain groups of the population. The indicators for this section are based on a sample survey of households. To the group household income indicators
includes indicators of total and monetary nominal and real incomes of households (total and disposable), as well as indicators characterizing the real opportunities of the population: o purchasing power of per capita cash income; o average monthly salary, average pensions; o income deficit and consumer price index. Income inequality
is estimated using the characteristics of the distribution of the population by 20% groups depending on the volume of cash expenditures, the decile coefficient of income differentiation of the population, the coefficient of income concentration - the Gini index. Indicators of personal consumption and nutrition of the population
include the following indicators: Ø the cost of the minimum consumer basket; Ø the subsistence minimum; Ø structure and dynamics of household consumer income in current and comparable prices; Ø the share of food expenditures in household disposable resources and consumption expenditures; Ø average per capita consumption of basic foodstuffs; Ø energy value of the diet; Ø per capita content of animal proteins in food. Grade living conditions of the population
carried out using indicators such as: Ø provision of the population with housing (total and living area per person); Ø the share of housing costs in the consumer spending of the population; Ø number of families registered for housing. Chapter education indicators
includes: Ø the number of public daytime educational institutions and the number of students in them; Ø number of public higher education institutions; Ø the number of students in state higher educational institutions per 10,000 population; Ø the number of state secondary specialized educational institutions and the number of students in them per 10,000 population. Indicators of culture, tourism and recreation
include indicators characterizing: Ø the number of visits to theaters and museums per 1,000 people; Ø the number of published books, brochures and magazines per capita; Ø the number of people treated and resting in sanatorium and resort institutions and recreation facilities; Ø number Russian citizens traveling abroad on tourist trips. As public order indicators
Three groups of indicators are used: Ø the number of reported crimes; Ø detection of crimes; Ø homicide mortality rates, including by sex and grouped into urban and rural populations. The above system of indicators has a structure that allows it to be harmonized with the general system of socio-economic indicators. This set of indicators can be used for a more detailed assessment of the standard of living of certain groups of the population within the country, as well as for international comparisons of living standards. Of interest is also the system of indicators of the standard of living, developed by the Institute of Socio-Economic Problems of the Population of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It differs from the considered system of indicators: § a more detailed list of indicators of income and expenditure of the population is presented; § there is a section characterizing the activities of social sectors. Branches of the social sphere are considered in 3 aspects: by the cost of services provided to the population, by providing the population with social services, by characterizing the branches of the social sphere as economic objects; § such an important section as the natural and climatic conditions of life is presented. The environmental characteristics of the standard of living are now becoming increasingly important due to the unprecedented growth in world consumption and, as a result, increased pressure on the environment, depletion of resources. In terms of their content, the systems of statistical indicators used in domestic practice are quite close to the system of living standards indicators developed by the UN. The last version of the UN system of indicators was adopted in 1978. In 1989, in connection with the growing interest of the statistical services of the countries of the world, a reference book on social indicators was published, which made it possible to build systems of indicators of the standard of living, in accordance with national characteristics and the needs of international comparisons of the level life. The system of indicators developed by the UN includes 12 sections: o demographic characteristics of the population; o sanitary and hygienic living conditions; o food consumption; o living conditions of the population; o education and culture; o employment and working conditions; o income and expenses of the population; o cost of living and consumer prices; o vehicles; o organization of recreation; o social Security;
o human freedom. UN work on the formation and implementation in various countries systems of indicators for an adequate assessment of the standard of living are aimed at providing information on the development of human potential. At present, the standard of living has become such a broad concept that its content is fully integrated with human development assessments. Many indicators used to assess the standard of living are used to calculate general indicators of human development, assess regional differences in the quality of life, and analyze the dynamics of human development in individual countries and regions. The standard of living in its content is a much broader concept than just the material conditions of life of the population. It is generally recognized that the level of income is not the only and determining condition for human development. To ensure a decent life, a person needs a fairly wide range of benefits, through the use of which the necessary level of existence is achieved. In addition, the standard of living is assessed not only through the consumption of these goods, but also through the possibilities of obtaining them. Conclusion
Raising the standard of living of the population is the main goal of any progressive society. The state is obliged to create favorable conditions for a long, safe, healthy and prosperous life for people, ensuring economic growth and social stability in society. The current stage of socio-economic development is characterized by a large number of problems accumulated in the social sphere, acute contradictions related to the level of social development and improving the quality of life of the population. The resolution of these problems and existing contradictions will improve the quality of life of the population and organize the transition to a more perfect stage of social development. Therefore, the substantiation of the essence of social development and the quality of life from modern positions is an important link in understanding the totality of the process of socio-economic changes in society and can serve as an effective mechanism for solving practical problems in its progressive progressive development. The problem of developing a system of indicators of the quality of life of the population is one of the most important areas of research aimed at improving the tools for managing the socio-economic development of society. Various integral indicators of the synthetic category "quality of life", on the one hand, help to identify the basic latent (inaccessible for direct measurement) factors that form this category, and on the other hand, they can be used as criteria for assessing the results of socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the country in general, as well as indicators of the degree of effectiveness of the management of the region (country) in the field of activity to which this particular integral indicator belongs. To fulfill the main goal of the socio-economic policy of the Russian Federation (which is similar for all regions) - the creation of conditions for sustainable economic development and the creation of conditions for improving the level and quality of life of the population, it is necessary to implement social policy on new principles, such as mutual joint responsibility of all subjects social policy; voluntariness and variety of forms of people's participation in the formation and implementation of social policy; openness and accountability of social policy to society, to a person; interethnic, interfaith, intergroup and interpersonal tolerance; protection of the able-bodied population from social risks mainly on insurance principles; guaranteeing the preservation of previously acquired social rights for people who actually enjoy these rights, stimulating the active participation of people in the formation of their own well-being and in public life. A feature of the current stage of socio-economic development is that for the first time in the history of the existence of the Russian state, a three-year budget was developed and adopted, in which a significant share is spent on social development. Such fundamental changes in financial relations, on the one hand, make it possible to more successfully accumulate the socio-economic potential of the regions and direct it to improve the quality of life of the population, but on the other hand, they increase the contradiction between the interests of local governments and private owners, including individual citizens. All this requires the regional authorities to be able to coordinate the interests of people, social and territorial communities, the population as a whole in order to achieve the main goal of their activities - improving the quality of life of people. List of sources
1. Aksenov O. Quality as a goal and a means // Man and labor. - 2000. - No. 11; Level and quality of life: concepts, indicators, current state in Russia // Russian Economic Journal. - 2007. - No. 7. Development of human potential in Russia // Economics and Management. - 2000. - X° 2; Razumov A. Intellectual potential of society // Svobodnaya thought. - 2000. - No. II; Rimashevskaya N.M. Qualitative potential of the population of Russia: a look into the XXI century // Problems of Forecasting. - 2006. - No. 3; Ryvkina R.V. Way of life of the population of Russia: social consequences of reforms // Sociological. research. - 2007. - No. 4. - S. 32-39. Moskin R. Improving the quality of labor resources // Man and labor. -2001. - No. 9-C. 42-46. Professional and income groups of the population, by regions, rural and urban areas. 3. In modern Russia, the most ... CHAPTER 1 LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION. 1.1 The concept of the standard of living and the system of indicators.
Causes of social differentiation of the population. The current state and main directions for improving the level and quality of life of the population in Russia. It characterizes the uneven distribution of society's scarce resources, money, educational power, and prestige among different strata or strata of the population.
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CONTENT C.
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...3
Chapter 1. Theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of social differentiation of the population………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
1.1 The concept and essence of social differentiation………………………...5
1.2 Causes of social differentiation of the population……………………….13
Chapter 2. Level and quality of life……………………………………………..17
2.1 Level and quality of life: essence, main indicators and criteria.17
2.2 The current state and main directions for improving the level and quality of life of the population in Russia………………………………………………22
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….29
Bibliographic list……………………………………………………..30
Applications……………………………………………………………………...31
Introduction
Social differentiation is closely tied to economic inequality. It characterizes the uneven distribution of the scarce resources of society - money, power, education and prestige - between different strata or strata of the population.
The main indicators of inequality are the number of liquid values. This function is usually performed by money. It is their number that determines the place of an individual or a family in social stratification. If inequality is presented in the form of a scale, then on one of its poles there will be those who own a large number of goods (rich), and on the other those who do not have enough of these goods (poor) in the amount of goods. Thus, poverty is the economic and socio-cultural condition of people who have a minimum amount of liquid values and limited access to social benefits. Wealth is an abundance in a person or society of material and non-material values, such as money, means of production, real estate or personal property.
Our country has the highest class of owners, accounting for about 3% of the total population. It began to take shape in the late 1980s, when Russia turned to market relations, democracy and a Western-style class society. Over the course of about five subsequent years, both the wealthy “new Russian” class and the social ranks of society formed. Their standard of living is below the poverty line.
The topic of wealth and poverty has always been relevant. It continues to remain even now, in the conditions of the current economic crisis.
The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that in the current economic conditions, the social differentiation of the population is rampant. The middle stratum of the population practically disappears, joining the lower stratum. The population is split into rich and poor, with the latter largely dominating. This problem requires an urgent solution, because it directly affects the economic situation in the country.
The object of the study is the standard of living of the population of Russia.
The subject of the study is the processes of social differentiation taking place in society.
aim term paper is the study of the processes of social differentiation of society.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to perform a number of tasks:
Define the concept of social differentiation;
Determine the main causes of social differentiation of the population;
Determine the main criteria and indicators of the standard of living of the population;
Analyze the current state of the level and quality of life in Russia.
The information base of this work is the works of scientists and researchers in the field of economic analysis and sociology, periodicals and Internet resources.
Chapter 1. Theoretical and methodological foundations for the study of social differentiation of the population
- The concept and essence of social differentiation
Society is not a kind of homogeneous mass equally possessing socio-economic benefits. Almost from the time of the emergence of society, differentiating signs are visible in it. Within any social whole, as a rule, there are individual elements(individuals) and their multi-scale associations (groups).
Thanks to the division of labor, various kinds of social groups are formed. They differ from each other in professional and social characteristics. Consolidated within themselves, they are isolated from other groups. Often they treat them with hidden or open hostility.
In other words, associations of people were invariably accompanied by dismemberment, differentiation in accordance with various principles.
Within every social system there are two tendencies. One of them seeks to cultivate and consolidate various forms of inequality. The other, opposite to it, looks like a desire for equality. They balance each other. The social system that carries them in itself is always in a state of stable dynamic equilibrium.
Inequality acts as a set of conditions that force people to occupy various niches and levels in the hierarchical structures of society. It can be of several types. 1
Natural inequality is always based on the physiological, psychophysical characteristics of people, their differences from each other in age, sex, strength, beauty, etc. It has always existed between people and will never disappear.
Social inequality has a variety of forms and types and is manifested in many areas of public life. Let's highlight the most obvious of its manifestations:
a) in the division of labor into physical and mental;
b) in ways of life urban and rural;
c) in various professions, positions, social roles;
d) in levels of well-being, the size of property and wealth;
e) belonging to various socio-political circles, parties, clubs (from democratic to elite);
f) by the nature of social privileges, etc. 2
Social inequality is not something basic for the human race. It appeared only together with the development of civilization.
Cultural inequality in itself implies differences in the levels of education, upbringing, culture, and spirituality. It also manifests itself in the degree of giftedness of people with certain abilities and talents. People differ among themselves in the nature of needs, ideological beliefs, types of worldview, as well as religious beliefs. These differences often turn into the initial basis for various forms of social confrontation.
Inequality, taken by itself, has the same properties of all things as a hierarchy.
The very phenomenon of hierarchy as subordination of different levels of the system was already known in antiquity. So, Plato in the dialogue "State" formulates the idea of a hierarchy of social groups (philosophers-rulers, guards, artisans and farmers). 3
In socio-economic theories, the concept of hierarchy serves to study complex systemic objects. In particular, it is necessary in the analysis of problems, degrees of power and social control associated with the hierarchy of rights, the hierarchy of motives for law-abiding and illegal behavior, etc.
Inequality is part of the hierarchy. It ensures the structuring of society, and, consequently, the strength of the social structure that is its basis. That is why society and the state at all times sought to create, streamline, support and protect inequality. Particularly important in the performance of these functions was the role of the state and its institutions, the church, ideology, and the army.
At the same time, it was extremely important to find the optimal measure of inequality that is acceptable and acceptable for reflection in the mass consciousness.
The most common way of social differentiation is the division of people into classes. This implies large groups with unequal access to means of production, wealth and power.
In a market economy, the income of all owners is formed on the basis of the law of supply and demand. They are also based on the marginal productivity of the factors. The market mechanism never guarantees the level of welfare.
The ongoing discussions about the establishment of income equality have existed throughout the development of civilization and have revealed a wide range of opinions and positions. In some cases, we are talking about equal treatment of all segments of the population. In others, there has always been a position of distribution of the benefits created in society in accordance with the labor contribution of each member of society to social labor. Proponents of the third position believe that the "pursuit of equality" will undermine any economic system. It will inevitably lead to her death.
Only one thing is clear: only in the case of a constant increase in the annual income of the country can society hope to improve the general standard of living conditions. But an increase in income does not guarantee an improvement in life for all segments of the population. It depends on how goods and services are distributed among people. Some group of the population can constantly improve their standard of living at the expense of others.
In Western countries, all incomes are divided into two large groups:
a) income received from participation in labor and entrepreneurial activities (wages and profits);
b) conditionally called "unearned income" legally acquired (dividends, interest on deposits, income from property, including from rented housing, as well as benefits and payments received from governments that do not directly depend on labor costs). 4
Jan's campaign is to combine wages and profits into one group. Entrepreneurial income is associated with the exploitation of wage labor by capital. An entrepreneur of any form of legitimate business is constantly working and his income is the price for his ability to make rational and relevant decisions.
Income grouping practices in place this moment, here is largely built on the class principle, namely: a) labor income of workers (they include wages, bonuses and other allowances); b) income from business activities; c) socialized incomes that come to them regardless of their labor contribution (these include unemployment benefits, public consumption funds, social insurance payments, etc.); income from property (interest on deposits, rent, etc.).
To measure the scale of poverty, the proportion of the population of the country living on the very poverty line is revealed. To indicate the scale of poverty, such definitions as: “poverty limits”, “poverty rate” and “poverty ratio” are also used.
Poverty threshold - This is the amount of money established by law as the minimum income or consumer basket, which an individual or family only needs to purchase food. It also includes the purchase of clothing and housing. This threshold is called the "poverty level". In Russia, he received the specific name of the subsistence minimum. Underabsolute povertyToday, a state is perceived in which an individual is not able to satisfy the most minimal needs for housing, food, and clothing on his income. Or he is able to satisfy only the minimum needs that ensure the biological survival of the individual. The numerical criterion here is the subsistence minimum.
Under relative povertyis understood as the impossibility of maintaining at least an average standard of living, or some standard that is accepted in society. As a rule, relative poverty is less than half of the income per family share in the country.
Relative poverty shows the difference between an individual or family in comparison to other people. It has a comparative characteristic in two parameters. First, it shows that a person (family) is poor in relation to how much abundance or prosperity other members of society who are not considered poor have. This comparison is the first comparative quality of relative poverty. Secondly, it shows that a person (family) is poor in relation to some standard of living. Under such standards, for example, is understood the standard of living.
The lower limit of relative poverty today is the subsistence minimum and/or the poverty threshold. The upper limit is represented by the so-called decent standard of living. Quality standard of livingreflects the amount of material goods that allow a person to satisfy all the reasonable needs that he needs. In order to lead a fairly comfortable lifestyle, but at the same time not feel disadvantaged. Only 11.6% of Russians have incomes that are at the level of a decent life or exceed it. At the end of the 90s, according to statistics, 31%Russians received incomes below the official subsistence level. Thus, the level of relative poverty is 11.6%, and absolute - 31%.
11.6% includes the rich (including the so-called "new Russians") and part of the middle class. These are often those who live in accordance with the requirements for the standard of living. From 100% of the population we subtract 31% of the poor (since living below the official poverty line, or the official subsistence level, actually means being in a state of poverty), as well as 11.6% of those living at a decent level (relative poverty level), and we get 59.6 % located between the boundaries of absolute poverty (bottom) and relative (top). 5
Table 1. Distribution of total cash income of the population 6
|
I quarter |
For reference |
|
|
Cash income |
||
|
including for 20 percent of the population: |
||
|
second |
10,3 |
10,4 |
|
third |
15,2 |
15,4 |
|
fourth |
22,7 |
22,8 |
|
fifth (with the highest income) |
46,3 |
45,8 |
|
Gini coefficient (income concentration index) |
0,403 |
0,398 |
|
Funds ratio, times |
14,5 |
14,0 |
|
1) Preliminary data. |
||
In Q1 2013, according to preliminary data, 11% of the wealthiest population accounted for 28.7% of total cash income (in Q1 2012 - 28.3%), and 11% of the poorest population accounted for 2 .1% (2.2%).
Economists' data show that the richer a person becomes, the higher his claims become. Poorer people have rather modest ideas about how much money they need to live a normal life. Another trend: the younger the age, the more money is required in order to be at least in the average standard of living. For 18-26-year-olds, the level of decent life (at least according to their own ideas) is 1.6 times higher than for 60-75-year-olds.
Table 2. Distribution of the population by average per capita cash income 7
|
I quarter |
For reference |
|
|
All population |
||
|
including those with average souls |
||
|
3500,1-5000,0 |
||
|
5000,1-7000,0 |
||
|
7000,1-10000,0 |
14,6 |
15,7 |
|
10000,1-15000,0 |
21,0 |
21,6 |
|
15000,1-25000,0 |
24,8 |
24,1 |
|
25000,1-35000,0 |
11,2 |
10,2 |
|
over 35000.0 |
11,6 |
|
|
1) Preliminary data. |
||
Another of the existing trends sounds like this: the higher the education, the higher the claims. For those who have not received at least a secondary education, this level is almost 2 times lower than for those who have received a diploma. Finally, what else should be noted is that the level of claims among residents of Moscow and St. Petersburg is 3 times higher than among residents of small towns, villages and rural areas. Rural residents believe that for a normal standard of living they need less money than city dwellers.
Thus, it is clear that an approximately equal standard of living that is universal for all strata and social groups simply does not exist. For each group of the population it is different, and the differentiation between them is very significant.
Thus, it should be concluded that it is social differentiation that plays an important role in the formation of the country's economic policy, and it is it that serves as the main indicator of the instability of social strata at various moments of economic development in the country. Based on the social differentiation of society, the main directions of economic and social policy are formed in relation to increasing the number of the poor and developing programs to support them.
1.2 Causes of social differentiation of the population
One of the most important reasons social tension in any country is the difference in the levels of well-being of citizens. This difference is also noticeable and is reflected in their level of wealth. The level of wealth is determined by two key factors:
1) the amount of property of all kinds, which is owned by individuals;
2) the amount of current income of individuals.
People earn income or become entrepreneurs. Or they provide the factors of production they own for the use of other people or firms. And those use this property to produce goods that people need. In such a mechanism of income formation, the possibility of their inequality was initially laid down. The reason for this:
1) the different value of factors of production owned by people (capital in the form of a computer, in principle, is able to bring more income than in the form of a shovel);
2) different success in the use of factors of production (for example, an employee in a firm that produces a scarce product may receive higher earnings than his colleague of the same qualification working in a firm whose goods are sold with difficulty);
3) a different amount of factors of production owned by people (the owner of two oil wells receives, other things being equal, more income than the owner of one well). 8
The key group of factors influencing income differentiation are significant differences: in the amount of cash payments from public consumption funds; in the amount of remuneration of workers employed in social production; in the possibility of income from their uncontrolled redistribution of activities, new forms of cooperation; in the volume of income from personal subsidiary plots, individual families; in size and composition.
The economic literature increasingly raises questions related to the presence of a "shadow" economy in the system of social production. The functioning of the "shadow" economy and a certain circle of people who can extract unearned income, cause sharp rejection in the public system. In the public mind, any high income will be regarded as unearned. They are often associated with the development of individual labor activity. They can also be associated with the cooperative movement, the creation of small and joint ventures with foreign firms.
When considering this problem, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between unearned income as legal and illegal. However, their classification and evaluation is the subject of research in legal science. If we apply an estimate of unearned income that was legally received as property income or income from past labor, we can exclude them from our study. The very share of such incomes can increase and have an impact on the differentiation of population strata.
The market system is a passionless mechanism. She has no conscience. She also lacks moral standards. The personal nature of the market economy in some way even implies a high degree of income inequality. Each person has his own personal physical, intellectual and aesthetic abilities. Someone has inherited exceptional abilities. Others will have to spend their lives on ancillary low-paid activities. Someone according to personal characteristics becomes a highly paid professional athlete. Others may become great artists and musicians. People differ significantly from each other in terms of the level of education received and their professional training.
For us today, unearned income obtained illegally is more relevant. There is a systematic process of looting state property at all levels. It should be noted that official position is widely used. A significant part of the population generates income through various kinds of illegal transactions with scarce goods and services. They are also formed due to the illegal withdrawal of state resources from the state (the discrepancy between the real movement of values and recorded in the reporting, theft of property hidden from accounting and production control). The fight against illicit income will take a long time. Its successes will largely be determined by the strengthening and improvement of all three forms of state power.
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the causes of population differentiation are for the most part clearly identified and structured in the context of economic sciences. These reasons should be taken into account in accordance with the current economic standards in the country and the ongoing economic policy in order to find the most effective way of development.
Chapter 2. Level and quality of life
2.1 Level and quality of life: essence, main indicators and criteria
The ultimate goal in the development of any society is to improve the standard of living of the population.
The standard of living is expressed by economic category and social standards. It characterizes the degree of satisfaction of the physical and social needs of people. The main components of the standard of living will always be: food and income of the population, health, household property, housing conditions, paid services, cultural level of the population, working and leisure conditions, as well as social guarantees and social protection of the most vulnerable segments of the population.
Social guarantees represent the existing system of society's obligations to its members to meet the most important needs. The state, giving guarantees, assumes that society assumes the obligation to create internal conditions for each member of society. This is necessary for the implementation of its economic activity and income generation.
Social protection a system of measures taken by society to ensure the necessary material and social status of citizens. 9
These components are directly related to quantitative indicators, indicators and indices and are drawn up in a system of indicators of the standard of living.
In the process of reproduction, it is necessary to take into account mutual economic and social factors, such as nutrition, education, housing, health, and others. The decisive role for society will always have a standard of living, and for production this will be determined by the efficiency of labor.
GDP and national income per capita, as well as the productivity of social labor are indicators of the general economic, and the standard of living is an indicator of the development of social structures.
The current understanding of the criteria for the standard of living of the population focuses on the fact that the standard of living is important not only in itself, but also in relation to the needs of society as a whole.
The all-Russian analysis of the standard of living is determined by the content of the consumer basket and the subsistence minimum. The standard of living of a region or country is differentiated by the amount of unemployment, the average life expectancy of the population. It is further divided on the basis of structural personal consumption expenditures and consumption of basic foodstuffs. The skill level of employees is also taken into account. This also includes the number of students and pupils per 1000 people, etc., as well as the level of development of social infrastructure (for example, the number of hospital beds per 1000 people, cultural and sports facilities, availability of schools, housing, etc.)
The standard of living of the population should be assessed directly in relation to general economic indicators. This should also include indicators related to general economic indicators: consumer demand, household incomes, prices, trade, loans and the state budget. For example, the income received by the population is a key factor determining the basis of living standards.
It is necessary to identify specific components of the standard of living. They will be some types of human needs. Meeting these needs will be a major part of the standard of living. The totality of the economic elements of the standard of living covers in full the very sphere of human needs.
Based on them, a system of indicators of the standard of living is being formed. The standard of living of the population is measured by a system of indicators characterizing the level of consumption, health, employment, housing, education, social security, and others.
Figure 1. The system of indicators of the standard of living of the population. 10
The labor functionality of workers depends on the standard of living. He also acts as a lever of influence on the price of labor, and its direct implementation in labor. A decrease or, on the contrary, an increase in labor productivity and, as a result, the quality of the standard of living of the population, inevitably drives the economy forward or backward.
In many countries, an indicator called the welfare of society is used to effectively assess the standard of living. It reflects the minimum level of consumption and is an indicator of the poverty line.
The cost of living is an estimate of the value of the total consumption of a family or individual. It will always be determined on the basis of the minimum consumer basket. This basket in turn gives the structure of consumption. It reflects the costs of the poor in society and includes the minimum set that is necessary for physiological survival. This set, together with the subsistence minimum, depends on the level of social and economic development of the country. Initially, it was adopted on the basis of the principle of distribution. Currently, this economic category does not make sense. Today, more than 41 million citizens of Russia (30.5 ) is below the poverty line.
At the current level of production, the government cannot raise the poverty line. It is also able to compensate for the entire difference between the minimum consumer budget and the social bottom.
The consumer budget is a balanced system of income and expenses for an average family. It characterizes the standard of living of various social groups.
The smallest consumer budget is always formed on the basis of consumption traditions. It is affected by changes in the market for consumer services and goods. It represents the living wage. The calculation is based on average income per capita. It represents the highest standard of living for the population.
The calculation of the minimum subsistence level is determined on the basis of the food basket.
The food basket is a set of food for one person per month. This basket is calculated based on the norms of food consumption by the population. These norms correspond to the physiological needs of the population.
An analysis of consumption rates, the composition and quality of the consumer basket shows that the level of the subsistence minimum has no social and economic content. It is an exclusively speculative document, fixing a certain starting point for making calculations.
The price of the basic consumer basket actually represents the minimum consumer budget.
The minimum consumer budget, or the subsistence minimum budget, is calculated per capita and for its main socio-demographic groups in the whole of the Russian Federation and in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
The subsistence level is, like its budget, an indicator of the consumption of the most important material goods and services at a minimum level. As a rule, it is calculated on the basis of the minimum norms for the consumption of essential goods and services, as well as foodstuffs. The most rational minimum consumer budget should be approximately the following proportions: food should be 41.2 , services 14.2 , non-food products - 38 , taxes and fees 2.6
Figure 2. Poverty measures. 11
Thus, we can conclude that the essence of the concept of the standard of living is formed according to the main criteria for the life support of citizens of the state. These criteria are not specific to a single territory, they are formed on the basis of international human rights sanctions, but at the same time they are adapted to the requirements and capabilities of a particular state and its economic policy.
2.2 Current state and main directions for improving the level and quality of life of the population in Russia
The balance of the labor market, as well as it, are one of the key factors that ensure Russia's competitiveness in the international arena. The systems of vocational education and social protection, youth policy, and employment of the population are responsible for their achievement.
Based on the current economic situation in the country on the basis of the sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation, the standard of living of the population of the Russian Federation has noticeably decreased, but this information has not been reflected in the mass media.
At present, issues of the standard of living of the population, differences in the quality of life different countries, choosing a place of residence, etc. Russia, with its gaps in legislation and imperfect way of life, is significantly inferior to other states. A number of specific US and Russian economic indicators can be compared in a summary table (See Appendix 1).
From the data given in Appendix 1, one can give the economic characteristics of the Russian Federation and the United States, and as you can see, Russia occupies far from leading positions in many of the economic indicators. Nevertheless, Russia also has its positive features. The absence of a huge number of crimes, as in the United States, is explained by the mental peculiarity of the Russian population to resolve legal issues without the intervention of law enforcement agencies. In terms of economics, Russia is far behind the United States. Russia has a very high corruption rate, however, Russia is still ahead in terms of oil reserves, resources, ecology, and it also leads in terms of the armed forces.
Despite the rather deplorable economic situation in the United States, it should be remembered that the opinion that many Americans have a good level of income is wrong. Based on data from the US Census Bureau, 13.3% of Americans already live below the poverty line. This is about 36.4 million people. At the same time, 24% of the population in Russia is in the same situation. For example, the state of Mississippi and the capital the city of Washington are represented by the lowest income level of the population. The richest and most livable places are New Hampshire, Maryland and Connecticut. According to RINA, the average life expectancy for Americans with an average standard of living is about 80 years. In Russia, according to the World Health Organization for 2012, this life expectancy is about 65 years. The basis of this is the most favorable living conditions. These will include better and more varied medical care, nutrition, confidence in the future of children, that is, the very factors that positively affect the psychological climate of society.
Over the past ten years, the wage intensity of Russia's GDP has been increasing: from 24.6% in 2000 to 36.3% in 2008. In 2014, despite the crisis, this figure increased significantly to a record 41%. Last year, the wage intensity of Russia's GDP fell sharply by 0.6%. In terms of internal wage intensity, Russia is significantly ahead of many developed economies. So, today the indicator of wage intensity of Russia's GDP is still higher than the indicators of Belgium (38.1%), Norway (37.5%), Italy (30.9%), as well as Malta (38.1%) and Spain (37.7%). It is on a par with the indicators of the Netherlands and Cyprus in both countries, the wage intensity of GDP is also 39.5%. 12
In developed market economies, wage costs rise in line with increases in labor productivity. In Russia, there is no such dependence. As Nikolaev explains, Russia spends more of its GDP on salaries than the developed countries However, this process in our country is not accompanied by an increase in labor productivity. Total wages in Russia grew up to 2009, inclusive, faster than the country's GDP, which means that the pace of labor productivity growth was not what we would like to have. 13
The main groups of modern events, in order to increase the stability of the labor market in Russia, as well as for the most accurate coordination and coherence of the vocational education system, the following aspects are proposed:
1. The labor market should be monitored. It is proposed to attract employers to it. This monitoring should reflect the requirements for personnel, the social conditions of life of workers and their psychological state. The data obtained as a result of this monitoring should serve to reduce the imbalance of supply and demand in the labor market. This should happen on the basis of bringing plans for retraining and training of personnel in vocational educational institutions at all levels in line with the needs of the modern labor market.
The personnel training system should be supported in priority areas of the labor market. Employers should be involved in the management of educational institutions.
2. It is necessary to modernize educational institutions. It is necessary to move to client-oriented structures. The introduction of PB contributes to the same goal. The material and technical base of educational institutions must be updated. This should occur at all stages including primary education.
3. It is necessary to continuously develop the education system in all regions. It is necessary to implement programs to support institutionalized and non-formal institutions that carry out their activities in the field of continuous education. Based on this, the development of educational institutions at all levels should be synchronized. Stimulation of this development should take place at Russian enterprises using advanced human resource management tools.
4. It is necessary to create and implement a set of specific measures for the professional orientation of adolescents studying in educational institutions. At this stage, it is also important to involve active employers in this process. This system should be financed and supported, up to crediting educational services. There should be an employment system for today's youth, for example, the creation of a labor exchange. It is also necessary to form an infrastructure for the development of entrepreneurial activity.
5. It is necessary to create conditions for stimulating employment in Russia. As a regional aspect, there should also be stimulation of alternative employment developing in rural areas. It is necessary to develop modern personnel programs and projects for the development of educational institutions in rural areas.
6. It is necessary to control migration programs. This is necessary to attract the able-bodied population to the regions. It will also help solve the problem of developing institutions for the socio-cultural processing of raw materials. The most important organizational tool migration processes and the system of vocational education will have to act as the institute of socio-cultural processing. It also includes the system of primary vocational education. However, this system will be able to stabilize its position only by expanding the contingent of students of different ages. The instability of this system will worsen due to the reduction in the number of graduates from secondary educational institutions. Additionally, the regional aspect will need to develop a functional system of language courses. They will act as cultural institutions to help migrants learn the language and overcome communication barriers.
Today, one of the development priorities for Russia is to improve the quality of life of the population in the state. Without this, it is impossible to achieve the competitiveness of Russia in the international economic arena, due to the fact that new types of activities will require additional development of quality standards for living standards. Within the framework of this direction, it is necessary to implement the following tasks:
- Increase income growth for the population. Along with this, it is necessary to reduce poverty indicators. It is necessary to reduce the proportion of the population with incomes below the average. This will become the basis for further reducing the differentiation of the population in terms of income.
- Full development of the labor market is required. This will increase employment and reduce social tension.
- It is necessary to create equal conditions for access to social benefits and services, especially for educational services. Social protection of the population should also be ensured. It is necessary to prepare the social protection system to increase the burden from the non-working strata of the population, representatives of older age groups on the population at the working age stage. Based on this, it will be necessary to adjust the strategies for the development of social infrastructures in the regions.
- It is necessary to improve living conditions for the population.
- It is necessary to improve the quality of work of communal services and municipal subdivisions in the regions.
- Organizational and leisure activities for the population should also be carried out and members of society should be given equal access to leisure and entertainment programs.
As primary measures that will be aimed at improving the standard of living of the population and increasing infrastructural security, attention should be paid to:
- Development of social support and protection programs for the aging population. The number of nursing homes for the elderly and disabled should be increased. Additionally, it is required to create a larger number of temporary residence centers for pensioners and the number of places in them. The infrastructure for working with older people should also be modernized. Modernization will include specialized training programs appropriate for age and health, providing opportunities to continue working, etc. It is also necessary to more fully develop social assistance programs for the elderly at home.
- It is necessary to implement social assistance directly to the addresses. This program should include social support for the population, an increase in their income and other activities.
- There should be a development of engineering and technological enterprises in the country and regions (housing cooperatives, utility companies, etc.)
- The housing issue of the elderly and the disabled should also be addressed. This aspect includes the provision of subsidies to citizens from the budget to pay part of the interest rates on various loans and credits received for construction or for the purpose of acquiring housing. This will also include the provision of subsidies to citizens from the budget aimed at paying part of the cost of housing purchased with a housing loan or credit.
- Additional state support should be provided to certain categories of citizens in terms of improving their living conditions. These may be social workers, or representatives of government agencies.
- Stimulation of transport enterprises for the development and renewal of the fleet, improving the quality of passenger service. 14
One of the functions of the state is aimed at the redistribution of national income is to minimize the difference in the incomes of different strata of society and provide more favorable conditions material life for all members of society.
However, excessive state intervention in the processes of redistribution of incomes of the population carries the risk of a decrease in the business activity of society and, as a result, a drop in the efficiency of economic activity in some segments of the population. Specialized social support programs can increase the percentage of social dependency. The social redistributive policy of the state has practically no effect on the equalization of incomes between the poor and rich strata of the population.
The state is given a specific choice between economic efficiency and economic equality. This raises a logical problem: excessive equality will inevitably lead to a decrease in the average standard of living of the population and its quality of life. Enterprising and get into a position where they do not need to use their personal talents.
Inequality in the incomes of the population has largely arisen in connection with the objective action of the market mechanism of prices, along with the natural factor. The complete eradication of income differences would mean the complete destruction of the market pricing mechanism.
Thus, it should be concluded that the current economic situation of the population in the country is sufficiently unstable. Differentiation reaches significant limits, and to overcome it, it is necessary to develop new socio-economic programs and projects to stabilize the economic situation.
Conclusion
At the moment, on the basis of the financial crisis, the socio-economic differentiation of the strata of the population is manifested quite clearly. The poor are getting even poorer. Richer groups of people are trying to increase their capital due to the crisis.
Poverty is a global socio-economic problem. It is actively researched and has many similar features at the global level. Poverty, in theory, according to many economists, is the inability to maintain an acceptable quality of life. Consequently, the so-called "classic" poor families are a natural phenomenon for most countries with developed market economies. The more income the rich segments of the population receive, the less financial flow will fall into the poor sectors. This pattern and trend, which today requires close attention from the government of the Russian Federation.
Russia is far from being the poorest country. In Russia, at this stage, there is simply no mechanism for a competent redistribution of income among the strata of the population.
In our country, the state today does not have functional and really operating programs to combat poverty. More and more developed countries are actively improving their support systems for the poor. They try to define the limit of social assistance, beyond which it should not go, so as not to create the risk of social dependency. It is this path of development that should take place in Russia, however, at this point in time, all this is theoretical reasoning.
Bibliographic list
- Anthology of economic classics: In 2 vols. M., 2012. T. 1. 599 p.
- Bazhenova V.S., Iokhin V.Ya. Economic theory. Microeconomics - 1.2: Textbook / ed. Zhuravleva G.P.//M.: Publishing and Trade Corporation "Dashkov and K", 2011, 934 p.
- Bayanova E. The main indicator of the quality of life // Parliamentary newspaper No. 057 (2125) of April 24, 2012. 92 p.
- Bobkov V.N. Problems of assessing the standard of living of the population in modern Russia.//M.: VCUZh. 2011 400 p.
- Borisov E.F., Economic theory: textbook.// 2nd ed., revised. and additional M.: TK Velby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2011. 544 p.
- Gontmakher E. Social problems of Russia and alternative ways of their solution // Questions of Economics. 2011 No. 2. 101 p.
- Zherebin V.M., Romanov A.N. The standard of living of the population.// M.: UNITI DANA, 2011, 314 p.
- Levashov V.I. Social policy of income and wages. // M: Center for Economics and Marketing, 2011. 360 p.
- Marx K. and Engels F. Works // 2nd ed. M., 1987, reprinted in 2011. M. "Eksmo" 303 p.
- Nikolaev A.N. Modern standard of living. // M. Polygraph. 2011 429 p.
- Ovcharova L.M. Poverty in Russia. Peace in Russia. // Tver 2013. 402 p.
- Rimashevskaya N.M. The problem of fighting poverty in the developments of foreign government and international organizations // Poverty: a view of scientists on the problem // Ed. M. A. Mozhina. M., 2010. 414 p.
- Smith A. Research on the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. // M. 2011. 427 p.
- Social status and standard of living of the population of Russia. / / Stat. Sat. Moscow: Rosstat. 2014 412 p.
- Tikhonova N.E. The social structure of Russian society: the result of eight years of reform // Social sciences and modernity. M. 2013, No. 3. 119 p.
- Economic statistics: Textbook. // Under the editorship of prof. Ivanova Yu.N. 3rd ed. revised and additional M.: INFRA-M, 2012. 736 p.
- http://www.poverty.net.ru/
- http://www.ecsocman.edu.ru/
Annex 1.
Annex 1. Consolidated analysis of indicators of the standard of living of the population in the Russian Federation and the USA.
|
Crime statistics in Russia |
crime statistics in the usa |
|
|
Total crimes: |
2 952 370 |
11 877 218 |
|
Note: |
The actual number of crimes committed is often a more informative indicator than other official statistics. |
|
|
Level of software piracy: |
73% (3 times more than in the USA) |
20 % |
|
Note: |
Piracy rate is the number of pieces of pirated software installed in 2007 divided by the total number of software installed. |
|
|
Economic statistics in Russia |
US economy statistics |
|
|
GDP: |
1.746 trillion dollars |
13.060 trillion dollars (6 times more than in Russia) |
|
Note: |
Gross domestic product(GDP) is the value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a year. |
|
|
GDP per capita): |
$12,264.03 per capita |
$43,680.67 per capita (3 times more than in Russia) |
|
Note: |
This is the total GDP of a country divided by its population. Thus, it is calculated how much product a country produces per person. |
|
|
GDP and PPP: |
$1,408,603 million |
$11,628,083 million (7 times more than in Russia) |
|
Note: |
PPP purchasing power parity |
|
|
Human Development Index: |
0.795 |
0.944 (19% more than in Russia) |
|
Note: |
The Human Development Index is calculated by the United Nations. |
|
|
Education statistics in Russia |
US education statistics |
|
|
Expenditure on education (% of GDP): |
3.8 % |
(50% more than in Russia) |
|
Note: |
This is government spending on education. |
|
|
Energy statistics in Russia |
US energy statistics |
|
|
Gasoline prices: |
0.54 |
0.77 (43% more than in Russia) |
|
Note: |
This is the ratio of the price of premium gasoline in the country and the average global gasoline price. |
|
|
Oil reserves: |
69,000 million barrels |
22,450 million barrels (3 times less than in Russia) |
|
Note: |
This is the total amount of oil in the country's proven oil fields. |
|
|
Ecology statistics in Russia |
US environmental statistics |
|
|
CO2 emissions: |
1 540 360 |
5 762 050 (3 times more than in Russia) |
|
Note: |
These are total CO2 emissions (excluding land use). Unit of measurement: thousand metric tons of carbon dioxide |
|
|
Government statistics in Russia |
US government statistics |
|
|
Corruption: |
||
|
Note: |
The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is the level of corruption based on expert assessments and public opinion polls. The smaller the CPI, the more corruption. |
|
|
Lifestyle statistics in Russia |
US lifestyle statistics |
|
|
Happiness level: |
39 % (6 times more than in Russia) |
|
|
Note: |
Percentage of people who answered the survey question: “Considering everything that happens in your life, do you...? Very happy, reasonably happy, not very happy, or not at all happy.” Only the answer “very happy” counts. |
|
|
Statistics of the armed forces in Russia |
US armed forces statistics |
|
|
The personnel of the armed forces: |
1,520,000 |
1,366,000 (11% less than in Russia) |
|
Note: |
Total Armed Forces (2000) |
|
|
Population statistics in Russia |
US population statistics |
|
|
Divorce rate: |
3.36 per 1000 people |
4.95 per 1000 people (47% more than in Russia) |
|
Note: |
Divorce rate per 1000 people |
|
|
Population in 2015: |
136 696 |
325 723 (138% more than in Russia) |
|
Note: |
Average forecast. In thousand people. |
|
|
Transport statistics in Russia |
US transportation statistics |
|
|
Cars: |
124 cars per 1000 |
765 vehicles per 1000 (5 times more than in Russia) |
|
Note: |
Number of cars per 1000 people |
|
1 Anthology of economic classics: In 2 vols. M., 2012. T. 1. Pp. 27
2 http://www.poverty.net.ru/
3 Social status and standard of living of the population of Russia. / / Stat. Sat. Moscow: Rosstat. 2014 p. 34
4 http://www.twirpx.com/file/98670/
5 Economic and social problems of Russia. Shadow economy: economic and social aspects. // Ed. Zhilina I.Yu. Timofeev L.M. M: PHOENIX, 2011. 168 p.
6 www.ecsocman.edu.ru
7 Ovcharova L.M. Poverty in Russia. Peace in Russia. // Tver 2013, pp. 53-54
8 Tikhonova N.E. The social structure of Russian society: the result of eight years of reform // Social sciences and modernity. M. 2013 No. 3. Pp. 13
9 http://www/poverty.net.ru/
10 Levashov V.I. Social policy of income and wages. // M: Center for Economics and Marketing, 2011, p. 211
11 http://www.moluch.ru/archive/69/11846/
12 http://www.lawinrussia.ru/node/28290
13 Nikolaev A.N. Modern standard of living. // M. Polygraph. 2011 p. 217
14 Zherebin V.M., Romanov A.N. The standard of living of the population.// M.: UNITI DANA, 2011 p. 149
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| In connection with this goal, the main tasks of the work are set - to define the concepts of standard of living and quality of life, describe measurement indicators, reveal the importance of studying these concepts, and, based on analysis, determine the current state of the level and quality and quality of life of the population of Russia. | |||
| 4926. | Level and quality of life, their main indicators | 180.7KB | |
| Consider the concept of the standard of living of the population; consider the concept of the quality of life of the population; to determine the characteristics of indicators of the level and quality of life of the population; consider the features of the integral indicator of the level and quality of life; consider the main ways to improve social policy and propose effective forms and methods for its implementation. | |||
| 16119. | QUALITY OF LIFE OF SOCIETY IN THE REGIONS OF RUSSIA | 21.71KB | |
| Among the most acute problems of modern Russian reality Population aging High mortality Decrease in life expectancy High unemployment rate Problems with housing and social support for citizens low level income... | |||
| 16570. | Quality of life of the population of the regions of the North of Russia | 18.18KB | |
| Apatity Quality of life of the population of the regions of the North of Russia For the North of Russia2 as a special zone of exceptional importance for the economy and security of the country, the issues of improving the quality of life of the population3 are the most relevant. The low level and quality of life of the population produce an increase in the migration outflow of the predominantly able-bodied population, a shortage of qualified personnel, a decrease in the level of health and education of the population, a decrease in life expectancy, depopulation, an increase in the number of social ... | |||
| 10948. | Commodity policy. Objectives of commodity policy and ways to solve them. Usefulness of the product. Product life cycle. Quality and range of products. Trademark and brand of goods. Positioning of goods in the market | 12.38KB | |
| All goods capable of satisfying this will be designated as a product range. Tangible goods can be roughly divided into products and services. According to the degree of durability inherent in goods, goods can be divided into: Consumer goods; consumer goods; goods that the consumer usually buys often without hesitation and with minimal effort to compare them with each other; essential goods tangible items that are completely consumed in one or more cycles of use. pulsed goods... | |||
| 5337. | Identification of style features of a person's life. Life history as a special type of "qualitative" research | 89.29KB | |
| Apparently, she is a creative person. People liked her childhood performances, and even at a more conscious age, she continues to play in home performances. Usually creative people are often frivolous, amorous and dramatic. | |||
| 13432. | Interference level | 10.86MB | |
| Interference is understood as all factors that complicate the production of measurements of the geophysical field and the interpretation of the data obtained. Distinguish between active interference, stray currents, microseisms, temporal field variations, etc. The latter provide additional fields that distort the field of the desired object. First of all, these are disturbances of natural origin: heterogeneity and changes in the physical properties of rocks in the upper part of the section; uneven terrain; short-period perturbations of the measured field; inaccuracy of the planned and height reference of the observation network, etc. | |||
| 7594. | Speech development of children with OHP (III level) | 50.39KB | |
| Theoretical foundations for the study and formation of speech in preschool children with ONR. Features of speech disorders in preschool children with ONR. Experimental study of speech in preschool children with ONR. Familiarization of children with oral folk art and the inclusion of small genres of folklore, proverbs, sayings, ditties, fables, riddles of folk outdoor games, finger games in all areas of correctional work to overcome the common ... | |||
| 14359. | LEVEL OF EFFICIENCY OF THE REGIONAL ECONOMY | 233.34KB | |
| The concept of development of regions Strategies for the socio-economic development of the regions of the Russian Federation. Mechanisms and tools for the implementation of regional programs for the socio-economic development of regions. The main trends in the socio-economic development of the region... | |||
