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Reserves and National parks is the pride of Russia.
MKOU "Secondary school No. 10" Kh. Perevalny Mineralovodsky district. 4th grade students. Primary school teacher Asevova Nadia Nasuevna.
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Research objectives: Attracting attention to the problem of the environment. To study the meaning and functions of protected areas. Get acquainted with the protected areas of Russia and reserves Stavropol Territory. Identify environmental issues. To consolidate in practice the skills of working with computer technology and educational electronic resources.
Research objectives: To characterize natural conditions And natural resources protected areas of Russia. Collect and process information and visual material on the topic. Create a travel project through the protected areas of Russia and the reserves of the Stavropol Territory in the form of electronic presentations. The object of the study is the reserves and national parks of Russia, the reserves of the Stavropol Territory. The hypothesis of the research-presentation in the study of protected areas will expand the horizons on this topic and increase interest in the protected areas of Russia and native land.
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Preserve (the meaning of the word goes back to the word reserved, that is, "forbidden, inviolable"). The very concept of the word "reserve" is exclusively Russian. A reserve is a section of a territory (water area) where its entire natural complex is preserved in its natural state, and hunting is prohibited. In addition, any kind of economic activity people, and the lands are forever withdrawn from any form of use
The first reserve in Russia (1874) is Askania-Nova, located in the Kherson region. The oldest in Russia is the Barguzinsky nature reserve, the significance of which is still great today. He saved the amazing taiga of the Eastern Baikal region and the pearl of this taiga - the Barguzin sable
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national park- a territory where human activity is limited for the purpose of environmental protection. Unlike nature reserves, where human activity is almost completely prohibited, tourists are allowed into the territory of national parks, economic activities are allowed on a limited scale.
The reserve is a protected natural area in which not a natural complex is protected, but some of its parts: only plants, only animals, or their individual species, or individual historical, memorial or geological objects.
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As of 2017, there are about 110 nature reserves, 50 national parks, and 61 sanctuaries in Russia.
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Elk Island- one of the first national parks in Russia (created in 1983, simultaneously with Sochi), located on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region. The fauna includes more than 230 species of vertebrates, including more than 160 species of birds, 38 species of mammals; 15 species are represented by fish, 10 by amphibians and 5 by reptiles.
Sochi National Park is one of the very first parks that were created on the territory of the country. The park is located in the northwest of the Greater Caucasus. It was created in 1983 with the aim of restoring and preserving natural complexes and objects of high scientific, recreational and ecological value. The total area of the park is about 194 thousand hectares.
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There is just a temple, There is a temple of science, And there is also a temple of nature, With forests stretching their arms Towards the sun and winds. He is holy at any time of the day, Open for us in the heat and cold. Entering here, Be a sensitive heart, Do not desecrate its shrines. S.V. Smirnov
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Sources Ozhegov S.O. Dictionary of the Russian language. " Soviet Encyclopedia» Moscow 1973 Balandin R. K., Markin V. A., “100 great geographical discoveries» Moscow "Veche" 2008 Karpov G. V., "Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Geographer-Localist" Moscow "Pedagogy" 1981 War V. Zariy Kh., “In the mountains Karachay-Cherkessia» Moscow "Planet" 1979 Free Encyclopedia. [Electronic resource] Wikipedia https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki. Megabook (megabook). [Electronic resource] Reserves of Russia http://megabook.ru/article/Reserves%20 of Russia. Reserves and national parks. [Electronic resource] National parks of Russia http://www.zapovedniki-mira.com/nation_parks_russia.
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National parks are nature protection, environmental education and research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use in environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism. Land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna located on the territory of national parks are provided for use (possession) to national parks on the rights provided for by laws. "In the classical sense, a national park has a functional zoning of the territory. A protected core according to the regime corresponding to a nature reserve, recreational and buffer zones, in which economic activities of various intensity are allowed (tourism and other forms of recreation, traditional nature management, sparing agricultural and forest management activities).
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The area of Yellowstone National Park is about 900,000 hectares. The park is located in Wyoming (USA). The origins are located in this area. largest rivers North America: Snake, Missouri, Yellowstone, flowing from the alpine lake of the same name. The lake adjoins the Central Plateau from the south. The height of the Yellowstone Plateau ranges from 1710 m (in the north) to 3463 m (in the central part of the park). In the northern part of the park there is the Blacktaildier and Mirror Plateau, in the southeast - the Two Oceans Plateau. Yellowstone is home to over 10,000 geothermal natural wonders. The Continental Divide runs along the high plateau of the Rocky Mountains. From here, rivers flow both to the east and to the west, but part of the water seeps into the depths. This explains the amazing natural phenomena of Yellowstone. The plateau was once shaken by powerful volcanic eruptions. Thousands of years ago, as a result of one of them, a giant crater 75 kilometers long and 45 kilometers wide was formed. Molten rock - still "does not sleep" under the earth's crust, maintaining the heat in the Yellowstone "cauldron".
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Grand Canyon National Park Colorado Canyon is a giant chasm on the high plateau of Colorado in Arizona in the southwestern United States. The Grand Canyon is not the deepest canyon on Earth. However, it is known for its size and stunning scenery. The park covers an area of 4931 sq. km. in the middle reaches of the Colorado River. Grand Canyon National Park is located within the Colorado Plateau in Arizona in the southwestern United States. The maximum depth of the canyon is 1829 meters. Near the famous Grand Canyon Village southern edge its depth reaches 1524 m. To go down from the edge of the canyon to the river bank, you need to walk 11.3 km. The width of the canyon in this place (at the level of the plateau) reaches 16 km. The maximum width of the canyon in some places reaches 29 km. Although the nature protection status of part of this territory was assigned already in 1883, the national park grand canyon The Colorado River was only declared in 1919.
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Jasper National Park Jasper National Park is located on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera. It combines the landscapes of the highlands of the Main and Front Ranges, which are diverse in structure, as well as the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. The total area of the park is 10750 sq. km. The park is located 320 km. west of the city of Edmonton (capital of the province of Alberta) and 290 km. northwest of the city of Calgary. The park is one of the most visited conservation sites in Canada by tourists. Mount Robson and Humber Provincial Parks adjoin Jasper National Park from the west, and the park from the north wildlife Willmore, to the east are the Rocky Mountains Preserve and the White Goat and Bighorn Protected Areas. The park was founded in 1907. In 1984, the park was declared a World cultural heritage UNESCO. The park is located 320 km. west of the city of Edmonton (capital of the province of Alberta) and 290 km. northwest of the city of Calgary. The park is one of the most visited conservation sites in Canada by tourists. Jasper National Park is bordered to the west by Mount Robson and the Humber Provincial Parks, to the north by Willmore Wildlife Park, to the east by the Rocky Mountains Preserve and the White Goat and Bighorn Protected Areas. The park was founded in 1907. In 1984, the park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Yosemite National Park Yosemite National Park (USA, California) was created in 1890 thanks to the tireless efforts of naturalist John Muir. In 1890, the US Congress declared it a nature reserve, and already in 1864, Congress awarded Yosemite Valley in California the status of a public park. Nowadays, at the peak of the season, Yosemite Park is teeming with people. Every year, the beauty of the park attracts four million visitors. The management of the reserve strives to preserve the pristine nature of this region, and not to forget about tourists. Nowadays, at the peak of the season, Yosemite Park is teeming with people. Every year, the beauty of the park attracts four million visitors. The management of the reserve strives to preserve the pristine nature of this region, and not to forget about tourists.
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international park La Amistad. La Amistad International Park is located on both sides of the Panamanian-Costa Rican border. The park includes two biosphere reserves bordering each other. One of them is in Costa Rica, the other is in Panama. Both reserves are called the same - La Amistad, which means "friendship" in Spanish. The total area of this natural complex is more than 1 million hectares. In 1983, it was included in the UNESCO List of Natural and Cultural Heritage Sites.
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Corcovado National Park (Costa Rica) Corcovado National Park is a beautiful piece of nature in the south of Costa Rica. It is located on the Osa Peninsula, on the Pacific coast. The area of the park is 54,000 hectares. The magnificence of nature in this remote, almost untouched forest in Central America, the diversity of its flora and fauna attracts the attention of people. There are at least eight ecosystems on the territory of Corcovado. About 500 species of trees grow in the park, the largest of which is the cotton tree. Reaching a diameter of three meters, it rises more than 70 meters. Corcovado can see almost 400 species of feathered inhabitants. The park is home to the largest population of red macaws in the country.
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Monteverde National Park (Costa Rica) In the 1960s, a group of scientists and local residents founded the Cloud Forest Reserve in Monteverde, which eventually included the watershed zone. Since then, the reserve has been expanded several times, and now it covers approximately 10,500 hectares. This reserve is one of the most attractive places in Costa Rica. Every year, about 50,000 tourists climb the steep, winding dirt road to reach Monteverde. Numerous bird lovers and naturalists come here to observe all kinds of birds, animals and plants that have found refuge in the reserve and nearby areas.
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Zhau National Park Zhau National Park was organized in 1980. This is one of the largest national parks in Brazil. Its area is 2272000 hectares, which is 1.42% of the entire Amazon state. In 2000, the park was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. In 2003, the Jau National Park was merged with several other protected areas and became part of the Central Amazonian Reserve Complex.
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Chaco National Park Chaco National Park is located in the central part of the South American continent, in the east of the Gran Chaco plain. This name can be translated as "Big hunting field". Chaco Park was founded in 1954. The park was established by the Argentine government to protect the unique landscapes of the most elevated parts of the Eastern Chaco.
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Los Glaciares National Park Los Glaciares National Park covers an area of almost 446 thousand hectares (according to some sources, 760 thousand hectares). The park is the second largest conservation site in Argentina. It is located along the Chilean border in the province of Santa Cruz south of the 50th parallel. For the first time, the territory between the lakes Viedma and Lago Argentino was taken under protection by the Argentine state in 1937. However, this territory was declared a national park only shortly before the end of World War II in April 1945. The modern boundaries of the Los Glaciares National Park were statutorily established only in the fall of 1971. In 1981, Los Glaciares National Park was inscribed on the List of Natural World Heritage Sites. Over 40 percent of the national park is covered eternal ice constituting the so-called Southern Patagonian Ice Sheet. Powerful valley glaciers diverge from this shield to the west and east. In the east (in Chile), the "ends" of these glaciers descend into Pacific Ocean. In Argentina, most glacial tongues end in large lakes.
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Manu Manu National Park is one of the oldest major tropical parks in the world. Manu National Park was established on May 29, 1973. 14 years later (in 1987) it was recognized as a UNESCO World and Natural Heritage Site, and also received the status of a biosphere reserve. Manu National Park is located in the southeast of Peru, 1400 km from the capital (Lima). The total area of the reserve is 1.9 million hectares. The park is divided into three zones: the national park itself, the reserve and the cultural zone. The main purpose of the creation of the Manu National Park is the conservation of tropical biodiversity.
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Paracas National Park Paracas National Park. It is located about 250 kilometers south of Lima, on the path of the Pan American Highway. The Paracas National Park covers 335,000 hectares of coastline and the Paracas Peninsula. It was formed in 1975 by the Peruvian government with the aim of preserving the many animals that live here and migrate annually. It fosters respect for the environment and promotes the development of tourism. It was here that more than 100 archaeological sites were discovered - evidence of the centuries-old Paracas culture. Coastal waters are home to sea lions, cat otters, dolphins, over 200 bird species and 4 species of sea turtles.
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Virunga Virunga National Park is one of the oldest national parks in Africa. It is located in the northeast Democratic Republic Congo. For 300 kilometers, the border of the park coincides with the state borders of Rwanda and Uganda. The official birth year of Virunga Park is 1929. Then it was named Albert and Kivu National Park. In 1969, a separate Virunga National Park was separated from the Albert and Kivu single conservation area. Currently, the territory of the park borders on the lands of the Ruwenzori National Park in Uganda and the Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda. The area of the Virunga National Park is 790 thousand hectares. Landscapes in the national park are very diverse. Here you can find grassy and tree savannahs, low-growing permanently wet forests, bamboo thickets, swamps, meadows, glaciers, snowfields and extensive lava plateaus. The territory of the park is stretched from north to south and consists of three different parts. Northern part includes the Rwenzori mountains and the Semliki valley, in the center are Lake Eduard and the plains of Rvindi, Rutshuru and Ishasha. The southern part is the Nyamlagira and Nyaragongo lava plateaus, as well as part of the Virunga volcanic massif.
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Air and Tenere Reserve The Air and Tenere Nature Reserve is located on the southern border of the Sahara Desert. Its area is 77000 sq. km. The reserve was founded in 1988. Immediately, about 15% of its territory was allocated to a special reserve with a strict protection regime to protect the addax antelope. In 1991, the reserve was included in the list of UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage Sites. There are many interesting geological monuments on the Air Plateau. Both the plateau and mountain ranges are dissected by deep valleys. However, only temporary streams flow here, which come to life only for a short time after the rains. The climate of the reserve is typical for the Central Sahara: very hot and dry. Nowhere in the reserve does more than 100 mm of precipitation fall annually.
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Serengeti National Park The Serengeti National Park is located on the African Great Rift. It is included in the list of the most famous national parks in the world. The Serengeti National Park is a 30,000 square kilometer low-grass hilly valley in Tanzania and Kenya. They are covered with juicy grass, which grows well on fertile soil of volcanic origin. The Serengeti is an animal paradise that delights everyone who visits it.
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Nairobi National Park Just seven kilometers from the capital of Kenya, there is a small savannah with tall grass and rare sprawling trees - Nairobi National Park, with a total area of only 117 square meters. km. This park was opened before many similar parks in Kenya, in 1946. This is one of the few parks in the world where you can simultaneously enjoy the beauty of almost untouched wildlife and not lose sight of the silhouette. big city. The fauna and flora of the Nairobi National Park is so diverse that you might think that you are in the heart of wild Africa, and not on the outskirts of a multi-million city. In the park you can see lions, rhinos, cheetahs, antelopes, giraffes, gazelles. The Athi River flows there, in the waters of which there are crocodiles and hippos, and in the coastal forests - birds and monkeys. About 400 have been recorded in Nairobi National Park various kinds birds. One of the features of the park is a large number of rhinos living in it, about 50 individuals. Here, unlike other parks and reserves, you can almost always see the black rhinoceros in its natural habitat. In the national park there is also a shelter-cure for the wounded and sick animals.
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Kilimanjaro National Park Kilimanjaro National Park was founded in 1973 and now occupies 756 square meters. km. The foot of the mountain is at an altitude of 1829 m above sea level, and the peak of Kibo is at an altitude of 5895 m. Kilimanjaro National Park has been included in the List world heritage in 1987 Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest single mountain in the world. Mount Kilimanjaro was formed as a result of a series of volcanic movements. As a result of volcanic activity, three peaks were formed - Shira, Kibo and Mawenzi.
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Fiordland National Park ( New Zealand) New Zealand is one of the most environmentally friendly corners of the Earth. A third of the country's area (more than 5 million hectares) is protected areas. New Zealand has 14 national parks. On south island is the largest national park in New Zealand - Fiordland. The park is located in the northwestern part of the island. The length of the park is 230 km, the total area is 1200 thousand hectares. Fiordland National Park was founded in 1952. It is currently included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
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Vanoise National Park The Vanoise National Park is the first national park in France. It was founded in 1963. The reason for the creation of the park was the threat of complete extermination of stone goats in this area. Definitely, Vanoise can be called the main national park of France. Vanoise National Park is located south of the Mont Blanc mountain range and extends along mountain range Alps in the Savoie region. This is a relatively small park. The park is divided into two zones: the central one has a length of 528 sq. km. and peripheral zone - 1450 sq. km. The peripheral zone is the area that surrounds the central one; it was created to protect wildlife in the central zone in order to preserve it in its original form. The Peripheral Zone makes it possible to further restrict people's access to these beautiful wild lands. For 14 kilometers, the Vanoise National Park borders on the Italian Gran Paradiso National Park. Both parks form the largest protected area Western Europe
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Coto de Doñana National Park Spain's legendary 50,000-hectare Doñana National Park serves as a spring bird airport that welcomes hundreds of thousands of birds flying from Africa to Europe, stopping in these swampy woodlands to nest and breed .
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Thingvellir National Park Thingvellir National Park was created by decree of the Icelandic Parliament in 1928. This is the very first protected area in Iceland. It is also one of the oldest national parks in Europe. During the 20th century, the territory of the park was expanded several times. The last time the boundaries of the national park were changed in 2004.
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national park Belovezhskaya Pushcha The National Park "Belovezhskaya Pushcha" is located on the territory of the Kamenets and Pruzhany districts of the Brest region and the Svisloch district of the Grodno region. The administrative center of the national park is located in the village of Kamenyuki, Kamenetsky district. The State National Park "Belovezhskaya Pushcha", located on the territory of the Republic of Belarus, is a single natural complex with the Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park of the Republic of Poland. The area of the national park is 87,363 ha on the Belarusian side; from the Polish - 10,501 ha. Belovezhskaya Pushcha is the only large massif of old-age forests of the Western European type preserved in its natural state in Europe with elements of western, northern and southern flora. Animal world of the National Park "Belovezhskaya Pushcha" is rich and diverse. Its territory is inhabited by 59 species of mammals (including 6 protected), 253 species of birds, 11 species of amphibians, 7 species of reptiles, 24 species of fish and more than 11,000 species of invertebrates.
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Paanajärvi National Park Paanajärvi National Park is located in the north-west of the Republic of Karelia, in its most elevated part. The Paanajärvi National Park was established on May 20, 1992 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 331. The area of the national park is 104,473 hectares. Vegetable world- the main attraction of the park. Its originality is determined by three factors - the low-mountain nature of the relief, the presence of carbonate rocks (dolomites) favorable for the growth of many calciphilous plants, and, finally, the presence of large natural massifs untouched by man. 217 species of vertebrates are registered in the area of the national park: 36 species of mammals, 160 species of birds, 3 species of amphibians and reptiles, 17 species of fish and 1 species of cyclostomes. The pearl of the park is Lake Paanajärvi, characterized by its small size (1.5 by 24 km) and exceptional depth (128 m). There are many rapids on the rivers, there are significant waterfalls. Reservoirs abound with valuable species of fish.
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Barguzinsky Reserve The Barguzinsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve is one of the oldest reserves in Russia, established by a decree of the Irkutsk Governor-General dated May 17, 1916, and in early 1917 the creation of the reserve was formalized by a government decree. main reason The creation of the reserve was a catastrophic fall of the fur and, in particular, sable trade. Expeditions to Lake Baikal, Kamchatka and the Sayan mountains were organized to save the sable from complete destruction and organize reserves. According to the results of the survey, among others (Sayansky and others), the Barguzinsky Reserve was designed. Conventions In 1986, the Barguzinsky Reserve received the status of a biosphere reserve. In 1996, the Barguzinsky Reserve, along with other Baikal protected areas, was included in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List (nomination "Lake Baikal").
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Sagarmatha Sagarmatha is an outstanding natural landscape comprising highlands, glaciers and deep gorges dominated by highest peak world - Mount Everest (8848 m). The park is home to several rare animal species, including the snow leopard and red panda. The unique culture of the local population - the Sherpas - also draws attention to this area.
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Komodo National Park Komodo National Park is located in the center of the Indonesian archipelago, between the islands of Sumbawa and Flores. The national park domain contains 603 square kilometers of land and 1,214 square kilometers of turquoise sea waters. The park includes three main islands: Komodo, Rinca and Padar, as well as many small islands with a total area of 1817 kilometers, which are also included in the group of Small sunda islands. This national park has several beautiful exotic islands coupled with rich coastal and wild marine nature. Its unique wide biodiversity has made it the most popular park in Indonesia.
Reserves of Russia
Information about several reserves of Russia.
- Tell your classmates about the reserves of Russia and show photos.
- Nowadays, few people understand the importance of nature reserves and no one has ever thought that some species of animals can become extinct forever.
- Barguzinsky reserve - a reserve in Buryatia, located on the western slopes, at an altitude of up to 2840 m of the Barguzinsky ridge, includes northeast coast Lake Baikal and part of the water area of the lake itself. The reserve (and the ridge) are named after the Barguzin River. The Barguzinsky Nature Reserve is the oldest nature reserve in Russia.
- The area of the reserve is 374,322 hectares, including 15,000 hectares of protected water area.
- Elk, musk deer, hare, brown bear, shrew, black-capped marmot, hazel grouse live in the Barguzinsky Reserve - a total of 41 species of mammals. In the waters of the reserve there are omul, whitefish, sturgeon, grayling, taimen, lenok and other fish species.
- It was founded in 1992 on the basis of the Dzherginsky state complex reserve that existed since 1974. The Dzherginsky State Nature Reserve is located in the Kurumkansky District of the Republic of Buryatia. The reserve is located in the North-Eastern Baikal region at the junction of three large mountain ranges- Barguzinsky, Ikatsky and South Muya ranges.
- Dzherginsky Reserve" is a state natural reserve.
- The area of the reserve is 238.088 thousand hectares, of which 0.894 thousand hectares are occupied by water. A 2 km wide buffer zone with a total area of about 7.5 million hectares has been created around the reserve.
- Currently, 201 species of vertebrate animals have been recorded on the territory of the reserve: 6 species of fish, 3 amphibians, 4 reptiles, 145 birds, 43 mammals. .
- Larch forests predominate in the forest belt. On this moment More than 650 species of vascular plants have been identified in the reserve. 29 species of rare and endemic plants have been identified on the territory of the reserve.
- The Baikal State Natural Biosphere Reserve was established by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR of September 26, 1969 No. 571 on the basis of the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Buryat ASSR of December 31, 1968 No. 461.
- The area is 165,724 hectares, taking into account the changes made by the order of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR dated June 20, 1973 No. 366-r.
- There are 49 species of mammals, 251 species are birds, amphibians and reptiles - 6, fish - 12.
- 787 species of plants grow in the reserve, about 70% of the territory is occupied by forests in the reserve. The general list of rare, endemic and relict plants of the reserve is about 40 species.
- 1) From the lessons of geography and biology.
- 2) From the Internet.
- 3) From the book "Reserves of Russia"
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Reserves and national parks of Russia
Reserves are specially protected territories or water areas where they try to preserve nature in its original form. For this purpose, any economic activity and tourism are completely prohibited on the territory of the reserve.
National parks are almost the same as a nature reserve, but tourism is allowed in the parks.
In total, there are 101 nature reserves and 35 national parks in Russia. Most nature reserves are located on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories.
The first nature reserve in Russia is the Barguzinsky nature reserve in Buryatia. The largest reserves are: Bolshoy Arktichny, Komandorsky and Wrangel Island.
The first national park is Sochi National Park and Losiny Ostrov in Moscow. The largest national parks: "Udege legend", "Yudyg Va", "Tunkinsky", "Vodlozersky", Shorsky.
Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean between the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas. Named after the 19th century Russian navigator and statesman Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel. The width of the island in the narrowest part is about 140 km.
The reserve "Wrangel Island" became the first Russian Arctic reserve. The total area of the reserve is 795,600 hectares, 5 miles of which surround the reserve from the sea.
The climate here is very severe, strong cold winds blow here. In the period from November 22 to January 22, the sun does not rise here at all! But there is also a polar day, this is the time when the sun does not set for more than a day, it usually lasts from the 20th of May to the 20th of July.
Completely different "northern animals" live on the island, such as: arctic foxes, arctic wolves, lemmings, seals, walruses; here you can meet the owner of the island - polar bear, wolves, foxes, wolverines, ermines are often found
Wrangel Island is popular with both resident and migratory birds. Migratory birds use this skeleton as a resting point during major flights. Approximately 20 species arrive on the island and live here temporarily, and the same number live permanently in the reserve.
The reserve is home to such rare bird species as the white goose. Eiders, Icelandic sandpipers, tules, glaucous gulls, fork-tailed gulls, long-tailed skuas, snowy owls also live here.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
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Why do we need nature reserves and national parks? 1. Reserves and national parks preserve wildlife, save species diversity from extinction, preserve the natural heritage of the country and the whole world. 2. Areas of great importance for the preservation of cultural heritage are protected in nature reserves and national parks. 3. The protective regime of reserves and national parks ensures the purity of water, fresh air and saves other vital resources. 4. The nature of nature reserves and national parks is a repository of natural genetic material (species biological diversity). 5. Preservation of a healthy environment for people's lives. 6. Reserves and national parks make a significant contribution to the development of science, environmental education of the population, and the development of civil society. 7. Biosphere models created on the basis of nature reserves and national parks demonstrate the possibility of human development in harmony with nature. 8. Raising funds for the economy of areas adjacent to nature reserves and national parks, first of all, the development of ecological tourism, ecological trails and routes, as well as the initiation of programs that combine the interests of society and nature. 9. The territory of reserves and national parks - places where people can join the values of pristine nature, the spiritual values of their nation and all of humanity. 10. Networks of reserves and national parks and the education system - an effective partnership for the formation of an ecological culture of society.
How many national parks and reserves are there? Currently, there are more than a thousand national parks and tens of thousands of protected areas in the world. According to rough estimates, there are about 70,000 of them, and they occupy approximately 10% of the entire land. In Russia, there are 101 nature reserves and 43 national parks, which together cover an area of sq. km (about 2% of the area of the Russian Federation).
The first national parks state reserves, protecting natural societies, appeared in the 16th century. However, the first national park was opened only at the end of the 19th century, in the USA. This really high honor was awarded to the unique Yellowstone Plateau, rich in geysers and hot mineral springs, where Yellowstone National Park was opened in 1872. Translated from in English means yellow stone. In the beginning, national parks were created as a place to enjoy. In them, a person could strengthen his body, refresh his mind and heal his soul. In 1916, the National Park Service was created in the United States. Such US national parks as the Grand Canyon, Jasper, Olympic and others are now well known outside of North America.
The first national park in the USSR, Lahemaa, was founded in 1971 in the Estonian SSR. In the future, the list of protected areas has expanded. In the following years, the status of national parks was granted to: Sochi National Park, Losiny Ostrov (1983); "Samarskaya Luka" (1984); "Mary Chodra" (1985); Pribaikalsky National Park, Zabaikalsky National Park, "Prielbrusye", "Bashkiria" (1986). The last to be added to the list were: in January 2008 "Buzuluksky Bor", in June 2009 "Russian Arctic", in January 2013 "Beringia", in March 2013 "Onega Pomorie". According to the laws of the Russian Federation, national parks are one of the types of specially protected natural areas(SPNA).
The first reserve on the territory of Russia Barguzinsky reserve was founded on January 11, 1917 on the territory of Buryatia. In the future, the list of protected areas has expanded. The oldest reserves, in addition to Barguzinsky, are Astrakhansky (1919), Ilmensky (1920) and Caucasian (1924). The Erzi (2000), Kologrivsky Les (2006) and Utrish (2010) reserves were the last to be included in the list. In accordance with the action plan for the implementation of the "Concept for the development of a system of specially protected natural areas of federal significance for the period up to 2020", it is planned to create 11 new reserves in the years, 2 of them (Ingermanlandsky and Shaitan-Tau) in 2012. The total area of nature reserves in Russia is more than 340 thousand km², which is comparable to the territory of Finland. The largest of the Russian reserves are the Great Arctic (over 41 thousand km²), Komandorsky (over 36 thousand km²) and Wrangel Island (over 22 thousand km²). The smallest nature reserves in Russia are Belogorye (more than 21 km²) and Prioksko-Terrasny and Galichya Gora (both less than 50 km²). Most of the reserves are located on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk (7), Primorsky (6) and Khabarovsk (6) regions.
Sochi National Park was established in 1983 and became one of the first national parks in Russia. On a vast territory in the mountains, the size of which reaches 190 thousand hectares, any production activity was stopped. This land was transferred to the citizens of Russia for health and tourism purposes. Sochi National Park is located in the south Krasnodar Territory, north of Sochi, in the foothills of the Greater Caucasus. Most of the territory of the park is occupied by mountains, dissected by river valleys. The foothill zone occupies a narrow strip along the Black Sea.
About 40 rivers and streams of the Black Sea basin flow through the territory of the Sochi National Park. Their length is small, only such rivers as Mzymta, Psou and Shahe are more than 50 kilometers long. Rivers and streams have a large number of waterfalls and canyons. The waterfalls are mainly located in the upper reaches of the rivers, 103 waterfalls with a threshold height of 2 to 73 meters are available for visiting.
The territory of the park itself is unique, because nowhere in Russia subtropics and highlands coexist so closely. That is why the mountainous Black Sea region is characterized by the most complex range of altitudinal zones in our country - from mountain broad-leaved forests at the foothills through mountain beech and coniferous forests to subalpine landscapes and high mountains with exposed rocks and snow. The territory of the Sochi National Park belongs to the Colchis forest province with a very rich and diverse flora.
In the Sochi National Park there are about 1500 species of native higher plants, of which 164 species are classified as trees, shrubs, semi-shrubs and lianas, and all the rest are classified as herbaceous plants. The number of relict breeds and endemics is large. In the Red Book International Union The yew berry, which is often found in the Sochi National Park, has been included in the conservation area. And 51 species of plants are listed in the Red Book of Russia, including yew berry, Pitsunda pine, 2 species of snowdrops, 3 species of fingerheads, 3 species of ophryses, 9 species of thrushes, Colchis boxwood, Caucasian lily, Caucasian lyon and others.
The fauna of the Sochi National Park includes about 80 species of mammals, about 120 species of birds, 17 species of reptiles, 9 species of amphibians, 21 species of fish. 15 species of animals are included in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, including leopard, corncrake, quail, Caucasian viper, Colchis snake, Colchis toad and others. Of those species of animals that are listed in the Red Book of Russia, 10 species of mammals, 9 species of birds, 4 species of reptiles, 5 species of amphibians, 3 species of annelids, from fish - trout and Ukrainian lamprey.
On the territory of the Sochi National Park there are 114 monuments of history and culture - these are the sites of ancient people, settlements, dolmen structures, well-shaped tombs, the remains of fortresses, temples, burial mounds, a sacrificial stone, obelisks and military monuments.
The idea of creating a national park appeared in 1909. In 1934, Losiny Ostrov was included in the 50-kilometer "green belt" around Moscow. Most of the forest was cut down during the Great Patriotic War. In 1979, by a joint decision of the Moscow City and Regional Councils of People's Deputies, Losiny Ostrov was transformed into natural Park, and on August 24, 1983, a national park was formed by the decision of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR.
The Elbrus region today is one of the most significant mountain monuments nature of the Caucasus. This is an area of unique landscape, where the mountains have become a cradle and a haven for many species of plants and animals, and to preserve it is an integral task of the state. For this purpose, on September 22, 1986, the Elbrus National Park was created here.
The park is located in the mid-mountain and high-mountain zones of the Lateral and Main Ranges of the Central Caucasus, on the territories of two administrative regions of the KBR - Elbrussky and Zolsky. Its total area is more than one hundred thousand hectares. 62 percent of it falls on hard-to-reach terrain: rocks, glaciers, snow fields.
As for the flora and fauna, it also has its own characteristics. Mount Elbrus, whose peaks are covered with solid firn (dense granular snow) and ice caps, serves as a powerful refrigerator that dries up the surroundings. Therefore, spruce and fir, which love moisture, do not grow in the Elbrus region, but pine, birch, aspen and some other deciduous plant species predominate. The main type of vegetation cover is meadows. And the slopes of the mountains are covered with a dark green carpet of rhododendrons, whose pink and white flowers bloom every summer.
Barguzinsky reserve is a reserve in Buryatia, located on the western slopes of the Barguzinsky ridge at altitudes up to 2840 m above sea level. m., includes the northeastern coast of Lake Baikal and part of the water area of the lake itself. The reserve and the ridge are named after the Barguzin River.
The reserve was established in 1916 to preserve and increase the population of the Barguzin sable (Martes zibellina). At the time of its foundation, there were only about sable individuals on the entire territory of the current reserve, currently 1-2 individuals per 1 km² of cedar forest. Historical Center the village of Davsha, since 1999 the administration has been located in the village of Nizhneangarsk.
All natural complexes are preserved in the reserve. Elk, musk deer, white hare, brown bear, shrew, black-capped marmot live in the Barguzinsky Reserve, in total 41 species of mammals. In the waters of the reserve there are Baikal omul, whitefish, sturgeon, grayling, taimen, lenok and other fish species. Since 1986, it has been a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.
The Astrakhan Biosphere Reserve consists of three sections - Damchiksky, Trekhizbinsky and Obzhorovsky. Their territory is located within the borders of Kamyzyaksky, Ikryaninsky and Volodarsky districts Astrakhan region. The total area of the reserve ha. Marine area ha. Security zone - ha.
The reserve was founded in 1919. In 1975, it became part of the Volga River Delta wetland, which is of international importance as a habitat for waterfowl under the Ramsar Convention of 1971. In 1984, it was included in the worldwide network of biosphere reserves of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program.
The Caucasian State Natural Biosphere Reserve is located on the northern and southern slopes of the Western Caucasus in the coordinates of ° north latitude and ° east longitude. Actually, this territory was declared a reserve on May 12, 1924, but the history of the preservation of a unique natural complex began much earlier, from the moment the Grand Duke's "Kuban hunting" was organized in 1888.
Being the largest protected area of the Caucasian Isthmus and the second largest in Europe, the reserve occupies the lands of the Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Adygea and the Karachay-Cherkess Republic of the Russian Federation, closely adjacent to state border with Abkhazia. Separated from the main territory, in the Khostinsky district of Sochi, there is a subtropical Khostinsky department of the reserve - the world-famous yew-boxwood grove, with an area of 302 hectares. The total area of the reserve ha. It is surrounded by a protected zone, numerous reserves and natural monuments, and the Sochi National Park adjoins its southern border.
The Caucasus Reserve is the richest treasury of biodiversity, which has no analogues in Russia. It has an international reference value as a site of untouched nature that has preserved pristine landscapes with unique flora and fauna. It is no coincidence that in 1979 the reserve was awarded a Certificate of inclusion in the World Natural Heritage List. The reserve received the status of a biosphere reserve and was included in the International Network of Biosphere Reserves, and in December 1999 it was included in the list of UNESCO World Natural Heritage Sites.
Reserve SIKHOTE - ALINSKY (Russia) The initial goal of the reserve was to preserve and restore the sable, which was almost exterminated at that time. The well-known explorer of the region V. K. Arseniev stood at the origins of the creation. Now more than 1100 species of plants grow on the territory of the reserve, including 38 rare and endangered species (spiky yew, high lure, Fori rhododendron, real slipper). 63 species of terrestrial mammals live here, including Red Book species: Amur tiger (21-29 individuals), goral (about 150 individuals), spotted deer (individuals), Himalayan bear. 342 species of birds, 8 species of reptiles, 5 species of amphibians, 32 species of freshwater fish have been registered. Of great importance is the preservation of fauna and flora in two areas of the marine area.
The SIKHOTE-ALIN State Natural Biosphere Reserve (territory area ha, sea area 2.9 thousand ha) is located in the northern part of Primorsky Krai (Terneisky and Krasnoarmeysky districts) and includes the eastern slope of the Sikhote-Alin ridge from its watershed (the highest altitude within the reserve is 1598 m above sea level) to the coast (including the coastal strip of the sea 1 km wide), as well as part of the western slope of the ridge. The reserve includes parts of three landscape districts: Terneisky (cedar-broad-leaved forests), Samargino-Dalnegorsky (in the subzone of broad-leaved-coniferous forests) and Sredne-Sikhote-Alinsky (fir-spruce forests) in the taiga subzone.
