Portugal is a charming country that can be called a quiet European province, where virgin nature serenely coexists with a developed tourist infrastructure, and respect for national customs coexists peacefully with pan-European traditions. Hospitality is one of the features of the national character of the Portuguese. Arriving here, you immediately feel that you are really welcome here. In addition, guests will be pleasantly surprised by the willingness of local residents to help in any situation, combined with the calm dignity, courtesy and restraint inherent in the style of communication of the Portuguese. Extensive sandy beaches and harsh coastal cliffs, on which the waves of the Atlantic Ocean break, gentle hills covered with greenery, and Mountain peaks, an abundance of flowers and red earth ...
Portugal is that rare land where everyone can find something for themselves: untouched landscapes, striking with amazing diversity, so atypical for a state with a small territory, and majestic monuments of the past - witnesses of the country's eight centuries of history.

Geography

A state in southwestern Europe, located in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula. In the north and east it borders with Spain. In the west and south it is washed by the Atlantic Ocean. Madeira and the Azores are autonomous regions of Portugal. total area Portugal, including the Azores (2335 sq. km) and Madeira Islands (794 sq. km) is 92082 sq. km. Portugal also owns overseas territory- Macau to East Asia located near Hong Kong. Most of the country's territory is mountainous, in the west and south the mountains turn into a vast coastal plain. The tallest Mountain chain Portugal Serra da Estrela reaches a height of up to 2000 m. The country is crossed by three large rivers, originating in Spain and flowing into the Atlantic Ocean: Tagus (Tajo), at the mouth of which is Lisbon; Douro (Duero) and Guardiana, which forms part of the country's eastern border. Capital Lisbon.

Time

Behind Moscow for 3 hours.

Climate

Portugal belongs to the subtropical climate zone. The nature of the weather is determined by the influence of the Atlantic Ocean, which keeps the temperature in the country lower than at the same latitudes in the Mediterranean. The cold Canary Current also has a cooling effect. To a large extent, weather conditions are determined by relief. Several climatic regions can be distinguished on the territory of the country: northwestern with abundant rains, mild winters and short summers; the northeast with longer, cold, snowy winters and hot summers, and the south with a deficit of precipitation, long hot, dry summers and mild winters. Every year in all regions of Portugal, snow can fall, but a stable snow cover is not formed.

The coldest month is January. His average temperature varies from +3 in the northeast of the country to +11.9 in the south. At the same time, the characteristic temperatures for night and day are +0.5 and +8 for the northern regions and +8 and +16 for the southernmost.

The average monthly temperature of the hottest months, July and August, varies from north to south from +19 to +23.4. During these months, the daily temperature in all regions exceeds +24 degrees, reaching +28.8 in the south. At night, the thermometer drops to +10 in the north and up to +16..18 in the south.

Most of the precipitation falls during the cold season. In the mountains in the north, almost everywhere, more than 1000 mm of precipitation falls annually. Their greatest number is noted on the slopes of the Serra da Estrela, the top of which is covered with snow in November-May. On the plains of Central and Southern Portugal, the annual precipitation is 400-800 mm, and along the southern coast in some places it drops to 300 mm. The driest months are July and August. Portugal is the country with the largest number of sunny days in Europe. In the southern regions, the number of sunny hours per year reaches 3000.

The swimming season on the west coast lasts only three months, but even during this period swimming is not for everyone - the water temperature is about +18. The water warms up more near the southern coast (up to +21), where the bulk of the resort towns are concentrated. The best time for beach holiday on the mainland of Portugal is the period from July to September, when the water temperature reaches +19...21. In general, the climate of Portugal is very favorable, and it can be visited at any time. It is interesting to visit the country in February, when the Carnival takes place.

Language

The official language is Portuguese, but Spanish and English are also spoken.

Religion

Most of the population of Portugal (94%) professes Catholicism, and various areas of Protestantism are also represented. There are Jewish communities in Lisbon and Porto (200 thousand people). About 5% of the country's inhabitants recognize themselves as atheists.

Population

The population of the country, including the Azores and Madeira, is 10.56 million people. About 70% of the country's population is concentrated in the coastal zone. prevails urban population. The most typical for Portugal are small towns with a population of no more than 10 thousand people. Nationally, the population of Portugal is homogeneous. 99% are Portuguese, whose language belongs to the Romance group. The basis of the Portuguese ethnic group are the Lusitans, one of the ancient Iberian tribes.

Electricity

220 V, 50 Hz.

Emergency Phones

In case of emergency - 115 (from anywhere in the country, at any time of the day). In the event of a traffic accident, use the nearest (orange) telephone 308, ambulance, police, fire brigade - 112, help desk - 118.

Connection

For automatic telephone communication with Portugal, the country code (351) is dialed, then the city (area) code and the number of the called party. When calling from Portugal itself to the islands, "0" is added to the local code. There are many Wi-Fi hotspots throughout the country. GPRS-roaming is offered by the main Russian operators. Regular access can be obtained from Internet cafes in major cities. Some post offices also provide access. The easiest way is to call from a pay phone that works with "CREDITOFONE" cards, a call from a bar, restaurant or hotel will cost 3-4 times more. Tariffs are reduced after 22.00, and for international calls - after 20.00.

Currency exchange

The local currency is Escudo. 1 escudo = 100 centavos. There are coins in denominations from 1 (there are even 2.50) centavos to 200. Banknotes - from 500 to 10,000. The exchange rate is approximately $ 1 = 188 PTE.
It is more convenient to exchange money at the Lisbon airport, where the exchange rate is always high. In banks and hotels, the exchange rate is lower, and they will charge more for the exchange. Hand trading in dollars is not practiced. In many stores, payment can be made in dollars. Almost everywhere you can pay with credit cards. At every step, even in small towns, there are ATMs, however, as a rule, $50 and $100 bills are not exchanged, and the exchange rate is not favorable. Banks are open on weekdays until 15-17 hours.

Visa

A Schengen visa is required to enter Portugal. The usual time for processing documents at the embassy is up to 2 weeks.

Customs regulations

The import of foreign and national currency in cash and traveler's checks is not limited. However, if the amount of imported foreign currency exceeds EUR 4987.98, it must be declared. The export of the national currency from the country is limited - the amount should not exceed 498.80 euros. There are no restrictions on the export of foreign currency, however, if the amount exceeds 4987.98 euros, a certificate from the exchange office may be required. Duty-free importation of personal belongings and food is allowed in Portugal, in the amount necessary for personal consumption; cigarettes - 200 pcs., strong drinks - 1 l, strong wine - 2 l, dry - 2 l. It is forbidden to import drugs, gold in the form of ingots, coins, plates without the permission of the country's bank, illegally published printed materials. Upon import, weapons, antiquities and art, items made of precious metals are subject to mandatory customs inspection.

Holidays and non-working days

New Year - January 1
Carnival Tuesday - February/March - the day before Ash Wednesday, the first day of Lent
Good Friday - March/April - Holy Week Friday
Freedom Day - April 25 - anniversary of the 1974 revolution
Labor Day - May 1
Corpus Christi - May/June - ninth Thursday after Easter
Portugal Day - June 10
Feast of the Assumption of the Virgin - August 15
Republic Day - October 5 - the anniversary of the proclamation in 1910 of the Republic of Portugal
All Saints Day - November 1
Independence Day - December 1 - the anniversary of the declaration of independence from Spain in 1640
Feast of the Immaculate Conception - December 8
Christmas - December 25

Transport

The main urban modes of transport are buses and trams, there is a metro in Lisbon and Porto, and several lifts operate in the capital. Bus and tram fares vary depending on the distance. Tickets can be purchased in advance at the kiosk or from the driver (which is more expensive). A city bus ticket is valid for two trips and costs about 50 cents. The fare on the subway will cost 45 cents if you buy a ticket from the cashier, and 40 cents if you take a ticket from a machine. Portugal has a system of tourist passes for urban transport (bus, tram and metro, also valid for funiculars), which are available at many railway stations and metro stations. When traveling by taxi in the city, the fee is charged by the meter, and outside it - by mileage, including the return trip to the place of departure. All cities are connected by excellent bus service (comfortable and inexpensive). You can also travel by plane of one of the domestic airlines - TAP Air Portugal or Portugalia. There is also the Azores airline SATA.

Tips

Portugal is one of the few countries where taking and giving tips is not customary.

The shops

Shops in Portugal are open Monday to Friday from 9:00 to 13:00 and from 15:00 to 19:00, on Saturday most of them close at 13:00. There are no lunch breaks in supermarkets. Shopping centers in major cities are also open on weekends and holidays from 10:00 to 22:00 - 23:00. TAX FREE system operates in Portuguese stores. If you take a receipt for the goods, then the value added tax will be refunded at the airport. This service is valid if your stay in the country does not exceed 3 months.

National cuisine

Favorite dishes of the Portuguese are sardines, tuna (although it is too expensive for the layman), salted cod, crab croquettes and other seafood. Portuguese cuisine is rich in sauces. Rice is widely used in Portuguese cuisine, not only as a side dish for second courses, but also as a dessert - with milk and eggs, sugar, vanilla, cinnamon or lemon peel. Portuguese cabbage soup is interesting - almost the same as Russian ones, they are called "caldo verde" (caldo verde). It can also be translated as "hot green", which is home to the foothills near the Minho River. Known for its cheeses, fruits and olive oils, Beira Baixa (lower coast) offers travelers a simple but very tasty menu, such as pumpkin soup with beaten egg and "coelho com carqueja", which is eaten for dessert "tijolada" ( sweet cream) and migas doses. In Cuimbra, typical dishes include broccoli soup, eel soup (ensopada de enguias), suckling pig and, among the richest selection of sweets, ovos moles, the famous dessert from Aveiro, based on sugar, eggs and cinnamon.

As a rule, the menu of a Portuguese restaurant includes the main local dish: "Tripesh a moda do Porto" or "Beef giblets from Porto". The most delicious Atlantic fish served on the table on the Portuguese coast is robalo - wolf perch. A very popular caldeirada is a thick stew like fish soup from different types fish and other seafood, which is cooked in a cataplan - a special copper dish.

Of the fruits, pineapples from the Azores and bananas from Madeira are especially tasty. Portugal serves a wide variety of desserts, among which the unique almond cake - bolo de amendoa stands out. In Portugal, inexpensive wines are traditionally served for dinner. It is especially worth trying the famous Portuguese port wine.

Attractions

Monastery of Hieronymites(Hieronymites) (Mosteiro Jeronimos), located in the Belem district of Lisbon, Portugal. This magnificent monastery is considered one of the most important monuments of Lisbon and is certainly one of the most successful achievements of the Manueline architectural style in Portugal. In 1983, the monastery was classified by UNESCO, with its neighboring Torre de Belem, as a World Heritage Site.

Queluz National Palace(Portuguese: Nacional de Queluz Palacio), an 18th century Portuguese palace located in Queluz, in the modern municipality of Sintra, in the Lisbon region. One of the last large Rococo buildings to be developed in Europe. The palace was conceived as a summer residence for Don Pedro Braganza (Dom Pedro Braganza). One wing of the palace, the Dona Maria Pavilion, built between 1785 and 1792 by the architect Manuel Caetano de Sousa, is now a small hotel that houses foreign heads of state visiting Portugal.

Monastery of Alcobaça(Portuguese: Mosteiro de Santa Maria de Alcobaca) is a medieval monastery located in the city of Alcobaça, in central Portugal. The monastery was founded by the first Portuguese King, Alfonso Henriques, in 1153, and has maintained a close association with the Kings of Portugal throughout the history of the country. The church and monastery were the first Gothic buildings in Portugal, and, together with Monastery of Santa Cruz in Coimbra, it was one of the most important medieval monasteries in Portugal. Due to its artistic and historical importance, the monastery was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1989.

No visitor misses tower of bethlehem St. Vincent - the original fortification, recognizable at first sight. Named after a saint who is considered the patron saint of Lisbon, the tower has long been a symbol of the city. Like a mighty galleon, she stands in the waters of the Tagus River, facing the Atlantic Ocean, whose endless waters begin very close by.

Mafra National Palace- a monumental palace - a monastery in the style of Baroque and Italianized Neoclassicism, located in the suburbs of Lisbon, Mafra, in Portugal. Its size is so huge that it overshadows the city. The palace-monastery is said to be Portugal's original attempt to compete with Spain's Escorial Palace, located on the outskirts of Madrid, in Spain. The palace, which also served as a Franciscan monastery, was built during the reign of King John V (1707-1750). This sprawling complex is one of the most striking examples of palatial Baroque buildings in Portugal. The palace was built symmetrically to the central axis occupied by the basilica and continues longitudinally through the main façade to the two main towers. The buildings of the convent are located behind the main facade. The building also includes the main library, with approximately 40,000 rare books. The basilica is adorned with several Italian statues and includes six historic organs and two sets of 92 bells.

Magnificent St. George's castle- one of the symbols of Portugal. The castle is more than a thousand years old, and many historical events are associated with it. The castle is very ancient and has a long history. More than once he was a witness and participant in many historical events. The castle played the role of not only an important fortress, but also a port, due to its favorable location.

Resorts

lisbon riviera Costa do Sol ("sunny Beach") is a whole strip of resorts stretching from the mouth of the Tagus River north along the Atlantic coast. Sandy beaches starting from Carcavelos in the Cascais region give way to sheer rocky shores surrounded by pine groves. This is an aristocratic area with numerous villas, hotels and well-groomed golf courses, small secluded beaches and many small picturesque villages.

Well-known Cascais is the largest center of tourism and shopping on the coast. Attractive" Old city"with a lively pedestrian zone, numerous cafes and restaurants, an autodrome, a beautiful city park and the castle of the Aristocrat, the Museum of Condes de Castro-Guimarães, the Maritime Museum, the churches of the Assumption and Nossa Señora doug Navegantes (XVIII century), the chapels of Nossa -Señora da Guia (XV century) and San Sebastian (XVI-XVII centuries), a fortress of the XVII century, as well as an area sand dunes Guinsha with Praia do Guincho beach is real paradise for windsurfers.

home resort area Portugal - Algarve. This is an almost continuous strip of beaches, stretching from east to west from Monte Gordo to Lagos (about 150 km.) And protected from the north winds by mountain ranges. The western part of the coast is famous for its amazingly beautiful rocky beaches, while the eastern part is quite flat and has excellent sandy coasts. The Algarve is an ideal place for active and beach holidays, there are all conditions for sports activities throughout the year. The most popular are golf, lawn tennis and all water sports, as well as horse riding and athletics.

Madeira("forest", port.) - an archipelago of volcanic origin. Mountain terraces ("balconies") rise from the coast to the central peak of Santana (1861 m.), which creates a unique landscape of the island. Sheer ocean cliffs, rock pools, levada irrigation canals, tiny beaches and eucalyptus groves, almost untouched flora and fauna, craters extinct volcanoes and lava fields, an abundance of waterfalls, mountain rivers and streams make the landscape of Madeira even more picturesque. Here expanse for lovers of fishing and hunting (from September to December), golf and trekking, windsurfing and diving. Tuna and pygmy shark hunting, tennis and horseback riding, the world-famous Madeira and excellent cuisine are very popular, but the most important thing in Madeira is nature, beaches and unusually clean air.

On Azores The recreation infrastructure is still rather poorly developed, but every year more and more guests visit these rocky islands in search of peace and solitude.

Portimao, the second largest city in the province, is proud of its famous beaches Alvor, Tres Irmaos and Praia da Rocha with the fortress of Santa Catarina de Ribamar, as well as the cathedral (XIV century), the Colegio church, the Roman ruins of the Villa Abikada (IV century), numerous fish restaurants and the Algarve casino ". 66 km. from Faro, halfway to Portimão, lie the ruins of the ancient necropolis of Alcalar (1600 BC) and the ruins of Roman settlements. Amazing landscapes of the resort Carvoeiro(60 km. from Faro) with bizarre rocks, grottoes and caves entered many advertising brochures about the country.

Founded by the Romans Estoril from time immemorial has been a place of exile for crowned persons, and now it is trendy resort with many beaches, ancient churches, a lot of restaurants, shops and one of the largest casinos in Europe. Estoril is famous for its ancient fortresses on the rocks washed by the waters of the Atlantic - the Citadel and Boca de Inferno (Devil's fortress) are considered the hallmark of the Costa do Sol. Halfway from Cascais to Sintra lies the westernmost point of Europe - Cape Roca (Cabo da Roca), having visited which you can get a certificate of visiting the westernmost point of the mainland and see the famous stele at an altitude of 140 m above sea level. In a storm, huge waves rise above the rocks, scattering into hundreds of rainbows and creating an unforgettable picture of these legendary places.

Portuguese navigators changed the world forever. Led by Prince Enrique the Navigator (he himself had never been further than North Africa) The Portuguese were the first Europeans to sail into the Atlantic and sail along the coast of Africa. Portuguese first (fleet under the command of Vasco da Gama) reached India by sea from the west. They were the first Europeans to land on Ceylon, Sumatra - the spice islands in the Molucca Strait, they laid the foundation for trade with China and Japan. In the west, the Portuguese were the first to set foot on the soil of South America and discovered Brazil. There is evidence that the Portuguese reached the coast of North America even before the Caribbean voyage of Columbus in 1492.

The Portuguese Fernando de Magalhaes - Fernando Magellan - led the first trip around the world organized by the Spaniards. Although he himself did not manage to return, he nevertheless gained worldwide fame. Portuguese sailors were respected all over the world. The famous Francis Drake hired a Portuguese captain on his Golden Doe.

Manueline architectural style

The Portuguese became world famous for their painted azulejou - tiles - and port wine, but they made an equally significant contribution to architecture, creating an exquisite style that made extensive use of stone carving. This style originated in Portugal at the end of the 15th century. and lasted only a few decades, coinciding with the reign of King Manuel I (1495-1521) , in honor of which he received the name - "Manueline".

Apparently, Portuguese architects were inspired by sea voyages and discoveries. They took Gothic as a basis and enriched it with a mass of decorations, exquisite elements, mostly associated with the sea. Knotted ropes, corals, seahorses, nets and waves were carved from stone. Other decorations not related to the sea were also widely used. For the first time this style was used in the decoration of the small church of Jesus in Setubal and the Lisbon tower of Belen, as well as the monastery of the Hieronymites. The unfinished chapels of the monastery of Batalha can be considered a true masterpiece of the Manueline style.

Magnificent examples of this architectural style can also be seen in the Algarve: pay attention to the portals and windows of the churches in Silves (Church of Misericordia), Alvor and especially in Monchique. In the XVI century. the Manueline style went out of fashion. By 1540, Portugal joined the rest of Europe, where at that time a more severe Renaissance style dominated.

Purchases

Although Portugal has plenty of malls and modern stores, the greatest pleasure is to wander through the small old shops, especially in Lisbon and Porto.

Folk crafts are preserved in the country. Exquisite gold and silverware, hand-painted ceramics, wicker baskets and classic woolen carpets are sold in markets and small shops throughout the country. You will find the best craftsmanship on the ground floor of the Ribeira Market in Lisbon.

Of course, Portugal has a lot of fashion boutiques and jewelry stores. Lisbon, Porto and the Algarve are especially famous for this. Be sure to check out the cellars where port wines and other wonderful wines are stored. Many consumer goods in small towns are still inexpensive.

Tax refund

Citizens of countries outside the European Union can receive a refund of value added tax included in the price of many goods. Pay attention to the blue-and-white signs "TAX FREE" and fill out special documents that can be obtained in stores upon purchase. VAT can be returned to your credit card at the airport or sent to you by mail after returning home.

What to buy

• Copper and bronze. Candlesticks, old-fashioned pots and pans, bowls and trays are sold all over Portugal. Cataplanas are wonderful, beautiful and functional souvenirs. The Moorish tradition of metal kitchen utensils is preserved in the town of Loulé, in the Algarve.
• Carpets and rugs. Beautiful and very high quality carpets self made, predominantly from the Alentejo region, have been famous for centuries. Wool rugs from Arraiolos have a rustic feel. In this small town you will find dozens of shops where you can choose a carpet to your liking.
• Ceramics and azulejos. Portugal has long been famous for its colorful ceramics and hand-painted tiles. You can buy a white and blue tile with a house number, or you can pick up a whole panel. In some stores, tiles are painted by order, including from photographs. It is heavy to transport ceramics, ask if your purchases can be delivered by mail. Each region has its own style: in Coimbra, masters prefer to depict animals, in Barcelos - cockerels, and in Chaves they make characteristic black ceramics.
• For tiles, head to the Azulejo Museum in Lisbon or shop on the N125 in the Algarve. There are two large shops in Porches: "Olaria Algarve" (ceramics from Porches), where they work in the old Moorish style, and "Casa Algarve".
• Cork. Portugal is a leading manufacturer of cork products. You will be offered rugs, curious sculptures and other products. These are light and easy to transport souvenirs.
• Embroidery. In Portugal, many embroidered products are sold - tablecloths and napkins. Especially a lot of embroidery in street markets. Pay attention to exquisite products from Madeira - they are exceptionally good and relatively inexpensive.
• Sweet gifts. Even if you are not a big fan of sweets, you will hardly be able to resist the marzipans from the Algarve, which are shaped into miniature vegetables and fruits. This is a wonderful gift that is easy to bring home.
• Jewelry. Portugal is famous for its filigree, inherited from the Moors. The quality of the products is very high. Buy silver brooches or earrings in the shape of flowers or butterflies as a gift.
• Leather Products. Everywhere you will find a large selection of fashionable and inexpensive belts, handbags and shoes, as well as jackets, wallets and gloves. In Lisbon, the main shoe stores are in Baixa.
• Music. Bring home the soul of Portugal - recordings of classical fado or other traditional music played on folk instruments.
• Wine and products. Wines from the Dau, Douro, Minho and Alentejo regions are excellent for transport, but the best gift is a Portuguese port. Buy some bottles in the cellars of Vila Nova de Gaia. Smoked sausages or sweets made from almonds, marzipan and figs will be a good souvenir.

When and where to buy

Most shops are open Mon-Fri 9.00-13.00, 15.00-19.00, Sat 9.00-13.00. Modern shopping centers are usually open from 10.00 to midnight or even later. They often work on Sundays as well. More and more shops refuse a lunch break. Markets open around 8:00 am and close in the afternoon.

street markets (feiras or mercados)- excellent entertainment. Here you can buy products of folk craftsmen, clothes and products. Lisbon's "thieves' market" (Feira da Ladra) opens behind the Sau Vicente de Fora church on Tuesdays and Saturdays. The largest market in the country operates in Barcelos. In July and August, Vila do Conde near Porto hosts the National Craft Fair. A similar fair is held in Lagos on the Algarve in August. Masters come here from all over the country.

Almost all urban stores accept credit cards, but in smaller towns the situation is different. Prices are usually fixed, you can only bargain in the markets.

Entertainment

Evening entertainment in Portugal depends on where you are. In Lisbon and Porto, you can listen to any live music, visit the theater, sit in a bar or club. There are many clubs and discos in the Algarve. Small towns are much calmer and quieter.

Fado. A classic evening in Portugal is an evening spent in a fado club (casas de fado) in Alfama or Bairro Alto. Often dinner or drinks are included in the program. The origin of this music is unknown. It may have come from sad songs about sailors lost at sea, or from the tragic days of slavery. Today these songs can be called a kind of Iberian blues. Typically, a fado troupe includes a singer dressed in black, accompanied by men playing 12-string Portuguese guitars and "viols", that is, Spanish guitars. Fado is sad, lingering and nostalgic music. She is too sad to dance to, so sometimes songs alternate with folk dances.

If you want to listen to fado in Lisbon, we recommend the following places: "Adega Machado" (Rua do Norte, 91); "A Parreirinha da Alfama" (Beco do Espirito Santa, 1); "A Severa" (Rua das Gaveas, 51); "Senhor Vinho" (Rua do Meio a Lapa).

In the Algarve, bars and hotels also host “fado evenings”, where you can get acquainted with this purely Portuguese musical tradition.

Live music and theatre. The easiest way is to visit the opera, listen to a classical music concert or attend a ballet in Lisbon. The city has an excellent opera house, and the Gulbenkian Foundation finances its own symphony orchestra and ballet troupe. The National Ballet performs in the new hall in the Park of Nations. Excellent concert halls and theaters are open in Porto. The Algarve has an orchestra that tours with concerts throughout the country.

Night clubs. There are a lot of clubs and bars open until late in Porto and Lisbon.

In Lisbon, the best bars are located in the Bairro Alto quarter, as well as in the former docks of Alcantara. Fans of fun from Porto often go to Foz do Douro. The best discos and clubs in the Algarve are located in Albufeira and Praia da Roca. Lagos is a great place where the fun lasts not only in summer. Evora and Coimbra are university towns with many student bars and clubs. The rest of the cities just fall asleep in the evenings.

Gambling. The main casino of Lisbon is located in Estoril. Recently, the owners received a license to open a casino in the capital - in the trendy coastal garden Jardin do Tobaco. A new casino, Casino de Lisboa, operates in the Parque des Nations in Auditorio dos Oceanos (Tel: 218-929-000, www.casinolisboa.pt). In the Algarve, casinos operate in Monte Gordo, Vilamoura and Praia da Roca, as well as in Figueira da Foz, Espinho and Povoa de Varzim. To enter the casino, you must have a passport with you and be over 21 years old.

Sport

Portugal is a paradise for athletes. The temperate climate in the southern part of the country makes it possible to play golf and tennis all year round.

Water sports

Diving and snorkelling. On a long south coast Portugal has about 30 diving centers. This sport is especially popular in the western Algarve. (Luz, Lagos, Sagres). On the coast of Estoril and south of Lisbon, the water is very clean and calm. It is nice to snorkel and dive here.

Fishing. Along the coast of Portugal, you will constantly see fishermen on the beaches, rocks and breakwaters. Permission is required for river and lake fishing. Information can be obtained from the Portuguese National Tourist Board or the Forest Institute (Institute Florestal; Avenida Joao Crisostomo 26, 1000 Lisbon). Best time for fishing - winter, from October to mid-January.

In Portimão, Faro, Sesimbra or Setúbal you can rent a boat. The best conditions for fishing are near Sesimbra, where swordfish are found. The Algarve has the best fishing conditions in Europe.

Sailing and rowing. Most of the beaches, protected from the open ocean, have rowing boats, canoes and pedal boats - you can rent them. Experienced athletes can borrow sailing yacht. You can take a course in the Algarve sailing (Praia de Luz, Quinta do Lago, Portimao). A large sailboat can be rented at yacht clubs (Vilamoura, Carvoeiro Club). In almost any city in the Algarve, you will be offered a boat trip or a whole cruise. You can kayak along the mountain rivers and reservoirs in the north of Portugal, for example in Minho.

Swimming. With so many beaches, it's no surprise that there are so many opportunities for swimming in Portugal.

It is best to swim in the Algarve - the water is warmer here, and the beaches are better protected from the waves than on the west coast. Lifeguards are not everywhere. Most hotels have swimming pools. Since the coast of Estoril is heavily polluted, you can swim near Lisbon only in Estoril itself, the beach of which received a blue flag for the purity of the water.

Ground sports

Bike. In the north you can go mountain biking. travel companies organize various mountain walks, especially in the Serra da Estrela National Park. The thirteen-kilometre Ecopista trail runs along picturesque places in the valley of the Minyu River.

Golf. Portugal is one of the best places in the world for golf. Many companies offer all-inclusive programs. There are excellent fields near Lisbon, especially in Estoril. The Golf do Estoril hosts a world-class tournament. There are a few good fields near Porto, but most of them are concentrated in the Algarve. The best pitches are in Vilamoura and Quinta do Lago.

All information can be found in the booklet issued by the Portuguese National Tourist Board. Passionate golfers can stay at the Golf Hotel. Typically, these hotels are located near the fields and offer free (or at a significant discount) games on fields that are very difficult to get to in any other way. They also organize tournaments for their guests.

Horseback riding. There are a lot of stables in Portugal where you can rent a horse. Many quintas hotels offer horseback riding. Many equestrian centers (centros hipicos) on the Algarve. Most of the horses are at least partly related to the famous local breed "Lusitano". Tourist centers in the north of Portugal offer horse rides, such as Campo do Geres in the Minho region.

Tennis. Large hotels have their own courts, but tennis clubs and public courts are located everywhere. Many golf clubs also have courts. The Algarve has several world-class tennis clubs - one of the best is Vale do Lobo. Two other great tennis clubs are T6nis Rocha Brava near Carvoeiro and Estoril Tennis Club.

Hiking. Many national parks in central and northern parts Portugal is a great place for hiking. Head to Serra da Estrela, Peneda Geres or Montecinho. An excellent hike can be made along the beaches and cliffs on the Algarve coast or the hills of Mogadoro in Trás os Montes. Local tourist offices will help you organize such a trip.

Spectator sports

Bullfighting. In Portuguese bullfighting, the bull is not killed in the arena, but later in the slaughterhouse. Bullfighting takes place in Vila Franca de Xira in Ribatejo. Bullfights are also held at the Campo Pequeno Pra^a de Touros arena in Lisbon (the season starts in May and lasts until the end of September, fights are held every Thursday and Sunday) and at the Monumental arena in Cascais. Bullfights for tourists are organized in Lagos, Quarteira and Vila Real de Santo António, as well as in Albufeira (Pay attention to the posters with the inscription "Praca de Toiros"). The season runs from Easter Sunday to October.

Football. Football in Portugal is very popular. The main teams of the country are Benfica and Sporting, as well as Porto. The Algarve team performs "Farense", which trains in the capital of the region.

Portugal for kids

Families with children prefer to relax on the beaches. Many hotels have swimming pools and special shallow pools for children.

The beaches of the Algarve are great for families with children. Toddlers can frolic on sandbanks, older children can explore rocky coves. Pay attention to the flags that signal the state of the sea.

A green flag means that the sea is calm and lifeguards are on duty on the beach. Green with checkered - the sea is calm, but there are no lifeguards, a yellow flag - swimming is not recommended, and red simply prohibits.

The main children's attraction of Lisbon - the Park of Nations, where there is a wonderful aquarium, is playgrounds, fountains, rowing boats and a cable car.

In Coimbra with children, you can go to the park "Portugal in miniature" (Portuguese dos Pequeninos).

In the Algarve, several amusement parks, zoos and water parks are open for children, including Aquashow near Quarteira (between Vilamoura and Loule) on the N396 highway; slide & splash (N125 Vale de Deus near Lagos) and Aqualand - The Big One (N125 near Alcantarilla), which is considered the largest in Europe. Another attraction - Zoomarine (N125, 25 km)- an amusement park where dolphins and sea lions perform, there are parrot shows, rides and pools. Near Vaqueros is the amusement park A Cova dos Mouros, a real Neolithic village built around a prehistoric copper mine. You can also ride donkeys here.

Holiday calendar

• February March. The main carnivals are held in Funchal, Lola, Nazar, Ovar, Torres Vedras. There are processions and fireworks everywhere. Fado festival is organized in Lisbon.
• March, April. The pilgrimage to the Bon Jesus church in Braga is the main event of Holy Week.
• May. Feast of the Crosses in Barcelos: concerts and fireworks on the river Cavado ( first weekend). May 13 the first pilgrimage to Fatima. A ceremonial burning of ribbons is held in Coimbra to mark the end of the school year. The Algarve hosts an international music festival for a month.
• June July. Festival of Music, Dance and Theater in Lisbon. Fairs and festivities in honor of popular saints: St. Anthony (June 13), Saint John (June 24) and Saint Peter (June 29). The Feast of Corpus Christi in Vila do Conde is accompanied by processions and flower carpets. Vila Franca de Xira hosts a bull run through the streets (first two Sundays in July).
• July August. International Music Festival in Estoril and Cascais.
• August. A three-day celebration in Guimarães with torchlight processions, folk dances, bands and a colorful parade in medieval costumes (August 4-6). In Viana do Castelo, a religious celebration of Nossa Señora da Agonia is held, with participants dressed in colorful folk costumes (closest weekend to August 20).
• September. Annual pilgrimage to the baroque temple in Lamego: torchlight processions, folk dances, a fair and fireworks and a triumphal procession (September 6-9). Religious holiday in Nazar: fishermen carry the statue of the patron saint throughout the city, bullfights, fairs, concerts, folk dances and songs (second week of September).
• October. Last Pilgrimage to Fatima (October 12-13). October fair in Vila Franca de Xira - running with the bulls and bullfighting (first two weeks).
• November. Galega Horse Fair - Saint Martin's Fair (second week).
• December. Christmas markets in Lisbon open throughout the city.

Portuguese cuisine

Portuguese cuisine is always good - whether it's appetizers, roasts or sweets. Herbs and spices are used (hot peppers are quite rare) and in the best restaurants, and in simple eateries, and solely in order to emphasize, and not to interrupt the taste of the dish itself. Portuguese cuisine is quite simple and not overly sophisticated, but still delicious. The best seasoning for caldeiradas is coriander (coentros). This herb goes well with both meat and fish. Each region has its own specialties. Minho loves marinated pork (rojoes). In Boussacou and Coimbra you will be offered a baked suckling pig (leitao assado). Tripe (tripas) is a specialty of Porto. And clams or mussels baked in a cataplana deep frying pan are a favorite dish of the inhabitants of the Algarve. In Apentejo, a raw egg is added to soups and the soup is served at the end of the meal. Fish and seafood are used only the freshest, and they taste amazing. Everywhere you will see wonderful cakes, pastries and sweet puddings. They are usually made with eggs, sugar and almonds. It is impossible to resist such temptation. The perfect place where you can taste the best local cuisine are the restaurants behind.

Accommodation

Portuguese hotels have from two stars to five plus. In small hotels and boarding houses, prices are lower, but there are much fewer such places. Estalagem - a small hotel, pensao - a boarding house where breakfast is also offered, residential - accommodation without food. In Lisbon, you can rent a furnished apartment, and in the countryside, it is quite possible to stay in a luxurious mansion.

Pousadas are state-owned hotels located in historical buildings, monasteries and castles, in picturesque corners of the country. All information can be found at www.pousadas.pt. From time to time, various promotions are arranged in the backyards, when a room can be booked at a significant discount. Discounts are often given to honeymooners and those over 55.

In Portugal, there are two state tourism schemes Turihab and Solares de Portugal. Private houses are adapted or completely converted to the needs of tourists (tel.: 258-931-750, fax: 258-931-320, www.solaresdeportugal.pt or www.turihab.pt). Such housing is divided into three groups: Casas Antigas - mansions of the XVII-XVIII centuries; Quintas e Herdades - country estates and farms, including wineries of the North; Casas Riisticas - cottages and rural houses in a typical regional style.

You can rent a villa or an apartment. In this case, we advise you to look at the websites of Owners Direct (www.ownersdirect.co.uk) Portugal Villa (www.portugalvilla.com) or Algarve Villa (www.algarvevilla.net).

In high season (mid June - mid September) Accommodation is best booked two months in advance. In the low season, many hotels close, others offer serious discounts - especially often in seaside resorts.

Prices in Portuguese hotels are very reasonable, although in Lisbon they have risen in recent years and are now quite comparable with prices in most European capitals, and in the higher price segment even surpass such popular cities as Barcelona.

All hotels, with the exception of the smallest apartments, accept major credit cards. If you make a reservation by phone, the code for Portugal is 351.

Youth hostels (Hostels)

There are 36 youth hostels in Portugal. Many also offer food. Conditions are modest, but some hostels are located in beautiful historic buildings. We advise you to join the international organization Hostelling International before departure (www.hihostels.com), but it can be done in Portugal as well. Address of the Portuguese Association: Portuguese Youth Hostel Association, Movijovem, Rua Lucio de Azevedo, 27, Lisbon; men.: 217-232-100; seat reservations: tel.: 707-203-030, www.pousadasjuventude.pt.

Airports

Portugal has three international airports- in Lisbon, Faro and Porto.

Lisbon Airport is only 7 km from the city centre. The journey by car takes 11 minutes (at rush hour - 20 min). There are always many taxis near the terminal, and a trip to the city center will cost 10 euros. Alternatively, you can take bus 91. This is a shuttle that leaves every 20 minutes from 7.45 to 20.45. It goes through the city center, Rossio Square and Cais do Sodre station. With this ticket you can ride trams and buses all day (but not on the subway). Airport information: tel.: 218-413-500.

Faro International Airport serves the Algarve. The airport is located 7 km from the capital of the Faro region. By taxi you will reach Faro in 10 minutes, in half an hour - to Albufeira. Alternatively, Faro can be reached by bus. Airport information: tel.: 289-800-800.

Francisco Sa Carneiro Airport in Porto is a 20-minute drive from the city center from Matosinhos. In 45 minutes you will reach the airport on the purple metro line. You can take a taxi, it will cost you 25 euros, but you can spend a lot of time in traffic jams. Airport information: tel.: 222-432-400.

Information about the national airline "TAP Air Portugal": tel.: 702-205-700. Website of all airports in Portugal: www.ana.pt.

Travel budget

Portugal is generally cheaper than many European countries. However, the exchange rate and the season may affect the cost of your trip.

Road to Portugal. There are regular charter flights from Russia to Lisbon, Porto and Faro.

Museum tickets. From 2 to 11 euros depending on the location.

Accommodation. Prices for luxury hotels are comparable to prices in large European cities, but strongly dependent on the season. In July and August, prices in the Algarve are simply sky-high - often twice as high as in the low season. In high season, a double room with a bath per night in a 3-star hotel can cost 75-100 euros, in a 4-star hotel - 125-200 euros, in a 5-star hotel - 200-400 euros. In the rear, a double room, depending on the style, can cost from 120 to 280 euros. Remember that the price often does not include breakfast and 17% VAT.

Food. Prices in even the most luxurious restaurants can seem surprisingly affordable compared to most European countries. Portuguese wines are of good quality and attractive price (even in expensive restaurants). A three-course dinner with wine in a decent establishment usually costs 15-30 euros per person. At lunchtime, visitors are often offered set meals. (menta turistica) no more than 20 euros.

Beverages. Soft drinks cost about 1-3 euros, alcoholic drinks - 3-13 euros. It all depends on where you decide to drink.

Local transport. Buses and taxis are surprisingly inexpensive. A bus ticket costs less than 1.5 euros, and most trips within the same city usually cost between 4 and 10 euros.

Nightlife and entertainment. The prices are quite different. Entrance to the disco will have to pay 5-20 euros (usually this price includes the cost of the first drink), for the entrance to the casino - 10 euros (sometimes admission is free, for example in Estoril, although you will have to pay from 4 euros or more to enter the main gaming hall).

Camping

Camping in Portugal is very popular, and there are a lot of such places throughout the country. Buy the Roteiro Campista booklet (www.roteiro-campista.pt; 6 EUR) where all Portuguese campsites are listed. These booklets are sold in bookstores and travel agencies, as well as on the Internet. The best campsites are owned by Orbitur (www.orbitur.pt). Information about campsites can also be obtained from tourist offices or the Camping Federation. (Federaicao de Campismo e Montanhismo de Portugal, Avenida Coronel Eduardo Galhardo 24D; men.: 218-126-890; fax: 218-126-918; www.fcmportugal.com).

Camping is only allowed in designated areas. In some natural parks camping requires a permit or membership in an international organization. In addition, you will definitely need a passport.

Car rental

In major cities and resorts there are offices of international and local firms. The driver must be at least 21 years of age and must have a driver's license with at least a year of driving experience. Most rental companies are satisfied with a national driver's license.

Economy class car rental is cheaper than in others European countries, - 30-60 euros per day (including insurance and taxes). In local firms you can find more attractive offers. If you order and pay for the car before arrival, the price will be lower. Check if this price includes insurance.

VAT is added to the total amount of the invoice, but is included in the amount in case of advance payment.

Public liability insurance is mandatory and included in the price, but we advise you to take out full insurance. Many credit cards automatically take out full insurance if you pay for your car rental on them. However, make sure you get all the information in advance. There is usually an extra fee to pick up and drop off the car at the airport.

Good local car rental companies: Holiday Autos (tel.: 218-925-834; www.holidayautos.com) and Portuguese Auto Rentals (Tel: 236-218-999; www.portugal-auto-rentals.com). International companies: "Eigorsag" (tel.: 213-535-115; www.europcar.pt), Avis (Tel: 213-514-560; www.avis.com.pt), Hertz (Tel: 213-812-430; www.hertz.com.pt). Large airports always have many offices of such companies.

Climate

Portugal has a mild climate - the only exception is the sunny coast of the Algarve, where it is hot in summer and cool in winter. In Lisbon and Alentejo, it gets too hot in summer. (Always carry a bottle of water with you.) It is cold in the north in winter, especially in the mountains.

Cloth

The Algarve has a Mediterranean climate, but except in the middle of summer, you'll need something warm for the evening.

In the north, warm clothes are a must, especially if you are going to the mountains. Get ready for the rain. Restaurants don't usually enforce a dress code, but it's still a good idea to grab something fancy for the most expensive establishments.

Crime and security

Portugal is generally a safe country. Petty crime in the Algarve and in tourist centers is more common than in other parts of the country. Serious crimes against tourists are rare. The most common crime is theft from rental cars. In rural areas, this problem is not so acute, but in resorts and where cars are left unattended for a long time, the risk is quite high. Thefts from rented apartments happen, although less often than from cars, but they still happen. So beware. Take the same precautions as at home.

Report the theft at the hotel and contact the nearest police station or tourist office. Theft must be reported to the police within 24 hours. You will need an official report to receive insurance compensation. If you need help, please call: 213-180-100 from 8.30 to 18.00.

Lisbon is notorious for its pickpockets, which are especially numerous in the metro and Rossio Square. Be especially careful in the evenings in Bairro Alta and Alfama.

Car driving

If you come with your own car, you will need a driver's license, registration documents and insurance - third party liability insurance is required. Green Card is valid abroad.

Roads. Rules traffic similar to European ones. Priority is given to those already in the roundabout, unless there is a sign to the contrary.

Seat belts are required. If you are detained for not wearing a seat belt, you will have to pay a hefty fine. Local drivers are quite careless. In cities, pedestrians theoretically have priority at crossings, but we would not advise you to rely on this rule unconditionally.

Speed ​​limits: 120 km/h on highways, 90 km/h on other roads, 50 km/h in cities. On some lanes of roads and suspension bridges, blue numbers indicate the minimum speed. Caravan speed (trailers) limited to 50 km/h in cities and 70 km/h on roads and highways. Most of the trails are paid. Many Portuguese break speed limits, but that doesn't mean you have to do the same.

Fuel. Gasoline in Portugal is expensive. Prices are controlled by the government and are the same throughout the country. Many petrol stations are open 24/7 and all accept credit cards.

Parking. You need to park in the direction of travel. Unless otherwise stated, parking time is unlimited. In some places parking is paid. In the so-called blue zones, you need to get a receipt from machines. There are many official surface and underground parking lots in Portugal.

If you need help. If your car organization has entered into an agreement with the Automobile Club of Portugal (Automovel Clube de Portugal, Rua Rosa Araujo 24, Lisbon; men.: 213-318-0100; www.acp.pt) then you can use their services for free. Otherwise, contact any garage for help.

Road signs. Portugal uses standard international pictograms, but you may encounter local signs as well.

Embassies and consulates

Address of the Russian Embassy in Lisbon: Rua Visconde de Santarem, 59, 1000-286 Lisboa, Portugal.

Embassy: tel.: (8-10-351-21) 846-24-24, 846-25-24, 846-24-23; fax: (8-10-351-21) 846-30-08; e-mail: [email protected] embaixadarussia.pt; official website: http://www.portugal. mid.ru/

Consular department: tel.: (8-10-351-21) 846-44-76, 849-07-11; fax: (8-10-3511) 847-93-27; e-mail: [email protected]

emergency services

In an emergency, call 112. You can call the police from any blue street booth marked Policia, but you are unlikely to be answered in any language other than Portuguese.

How to get there

By plane. Aeroflot operates flights Moscow - Lisbon from Sheremetyevo-2. Air France also operates scheduled flights (with layover in Paris), fly to Lisbon and the planes of the airlines Lufthansa, Finnair and KLM. From mid-June to mid-September, charter flights are regularly organized to the Algarve resort area - Faro. The flight usually takes 2-3 hours.

Guides and excursions

Information about various excursions will be given to you at tourist offices, as well as at hotels.

All tour companies offer tours to Mafra, Queluz, Sintra, Cascais and Estoril, as well as longer trips north of Lisbon to Fatima, Alcobaça and Batalha, Obidos and Nazare. Contact Portugal Tours (Tel: 213-191-090; www.portugaltours.pt).

May to September public railways (www.cp.pt) offer rides on a historic train along the banks of the Douro River from Régua to Tua.

If you are traveling on your own, you can see all the sights at a leisurely pace, making stops for a day or two. Tours for individuals, families and groups are also organized by Tours for You (Tel: 213-904-208, www.toursforyou.pt).

Health and medical care

Hygiene standards in Portugal are very high. The main dangers that await tourists are the hot sun and alcohol. You can drink tap water, but still everyone, including local residents, prefers cheap bottled water.

Pharmacies (farmacias) open during regular business hours. Each district has a pharmacy on duty, which operates around the clock. Addresses are listed in newspapers and shop windows of all pharmacies.

In case of serious illness or injury, contact British Hospital (Rua Tomas da Fonseca Edifico BeF, Torres da Lisboa, Lisbon; tel: 217-213-400; or Campo de Ourique, tel: 213-943-100). English is spoken in these hospitals.

Under such a policy, you will be provided with free medical care in public and municipal hospitals in Portugal. Visiting private clinics is very expensive.

Language

The Portuguese language is derived from Latin. It is spoken in Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Timor, Sao Tome and Principe, Cape Verde and Macau. All these are former colonies of Portugal. Knowing Spanish will help you understand signs and menus, but it won't reveal the mysteries of spoken Portuguese. In Portugal they speak much faster than in Brazil.

Almost everyone understands Spanish. Many Portuguese speak French. In Lisbon, the Algarve and other parts of Portugal, many people speak English quite tolerably, if not fluently. English and French are taught in schools.

Cards

The tourist offices of different cities have convenient maps, including transport ones. The red, green and yellow Portuguese Touristic Maps offered by the tourist offices cover the whole country.

Mass media

A number of newspapers in Russian are published in Portugal: "Arguments and Facts" (32 pages of the most popular weekly with exclusive materials from the best Russian journalists), Slovo - a Russian weekly newspaper, Mayak Portugal - a weekly Russian newspaper, etc., and there are also sites on the Internet.

There are four main television channels in the country: two state (RTP1 and RTP2) and two independents. Films are usually shown in their original language with subtitles. Most hotels from three stars and above have satellite TV.

Currency

Currency. The Portuguese currency is the euro. There are banknotes in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 euros, as well as coins in denominations of 1 and 2 euros, 1, 2, 5,10, 20 and 50 cents.

Currency exchange (banco, cambio). Usually banks are open Mon-Fri 8.30-15.00. IN tourist areas some banks close later and are also open on weekends for currency exchange. Exchange offices at airports operate around the clock. Cotacambios exchange office (Tel: 213-220-480; Rossio 41, Lisbon; www.cotacambios.com) open daily 8.00-22.00. There are similar exchange offices in all major cities.

Cashing traveler's checks incurs substantial fees. In addition, you will need a passport. Getting euros is much easier at ATMs. In addition, there is a more favorable exchange rate.

Credit cards (cartao de credito). Credit cards are not accepted in all shops and restaurants, especially in small towns.

Traveler's checks. Checks can be cashed at any bank.

Opening hours

Most shops and offices are open on working days 9.00-13.00, 15.00-19.00, Sat 9.00-13.00. Most museums are closed on Mondays and public holidays. The palaces are closed on Mondays or Tuesdays. On all other days (including Sunday) open from 10.00 or 11.00 to 17.00. However, in many places there is lunch from 12.00 to 14.00 or from 13.00 to 14.30. Some shopping malls in large cities open at 10.00 and work until 23.00 or until midnight, including on Sundays.

Police

Police with CD inscription armbands (Corpo Distrital, i.e. local police) should help tourists. These police officers usually speak some English.

Traffic is handled by the National Republican Guard (Guarda National Republicana - GNR). These police officers drive white cars or motorcycles. In an emergency, call 112.

Mail

Post offices are marked with the letters CTT (Correios, Telegraphos e Telefones). The post office in Portugal works well, although letters take a long time during the high season. Stamps can be bought at most shops (look for the Correios sign). Most mailboxes are red.

Central branches are open Mon-Fri 8.30-18.30 or 19.00. Local branches are open Mon-Fri 9.00-12.30, 14.00-18.00. Main post offices in major cities are open on Saturday mornings.

Letters to Europe take about a week. Correio Azul urgent mail is delivered in three days.

Public holidays

• January 1 - New Year
• April 23 - Freedom Day
• May 1 - Labor Day
• June 10 - National Day of Portugal
• August 15 - Assumption of the Mother of God
• October 5 - Republic Day
• November 1 - All Saints Day
• December 1 - Independence Day
• December 8 - Feast of the Immaculate Conception
• December 25 - Christmas

There are holidays with variable dates, such as:

• Carnival
• Good Friday
• Corpus Christi

Check the date of these holidays in advance.

In addition, in every city at least once a year, the day of the patron saint is magnificently celebrated.

Religion

Portugal is a Catholic country. At the tourist offices you will find a list of services for English-speaking Catholics and representatives of other faiths. When visiting churches and cathedrals, dress appropriately. You should not enter churches bare-shouldered or in shorts.

Phones

The code for Portugal is 351. Local codes must be dialed before all telephone numbers, even for local calls (all numbers are nine digits).

Portugal Telecom pay phones accept phone cards and credit cards. Phone cards of various denominations from 3 euros can be bought at the post office, telephone companies and newsstands.

You can also call to Portugal and abroad from hotels, but it costs much more - use international phone cards.

To call abroad, dial 00 (international communication code both to Europe and overseas), then the country code and phone number a subscriber with an area code without the initial "0". To call Moscow, dial 007 - 495 (499) and the subscriber's number. Most hotels can send a fax.

Works great in Portugal mobile connection. Main operators - "Vodafone" (www.vodafone.pt), "TMN" (www.tmn.pt) and "Optimus" (www.optimus.pt). If your GSM phone is not locked, please buy a local SIM card with upfront payment. It will be much cheaper than paying for international roaming.

Difference in time

Time in Portugal is 3 hours behind Moscow.

Tips

In hotels and restaurants, the cost of service is usually included in the bills, but in restaurants it is customary to leave a tip of 5-10%. The receptionist usually leaves 1 euro per suitcase. Tipping taxi drivers is about 10%.

toilets

There are public toilets in major cities. But you can always use the toilet in any bar or restaurant.

Tourist Information

The Portuguese National Board of Tourism (ICEP or Investimentos, Comercio e Turismo de Portugal) has branches in different countries (see website www.turismodeportugal.pt).

Representation of the Tourist Administration of Portugal in Russia: 129110, Moscow, st. Gilyarovsky, 51, building 1, tel.: +7-495-787-11-93; fax: +7-495-787-11-91. [email protected]

In Lisbon, the central tourist office is located at: Lisboa Welcome Centre, Rua do Arsenal 15, Prafa do Comercio; men.: 210-312-700. Ask Me Lisboa stalls are scattered throughout the city. Another office is located at the airport (arrivals terminal, tel.: 218-450-660). There are local tourist offices (turismo) in almost every city.

Help can be obtained by phone: 211-140-200 or 808-209-209. The cost of a call is equal to a local call. These phones provide information about places of interest, hotels, restaurants, transport, hospitals and the police.

Transport

Public transport usually operates from 6.00 or 7.00 until midnight or 1 am.

local buses (carros) and trams (electricos). In each city, bus and tram stops usually have small maps and information about which routes stop at that stop. Tickets can be bought on the bus. You can also buy travel cards or ticket books at kiosks and some shops. (if in doubt, ask the tourist office).

Metro (Metro). There are four metro lines in Lisbon (www.metrolisboa.pt). It is a convenient and fast mode of transport. There are over 70 metro stops in Porto (www.metrodoporto.pt). Tickets must be validated before boarding the train.

Taxi. Taxis in Portugal are most often black with a green roof and a "taxi" sign. City taxis have meters. On weekends, public holidays and from 23.00 to 07.00 the rates increase by 20%. In addition, there is an additional fee for each piece of luggage. Tipping is 10%. If there is no meter, then you must agree on a price before starting the trip. Most often, taxis stand at special parking lots, but some ply around the city in search of passengers. Taxis can be hired for the whole day for a fixed amount. Check with the tourist office for information on such excursions.

Intercity buses. Intercity buses are a fast, comfortable and inexpensive way to travel around Portugal (www.rede-expressos.pt). The buses are owned by different companies, but usually depart from the same bus station. Large cities may have several bus stations. All information will be given to you at the tourist offices. The bus route network is much more extensive than the railway network.

Trains (comboio). Trains in Portugal are owned by the state-owned company CP (Caminhos de Ferrpo Portugueses; www.cp.pt). Local trains stop at most stops. Intercity trains are more expensive and make fewer stops. Express (Rapido) go from Lisbon to Porto non-stop and are even more expensive. From Porto and Lisbon you can travel directly to the Algarve with the Blue Train (Comboio Azul).

All trains have first and second class carriages. For elderly passengers on trains that run from 6.30 to 9.30 and from 17.00 to 20.00, except weekends and holidays, as well as on suburban trains 50% discount available (but you need to get free Cartao Dourada first).

Railway prices are lower than in most Western European countries. You can buy Bilhete Turisticos, which allows unlimited use of trains for 7, 14 or 21 days.

All railways in Portugal converge in Lisbon. There are four stations in the city: Santa Apolonia - international trains and trains leaving for the north of the country; Cais do Sodre - electric trains to the western suburbs, Estoril and Cascais; Rossio - trains to Sintra and to the west; from Sull e Sueste station, trains leave south (including the Algarve) and southeast (if necessary, the price of the ticket includes the cost of the ferry across the Tagus).

Ferries (barcafa). Many companies offer services for crossing the Tagus and other rivers, including the Douro and Guadiana, to the Troy Peninsula and neighboring islands. Information can be obtained from local tourist offices.

Local flights. TAP aircraft fly between Lisbon, Porto and Faro.

Visas and customs

Russian citizens need to obtain a visa at the Portuguese Embassy in their home country. The border between Spain and Portugal can hardly be called a border. You can freely visit both countries, but you need to have your passport with you.

Internet sites and Internet access

www.visitportugal.com - official website of the National Tourist Board. www.askmelisboa.com and www.pousadas.pt - information about public hotels. www.portugalvirtual.pt - general information and a tourism database.

The tourist offices in Lisbon and Porto have lists of Internet cafes where tourists can, for a reasonable hourly (or per minute) fee to check your email. Outside of the major cities and tourist resorts of the Algarve, internet cafes are more difficult to find.

The Republic of Portugal is a small state with a warm climate, picturesque nature and rich history. This is the westernmost country in Europe, on the territory of which one of extreme points mainland Eurasia. What is the geographic location of Portugal? You will find photos and descriptions of the main features of the country in our article.

"Warm port"

Portugal covers an area of ​​only 92.151 km 2 and ranks 109th in the world in terms of size. As an integral and independent country, it appeared on the world stage in 1143, turning from a county into a kingdom.

Due to the peculiarities of the geographical position of Portugal, its territory has never been empty and has been inhabited since before our era. IN different time Lusitanians, Romans, Visigoths and even Arabs lived within its borders. The location on the coast contributed to the development of the state as an important seaport at the crossroads of trade routes between continents. Even the name of the country comes from the Roman name of the settlement Portus Cale, which is translated from Latin as “Warm Port”.

In the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, it was from Portugal that the first trade and research expeditions were sent towards Africa, Asia, North and South America. The navigators of this country discovered Brazil, and Saint Helena, Mauritius, the Tristan de Cunha archipelago, Madagascar, opened the sea route to Japan. Later, the Portuguese kingdom owned dozens of colonies in Africa, the North Atlantic, Latin America, South-East Asia and the Persian Gulf.

Today the country is a parliamentary republic. It is home to 10.3 million people. In terms of the number of inhabitants, Portugal surpasses Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, but is inferior to them in economic development. It is part of the Schengen area, is a member of NATO, the UN, the EU, the OECD and the Commonwealth of Portuguese-speaking countries.

Geographic location of Portugal (briefly)

Portugal is located in the southwestern part of Eurasia, occupying one sixth of the Iberian Peninsula. It also includes several islands located in the waters of the Atlantic. Madeira Island is 600 km away, and the Azores - 1500 km.

The geographical position of the country of Portugal on the mainland is characterized by isolation. Of all European states on land, it borders only on Spain, which occupies the rest of the Iberian Peninsula. From the west and south, Portugal is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and related to it. On the other side of the gulf, about 250-300 kilometers from the country, is Morocco.

Portugal is strongly elongated from north to south. In this direction, its length is 550 kilometers. From west to east, it is much more compact and, on average, its width reaches 180 kilometers. About 40 kilometers from Lisbon is Cape Roca - the westernmost point of Eurasia.

Due to its proximity to the Strait of Gibraltar and Portugal, it has always been considered strategically important. That is why its territory is used as a springboard for NATO military bases, in particular on one of the Azores - Terceira. The city of Oyeres, near Lisbon, hosts the headquarters of the NATO Allied Forces.

1. Portugal is considered a mono-ethnic country, almost 90% of its inhabitants are ethnic Portuguese.
2. There are Muslims, Hindus, Protestants, Buddhists in the country, but 90% of its inhabitants profess the Catholic religion.
3. Colonial times have not gone unnoticed. Today, 8 more countries speak Portuguese: Brazil, Cape Verde, Mozambique, East Timor, Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Sao Tome and Principe.
4. American surfer Garret McNamare in 2011 conquered the biggest wave in Portugal with a height of 23.77 meters. The achievement is listed in the Guinness Book of Records.
5. According to international law in marketing, the title "port wine" can only refer to those drinks that are produced using a special technology in the Douro Valley near the city of Porto.
6. Lisbon is home to the oldest bookstore in the world, Livraria Bertrand, which opened in 1732.

Climate

The geographical position of Portugal is one of the most significant factors affecting its natural and weather conditions. Its entire territory lies within the subtropical zone, an area of ​​the Mediterranean type of climate.

Canarian runs along the entire western coast of the country. It makes the climate cooler and the weather more unpredictable than in the rest of the Mediterranean. Despite this, the average temperature of the coast of Portugal is +20 ˚С.

In winter, a lot of snow falls on the territory of the country. However, the lack of significant disadvantages does not allow him to linger for a long time. Most precipitation falls in the mountains and mainly in the winter months. Summer is quite dry. The driest months of the year are August and July.

Nature of Portugal

The marginal, frontier geographical position of Portugal is fully reflected in its natural complexes. Two worlds seem to have merged in the country: Central European and North African. This is expressed both in landscapes and in representatives of the local fauna.

In the north and in the central parts of Portugal there are mountains and forests, consisting mainly of conifers. It grows mainly pines, but there are oaks and eucalyptus plantations. Animals are represented by wild boars, Iberian lynxes and wolves, foxes, bears, wild forest cats.

The south of Portugal is dominated by rolling plains covered with evergreen hard-leaved shrubs. In this part, there are desert and semi-desert species close to African ones, for example, lizards, chameleons, vivers, genets, and various snakes.

The coast of Portugal is slightly indented and disturbed only by the estuaries of the rivers flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. In the north, mountains come close to low-lying sandy beaches, in the south there are many lagoons and small bays. Many water birds live on the shores of the country, and the waters washing them are inhabited by dolphins, sperm whales, mollusks, shrimps, anchovies and sardines.

Economy

Traditionally, Portugal is an industrial and agrarian country, the main focus of which is on the clothing, cotton, wool industries, the production of port wine, olive oil and canned fish. Recently, tourism and the service sector have gained great importance.

The country has about 600 thousand hectares of oak plantations - the source of almost half of the world's cork bark. The eucalyptus groves of Portugal are an important source of raw materials for the paper industry. In addition, uranium, tungsten, pyrites, coal are mined in the country, cement, facing tiles, petrochemical products are produced, and ships are built.

Despite the advantage, Portugal in 2017 was about 43rd in terms of GDP at PPP among the countries of the world. In Europe, it is inferior not only to Switzerland and Austria, but also to Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia, the Czech Republic and Estonia. The local market is closely connected with the Spanish state in the transport, banking and energy sectors. The development of business and the inflow of investments are largely hindered by strict regulation by the state.

Cities

Due to the peculiarities of the geographical position of Portugal, its largest cities are located on the coast. The largest settlements countries - Lisbon and Porto. Both of them are included in the list of global cities and are key elements of world trade and economy.

Approximately 550,000 people live in Lisbon (about 2.3 million in the agglomeration). It is the capital of Portugal, as well as the largest port, transport and economic hub of the state. It is one of the oldest European cities and was first mentioned as early as 205 BC.

About 220,000 people live in Porto (about 2 million in the agglomeration). In the past, it was he who was the capital of Portugal, but now the city is simply a major industrial center and port. It is best known for the production of port wine. The old city center is a cultural treasure and is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Visas, entry rules, customs regulations

For Mr. RF, all CIS countries, as well as many others entry to portugal visa. Portuguese visa is Schengen.

Portuguese there are visas various types , depending on the purpose and duration of the applicant's stay in Portugal: short stay visa (type C), transit visa(type A and B), national visa (type D).

Most common Portuguese visas of the first type, namely “ short stay visa type C". Such visas are tourist, business and guest- depending on the purpose of the applicant's trip to Portugal.

Portuguese visas there are How single(for one trip), and multiple- for an unlimited number of trips, of course, during the period of validity of the visa.

Processing time 10 days.

Charged consular fee for up to 30 days - the equivalent of 40 euro.

Required documents for a visa to Portugal:

1. Valid passport (valid for at least 3 months after return).

2. 3 (THREE) color photographs(3X4 - required) - fresh, made no later than 6 months, on a light background.

3. Personal data.

4. For children- birth certificate (original and copy) - certified by an apostille. Apostillization of a document is necessary to give it legal force on the territory of another state, including the consulate. The `Apostille` stamp is placed on a copy of the Birth Certificate notarized for apostille and on the Consent of the second parent on the export of the child on a plain, non-stamped paper.

5. Help from the place of work on letterhead indicating the position and salary - the original.

6. Old passport (if saved).

7. Photocopy general passport (pages with marks and the last page, even if it is blank).

8. When a child travels with one of the parents- a notarized power of attorney from the second parent to export the child - with an apostille.

To apply for a visa necessary also issue medical insurance ($1 per day).

Import of foreign and national currency is not limited, sum more than 500 euros necessary declare. Export allowed imported foreign currency, but more than 2,500 euros can be taken out only if evidence of the import of this amount is presented. There are no limits in the movement of credit cards or traveler's checks issued outside of Portugal.

Forbidden importation of drugs, weapons, explosives, as well as jewelry worth more than 150 euros. duty free up to 200 pieces are imported. cigarettes, 1 l. spirits and 2 liters. guilt.

Population, political condition

The population of the country is mono-ethnic, 99% constitute Portuguese. On the Iberian Peninsula many peoples have settled for a long time. The oldest inhabitants Iberians- were short and dark. Over the centuries, the appearance of the Portuguese was formed under the influence of the Celts, Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, as well as Germanic tribes, in particular the Visigoths and Alemanni.

Portugal is a monolingual country. Official language - Portuguese. Portuguese is spoken approx. 184 million people on three continents. This language has similarities with Spanish, both of them are derived from Latin. However, Portuguese differs significantly from Spanish in terms of pronunciation and grammar. The vocabulary of the Portuguese language was enriched by Arabic and German words, as well as a dictionary of the languages ​​of the Asian peoples, with whom the Portuguese explorers and traders came into contact. The most significant work medieval Portuguese literature is epic poem of Lusiad(1572), created by Luis de Camões. It tells of the Portuguese geographical discoveries and glorifies Portugal and its people.

Portugal is parliamentary republic. head of state - the president elected for a term of 5 years. head of government is Prime Minister. Legislature belongs unicameral parliament (Assembly), elected for 5 years. Azores And Madeira since 1976 have their own government.

What to see

All northern mountainous part of the countryimpressive variety of landscapes and comfortably fitted into them small villages, monasteries And old castles.

In the center of the northern part of the country located highest mountain range in Portugal Serra da Estrela. The granite massif, 60 km long and 30 km wide, cut by river valleys, was formed by ice age glaciers. Villages huddle on rocky slopes framed by chestnut groves. At the very top of the massif, sheer rocky walls and bizarre cliffs rise. This the only place in Portugal where you can practice skiing.

West of this array located " Bukasu" - forest park with an area of ​​480 hectares on the western slopes of the mountains has been guarded by monks for centuries. People have settled in this forest since ancient times. In the 17th century was built here Carmelite monastery. The monks stubbornly tried to acclimatize exotic plants from the colonies here. So growing in the forest Goan cedars were planted in the 17th century. Today the park has 400 local And 300 exotic species.

In the central part of the country, located near the border with Spain san mamede range, declared protected area where they live the Bears.

Another curious protected area - Arrábida range, densely overgrown with forest and abruptly ending to the sea, is located in the southeastern part of the country. Here you can admire the bizarre vegetation and beautiful landscapes.

Ornithology lovers interesting to visit southern province of the Algarve near the city of Faro. Here is a cozy bay, protected from the sea by a sandy spit - this is a resting place for many migratory birds.

And of course, you just need to stand in the very west of Western Europe - Cape Cabo da Roca, where a magnificent panorama of the coast opens from the rocky shore.

Azores translated from Portuguese - " hawk islands". The Azores archipelago is located 1460 km from the coast of Europe and 3750 km from North America and consists of nine islands of volcanic origin. The islands are located in the zone of Atlantic anticyclones, which, along with the Gulf Stream, provide here a relative temperature equilibrium. Most big Island archipelago- San Miguel island. Among its attractions - Carlos Mochado Museum, Church of St. Sebastian with treasury, St. Peter(XVI-XVIII centuries), palaces(XVII-XIX centuries), the oldest house of Carlos Bucido, beautiful lagoons. In the valley of Vale das Furnas hot springs. Santa Maria Island offers ideal conditions for lovers aquatic species sports. Worth to visit Vila do Porto with small houses, a church and a chapel.

Albufeira - most visited place in the Algarve. Its charm is in a tiny fishing port, in blue, red, yellow, green boats resting on the sand after an unequal struggle with winds and tides. Port, rocks, white houses - an idyllic picture that attracts many tourists. Albufeira has an entertainment park with aquarium, as well as performances with dolphins and seals. Can be done walks on hot-air balloon, hang gliding, paragliding, snorkeling, go down the river. Beaches: Praia dos Barcos(boat) or Praia dos Pescadores(fisherman), typical of Albufeira. Here you can still see fishermen sorting out their nets. There are several eateries on the beach. 10 km east of the city there are two sparsely populated beaches - Balaia And Olhos d'Agua.

Algarve- pearl of the atlantic coast. The name of the province is Arabic - " Al Gharb"("west") - so the Moors called the coastal region, which they owned for 500 years until 1250. Algarve - the most southern province Portugal with a coastline of about 200 km and luxurious beaches. The air temperature in summer is +24°-30° C, and in winter +13°-14° C. Even the Phoenicians and Greeks founded their settlements here, attracted by the convenient location of the harbors. The era of Roman colonialization left her footprints in Milreu, Faro, Vilamoura. Everywhere in the Algarve there are bright white houses, gazebos on which fruits are dried, figured chimneys - all this is evidence of Arab rule. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. off the coast of the Algarve major naval battles took place, including at Cape San Vincente won by the legendary Admiral Nelson.

Cascais - city ​​of ancient history, and since 1255 the capital of Portugal. Cascais is filled with a special symbolic meaning for its inhabitants. The cradle of the city is Castle of St. George located on a high hill. Nestled at its foot medieval quarter of Alfama, whose streets and stairs are reminiscent of the Arabs who lived here before their expulsion in 1147 by the first king of Portugal. On South Cascais stretches along the right bank of the wide mouth of the Tagus River, and in the West goes to the Atlantic Ocean, which once inspired the Portuguese in search of unknown lands. Silent witnesses of this truly golden age in the history of the country - tower of bethlehem And Monastery of the Order of Hieronymites, recognized as a heritage of world culture. The surroundings of Cascais are famous for their magnificent beaches, golf courses and casinos.

Lisbon - capital of Portugal(in Portuguese - Lisboa) located on the right bank of the Tagus River, which flows into the Atlantic Ocean. Historical Center make up the most picturesque and interesting quarters of Lisbon - Rossio, Baixa, Chiado, Bairro Alto, Alfama And Paw. They are located in the southern part of the city, next to the Tagus River. The people of Lisbon call Tagus the straw sea - in the rays of the setting sun, the river really shimmers with gold. Lisbon was liberated from the Moors in 1147. The city's patron is George the Victorious. On the banks of the Tagus River, on a high pedestal, installed statue of Christ with outstretched arms. He seems to embrace and bless the residents and guests of the city. Trams rise and fall along the streets of Lisbon, which are as loved here as double-decker buses are in London.

Madeira - beautiful island volcanic origin in the Atlantic Ocean, 1000 km from Portugal. As a resort has existed for over 200 years with tradition high level service and comfort. The temperature during the season is 22-30 degrees. Water - 20-24 degrees. Madeira has everything to enchant you: subtropical climate, luxurious nature, abundance of exotic flowers and fruits, grapes, once brought from Cyprus and Crete, and of course hotels, putting Madeira in line the best resorts peace. The island, located in the Atlantic Ocean, 700 km from Casablanca and 900 km from Lisbon, was discovered in 1420 by a Portuguese navigator João Gonçalves Zarco. Since then, the paths of caravels invariably ran through the island, heading in search of new lands in the East. Capital of Madeira- city Funchal- a favorite vacation spot of many celebrities.

Porto - second largest city and port of Portugal, which gave the name to port wine and the whole country. Porto is the most important economic center of the north of the country, This city ​​of merchants.When the mist, rising over the river and the ocean, wraps the streets with its mysterious cloak, this gray granite city simply enchants you. And on a bright sunny day, Porto seems cheerful and full of vitality ... The old city in Porto is smaller than in Lisbon, but the labyrinth of its streets and lanes is no less bizarre and intricate. The only way to get a good view of the city is on foot. Here, each stone can tell you its own story, and a sudden change of impressions can overwhelm even an experienced traveler. The pride of the architectural heritage of Porto are And medieval houses, And Baroque or Art Nouveau buildings.

Sintra - pearl of Portugal, an ancient Moorish city that became the residence of the Portuguese kings in the Middle Ages. This city is declared by UNESCO heritage of mankind. Fascinated by the beauty of Sintra, Lord Byron sang this green land in his poems. Against the backdrop of romantic landscapes, exotic parks, centuries-old forests, castles, palaces, monasteries froze on top of the hills, striking any most sophisticated imagination. A little to the north, high in the mountains, among shady eucalyptus trees, cedars and palm trees is former summer residence of the Portuguese kings. Half-wall tiled decorations, conical chimneys and painted wooden ceilings, a unique ceramic floor give the palace a unique charm. Fairy Palacio da Pena castle, surrounded by a fantastic park, crowns one of the highest hills of Sintra.

Faro- not only the capital of the Algarve, but also the largest city in the province. One of the main sectors of the economy - salt production, which is mined in local salt marshes. Faro has a rich history. In ancient times, trading posts of the Phoenicians and Carthaginians were located here. Under the Romans, it became an administrative center and a major port. Then he was called Ossonoba. Then the Visigoths built temple dedicated to St. Mary, and the city received a new name - St. Maria Ossnoba. The greatest prosperity came at the time when the Arab conquerors dominated Portugal. In 1249, Athos III expelled the Moors from Faro and took up its defenses. In 1722 and 1755 The city was badly damaged during the earthquake. A walk to Olhão, which is 8 km east of Faro, will take you to the Ria Formosa lagoon.

Estoril - the sunniest city in Europe, with a unique microclimate. It is located 30 km west of Lisbon. Starts in Estoril tourism industry in Portugal. A little over a century ago, the amazing beauty of nature and the mild Atlantic climate attracted the world's elite and representatives of famous aristocratic families to Estoril. Magnificent sandy beaches and clear water are traditionally in demand among tourists. If you are tired of the noise of big cities, then there are many places for you in sunny Estoril where you can spend your vacation in peace and solitude. The blue of the sea, secret grottoes, castles, beautiful local kitchen, cheerful night life, fashion boutiques and large department stores, museums, hotels, a whole fleet of pleasure boats - this is the modern face of this Portuguese resort.

Although numerous traces of human activity from the Paleolithic era have been found on the territory of present-day Portugal, cultures of the western and southwestern parts of the Iberian Peninsula began to take shape only last 10 thousand years. primitive people, which fed on mammals, fish and edible shellfish, settled in the VIII millennium BC in the valleys of the Tagus and other rivers flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. neolithic civilization arose in the III millennium BC, when polished stone tools and pottery, as well as agriculture and metal processing, came here, obviously from Andalusia and other areas of the Mediterranean.

After 1000 BC Indo-European peoples, mostly Celts, crossed the Pyrenees in several successive waves and mixed with local tribes. On SouthPhoenicians And Greeks began to trade with the peoples of Andalusia and Portugal. The Phoenicians were forced out Carthaginians who closed the Straits of Gibraltar to their rivals. Subsequently on the inhabitants of Portugal influenced Andalusians, Carthaginians And Celts possibly coming from Brittany and Britain. Hamilcar And Hannibalcaptured the southern part of Portugal and annexed it to the Carthaginian Empire, which existed on the Iberian Peninsula in 240-220 BC.

At this time, the central part of Portugal was dominated by Lusitanian tribes Celtic origin, engaged in cattle breeding. Their leader Viriat for a long time he stubbornly resisted the Romans. After his treacherous assassination in 139 AD. resistance was crushed, the Roman army passed through central part Portugal and entered the current Galicia, in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula. Romans pushed back part of the Lusitanians to the lowlands south of the Tagus River and founded the city Emerita(Merida) on the Guadiana River in what is now Spain. It became the capital of the large province of Lusitania. Julius Caesar gave the city a name Pax Julia(now Beja) and provided support to cities Olisippo(now Lisbon) And Ebora (Evora); Olisippo was the residence of the Roman governor. The Romans built roads, their customs took root in the country, and the local languages ​​disappeared. A remote area north of the Douro River was a separate province Gallaecia, which included present-day Galicia in northwestern Spain and northern Portugal. Chief city of southern Gallaecia(now northern Portugal) was Bracara(now Braga). Under the emperor Vespasian (68-79 AD), the main cities received Latin rights, and in 212 AD. under the edict of Caracalla, their inhabitants became full Roman citizens. Christianity, apparently penetrated into Portugal in the 2nd century. In the 3rd century Christian communities existed in the cities of Osonobe, Merida and Evora.

In the 5th c. The Roman Empire was conquered barbarians who crossed Gaul, invaded Spain and from there headed west. Two tribes - Sueves And vandals - seized lands in Gallaecia and Lusitania. They fought among themselves and raided neighboring territories. In 415 AD. the Romans used a larger tribe Visigoths to restore order and drove the vandals to Africa. The Suevi remained and made Braga their capital, while the Visigoths occupied the rest of the Iberian Peninsula and eventually in 468overthrew the power of the Romans.In 585 The Visigoths conquered the Suebi giving them, however, local autonomy. Some traces of the Suebi language have survived in the Portuguese language, and some agricultural techniques that have survived to this day are attributed to this tribe.

In 711 Muslims, which by that time had already conquered North Africa, invaded the Iberian Peninsula and conquered the Visigoths. They made their capital Cordoba in Andalusia and Arabs from Yemen settled in southern Portugal. Caliphs of the Córdoba dynasty Umayyads who ruled from 756 to 1031, appointed military governors in cities along the northern border of the state and stationed their garrisons there; southern cities ruled by local clans. Mozarabs- Christians who recognized the caliph and received the right to adhere to their faith - retained their religious communities.

In the north there were few Muslim settlers. Christians, who retained their independence in Asturias, were protected by mountain ranges that bordered north coast the Iberian Peninsula, and formed independent state led by a Visigoth ruler. Soon they retook Galicia in the northwest, destroying many inhabitants in the border areas and leaving behind a devastated territory. In the 9th century Christians moved to southern Galicia, A border areaportucale (Portugal), located between the Minho and Douro rivers, protected against Muslim raids from the south, and the line of defense ran along the Douro river. During the Asturian Monarchy The counts of Portugal had wide powers. The situation changed after the Christian north fell under the rule of the rulers of Navarre and Castile. First King of Castile Ferdinand I in 1064 retook Coimbra Muslims and made it a separate principality.

Portugal was now from the north, between the Minho and Douro rivers, where the nobles exercised feudal power; northeast, or Traz-os-Montes, sparsely populated by border tribes who preserved communal traditions; County of Coimbra, where Mozarabs and Muslims lived at the same time, and the recently conquered border area along the Tagus river, which was defended by detachments of crusader knights who took a monastic vow. Here were knights of the templar orders, Calatrava and Avis, who owned vast estates and castles. Cistercian monks from Alcobasa they moved closer to the southern border strip and cultivated land there. In order to encourage the settlement of this strip, the king granted many communities privileges enshrined in charters. The Muslim influence of that time is embodied in tools, textile designs, architecture and some customs.

Strengthening the dynastyAlmokhadov prevented Alphonse I conquer Seville. He himself was wounded while trying to capture the cities of Badajoz, and power passed to his son, Sancho I(1185-1211 ), who amassed great wealth by collecting tribute from Muslims and the inhabitants of eastern Portugal. In an effort to assert his absolute power in the north, the king Alphonse II(1211-1223 ) appointed officials to take away land from the nobility and the clergy. He was the first king of Portugal to seek advice from Cortes (Royal Council), convened in the first year of his reign.

For a long time, the main goal of Portuguese policy was conducting crusades against Muslims in Africa. At the same time, the strengthening of the monarchy and the confirmation of the independence of the country awakened the national spirit of the Portuguese. In 1415 Juan I captured Ceuta, located opposite Gibraltar; this victory was seen as the starting point for expansion in Africa. Juan's son Prince Henry the Navigator, became famous as the organizer of sea expeditions to the northwestern coast of Africa. In the city Saghrish in the far south of the country he founded famous school of sailors, where the captains of the Portuguese caravels were trained, who later became famous for their geographical discoveries in Africa and Asia.

Portugal took possession of the Madeira Islands in 1418-1420, A Azores- a few years later. João's heir, king Duarty I (Edward, 1433-1438), supported an expedition against Tangier planned by his brother Prince Henry, but it ended in defeat. After Duarte's death, his second brother, Pedro, famous traveler, became regent for minors Alphonse V (1438-1481 ). Pedro was challenged by Alphonse's half-brother, the Count of Barcelos, who killed him in 1449 in Alfarrobeira. The young Alphonse V then fell under the influence of the Barcelos faction, which acquired large estates and power. Meanwhile Prince Heinrich(Seafarer) continued to vigorously organize sea expeditions. By the time of his death 1460 ) Portuguese opened the African coast as far as Sierra Leone.

Alphonse V undertook several expeditions in Morocco, captured Tangier in 1471 And began to claim the Spanish throne. Rebuffed by Ferdinand and Isabella, he unsuccessfully appealed to France for help and was forced to conclude humiliating peace treaty in Alkasovash. His son, Juan II (1481-1495 ), one of the most capable rulers of Portugal, achieved the annulment of this treaty, convicted the Barcelos family of treachery and imposed his power on the nobles. Juan II continued the course to encourage geographical discoveries. In 1482 built on the Gold Coast Mina fort, and in the same year, Diego Kahn reached the mouth of the Congo River. Juan then sent Pedra da Covilha and Alfonso de Paiva by land to get acquainted with India and Ethiopia. None of them returned, and Covilhã's reports of his travels do not appear to have reached Lisbon. In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias rounded the cape Good Hope and discovered that India can be reached by sea. Expedition of Vasco da Gama1497-1498 ended with the achievement of the desired goal - opened a sea route to India. Five years earlier, Christopher Columbus had reached the New World and claimed Spain for it. João II disputed this claim, and, under an agreement concluded in Tordesillasin 1494, between Spain and Portugal was reached agreement on the division of the yet undeveloped world. Spain was given dominion over all lands to the west of the conditional line, which ran 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, and Portugal received dominion over all lands located east of this line. The treaty made it possible for Pedro Alvaris Cabral at 1500 claim Portugal's rights to Brazil.

During the reign Manuela I (1495-1521 ) Portugal reaped the fruits of the activities of Prince Henry the Navigator and experienced golden age. The Portuguese even earlier fortified their strongholds in Morocco, settled on the islands of the Atlantic Ocean And set up trading centers on the coast of West Africa. Then they discovered the coast of Brazil, captured strategically important positions in East Africa, discovered Madagascar And acquired outposts in India. The Portuguese succeeded in disrupting the Muslim maritime trade in Indian Ocean and establish control over the sea routes to the East Indies. Portugal monopolized the lucrative spice trade and in just a few short years became Europe's leading maritime power. Viceroy in India Francisco de Almeida, in 1505 established his residence in Cochin, and his successor, Afonso de Albuquerque, one of the great figures of the Portuguese Empire, moved this residence to Goa, which later became the capital of Portuguese India. Albuquerque in 1511captured a large trading market in Malacca,sent expeditions to the Moluccas, established links with Bengal, Burma, Siam, Java and Sumatra, A in 1515took control of the Strait of Hormuz at the entrance to the Persian Gulf. his successors in 1542established ties with Japan, A in 1557 acquired Macau's stronghold in China.

During the reign of Manuel I, the opulent style flourished in Portuguese architecture " manueliano” with marine and floral plots and Asian motifs, and students were sent to study in France and Italy. Gil Vicenti, founder of the Portuguese theater, came up with entertainment for the royal court, and Sa di Miranda and other poets introduced Italian verse forms. The judicial system was unified; the influence of the Cortes began to weaken, and after the death of João I, they met less and less. Lisbon was one of the richest cities in Europe, and the king kept a luxurious court.

At Juane III(1521-1557 ) the country began to feel a shortage of public funds. The cost of annually equipping a fleet to India and manning military strongholds and bases from Brazil to China, the falling prices of oriental goods, and the provision of numerous privileges saddled the country with debt. Under these conditions, the Portuguese monopoly on trade with the East was challenged by French and then by English merchants. It became necessary to occupy the whole of Brazil, highlighting the captaincy along the coast, and in 1549 was government established in Bahia(now El Salvador), which quickly became sugar trading center. The profligate wealth of the Portuguese Renaissance and the glories of colonial expansion and enterprise were left behind. They were immortalized in a heroic epic poemLuis de Camões Lusiads(1572 ), recognized as a masterpiece of Portuguese literature. The time has come for a return to economy and discipline. Was introduced inquisition, and the Jesuits began to influence the royal family and the educational system, taking control of the university in Coimbra and founding a university in Évora.

Minor grandson of João III, Sebastian(1557-1578 ), inherited the throne, and the regency was transferred first to João's widow, Caterina, and then to his brother, Cardinal Enrique. When Sebastian came of age, he quarreled with both of them. Strongly carried away by the ideas of knight-errant, he dreamed of crusade against Muslims in North Africa. When the deposed prince of Morocco approached him for help, he raised an army, landed in Africa, and faced a stronger army at Alcazarquivir (El Ksar el Kebir). Sebastian, his protégé as Prince, and the Emperor of Morocco died in battle.4 August 1578, many Portuguese soldiers were killed or captured. Sebastian's successorCardinal Enrique died in 1580. The Council of Governors had to decide the issue of succession to the throne. Spanish king Philip II, himself half Portuguese, began to claim the throne using bribery and power. His opponents sat for some time in the Azores and asked for help from France and England. British attack on Lisbon in 1589 under the leadership of Francis Drake ended in failure. Nevertheless, faith in the restoration of Portuguese independence was not lost, and no less than four impostors posed as the murdered Sebastian.
Philip II, recognized in Portugal as king Philip I(1580-1598 ), promised that Portuguese national institutions would be preserved. He attended the meetings of the Portuguese Cortes, and in all the highest state institutions it was customary to use the native language. However, the union of the two states deprived Portugal of its own foreign policy, and Spain's enemies became Portugal's enemies. Because of Spain's wars with Holland and England had to close the port of Lisbon to Portugal's former trading partners. The Dutch then launched attacks on Portuguese settlements in Brazil, as well as in Africa and Asia.

During the reign of Philip's son, Philip III (1598-1621 ), Spain concluded truce with the Dutch. Dutch and English merchants again frequented Lisbon, trade with Brazil also expanded, but Portuguese autonomy suffered as a result. During the reign of Philip IV (1621-1640 ) his favorite Count Duke of Olivaresresumed war with the Dutch who attacked Bahia in 1624, A in 1630 occupied Pernambuco (Recife) and neighboring plantations. Meanwhile, the Portuguese possessions in Asia were lost due to the invasion of the Dutch and the British. The Portuguese were now unwilling to deal with Olivares, who was trying to destroy their independent institutions and impose new taxes in order to increase Spanish influence in Portugal and use her resources in the war with France. In 1640, after Catalonia rebelled and turned to France for help, Portugal broke out general uprising. The Spaniards were expelled almost no bloodshed, and Duke Juan of Braganza was proclaimed king of Portugal under the name João IV(1640-1656 ).
The period of poverty of the first years of the restoration was left behind. Although at the end of the 17th century. most of the once vast Portuguese colonial empire in the East was lost, and gold deposits were discovered in the central part of Brazil. The Minas Gerais region is in the grip of a gold rush: prospectors flocked here from other parts of Brazil and from Portugal itself, and the administration of the colony had to be transferred from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro. In 1728 in Minas Gerais diamonds were discovered. With such riches, Juan V (1706-1750 ) patronized the arts, established academies and libraries, and organized public Works. Architecture received a great impetus for its development. Political agreements with the Grand Alliance ended with the conclusion Treaty of Methuen 1703, according to which England preferred Portuguese wines and woolen fabrics. The wars with France opened up a vast market in England for port and other wines, and the influx of jewels from Brazil led to a rapid expansion of English trade in Lisbon. The Cortes, which were regularly convened after the Restoration, now lost their importance, and the king exercised absolute power through his ministers.

After the death of João V, his son Jose (1750-1777 ) had little interest in governance and was appointed minister Sebastian Jose de Carvalho(subsequently Marquis of Pombal), a talented administrator and representative of the Age of Enlightenment in Portugal. His powers were revealed when November 1, 1755 Lisbon was badly damaged by the earthquake. Thousands of people died, and palaces, churches and houses were destroyed. Carvalho, having received emergency powers, provided housing for the homeless and rebuilt the center of the capital. His power aroused jealousy among hereditary nobles, but he executed the Duke of Aveiro and the Marquis of Tavora who tried to kill King José. Carvalho also campaigned against the Jesuits, removing them from the posts of royal confessors, and eventually expelled the Jesuit order from Portugal and its colonies. Pombal carried out the reform of the university in Coimbra,established a noble college and tried to spread the system of secular education throughout Portugal. He also tried to support the merchants of the country, established a company selling port wine, maintained prices and introduced standards for growing grapes. Meanwhile, the influx of gold from Brazil began to dry up, and attempts to revive trade at the expense of other goods through the organization of monopoly companies were unsuccessful.

The fall of Pombal after the death of the king led to a change in political course, although many of his supporters remained in their posts. Daughter Jose, Maria I (1777-1816 ), refused to accuse him of abuse of power, but felt remorse, torn between devotion to her father and the complaints of the victims of Pombal. Her fears grew after receiving news of the revolution in France, and in 1792 she went crazy. Her son, later king, became regent. Juan VI.

At the very beginning of the unrest in France, the Portuguese police took measures to suppress revolutionary propaganda. The Spanish Bourbons, who tried to save their French cousins ​​(which they failed), were embroiled in a war with the French Republic and were defeated. The French captured Madrid and sought to destroy the alliance of Portugal with England, as well as to close Portuguese ports to English ships. An ultimatum from France to provide advantages in trade and payment of tribute was rejected by Portugal in 1797. In 1801 Napoleon prompted Spain to attack Portugal, but both countries came to a peace agreement. The French demanded a change of power in Lisbon, and in 1807 Napoleon, who now dominated Europe, decided to deal with the matter himself and ordered General Andoche Junot to march on Lisbon. When the French were already approaching the city, the Portuguese royal court sailed on ships to Brazil, leaving a regency council in their place. Its chairman Duke of Abrantes recognized the de facto authority of France.

In 1808 Portugal was engulfed in rebellion. General Arthur Wellesley, Later Duke of Wellington, landed with a large English army and forced Junot to leave Portugal under the terms of the truce in Sintra. The Regency Council was restored. When Marshal Nicola Soult in 1809 marched from Galicia to Porto, Wellesley stopped him and pushed him back. Another French army advanced along the Tagus river valley, but was defeated at Talavera. In 1810 Marshal André Masena was placed at the head of a large French army, which Wellesley held near Busacou until it withdrew to the fortifications at Torres Vedras, north of Lisbon. The French were forced to retreat to Santarém, and in March 1811 left Portugal altogether.

In later years The Portuguese royal family lived in Brazil, which by this time had become part of the united kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Juan VI (1816-1826 ) succeeded to the throne after the death of his mother. In Lisbon there was liberal movement against the regency council, organized by the Masonic lodge, which demanded the removal of the English general William Bersford, who commanded the Portuguese army. In the end garrison uprising August 24, 1820 in Porto marked the beginning of the Portuguese Revolution. The Regency Council first compromised and then capitulated. The military prevented the return of Bursford, who was in Brazil at the time, and the civilian revolutionaries pressed for a constitution. These events forced João VI to return, agreeing in advance to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. He left his eldest son Pedro to govern Brazil. The Brazilians opposed the king's departure and when the Lisbon liberals ignored Brazil's constitutional demands, in 1822 declared the independence of the country under the leadership of Pedro.

First Portuguese constitution, which asserted that the supreme power belongs to the people, was adopted in 1822 founding cortes. However, she was unable to work, and her absolutist enemies rallied around the wife of João VI, Carlota Joaquina, of Spanish origin, and their youngest son Miguel. In Lisbon, Miguel tried to lead the movement for the restoration of absolutism, but failed and was expelled from the country. Meanwhile, João VI agreed to negotiate with Brazil and in 1825 recognized its independence, retaining the title of emperor.

After his death in 1826 crowns of Portugal and Brazil passed to Pedro IV who stayed in Brazil. Pedro passed the Portuguese throne to his young daughter Mary provided that she marries his brother Miguel and Miguel accepts the constitution prepared by Pedro in 1826. This constitution, known as charter of government, confirmed the limited power of the monarch. Miguel returned to Portugal in 1828 only to prevent Mary from landing on the shore, rejecting the Charter and declaring herself absolute monarch. When he convened the Cortes and rescinded the Charter, the liberals revolted but were defeated. However in 1831 Pedro fell out with Brazilian leaders, abdicated Brazil in favor of his son, and traveled to Europe to restore his daughter to the throne of Portugal. Pedro hired people, raised money in England and France, and set up a residence in the Azores. In 1832 he landed near Porto and entered the city after a three-month siege. Then he landed troops in the Algarve and entered Lisbon in 1833. England and France made an alliance with the liberals of Portugal and Spain, and Miguel abdicated at Évora Monti. Pedro died in 1834 shortly after the Cortes recognized his daughter as queen.

Maria II(1833-1853 ) inherited the throne at the age of 15, and the country was established a constitutional monarchy. Liberals in the cities received support from political clubs and newspapers. The rural population remained devoted to the old system and almost did not take part in public life. Civil War, followed after the Napoleonic campaigns, and the loss of Brazil brought Portugal to poverty and burdened with large debts. The liberals proposed to overcome these difficulties by confiscating the property of the church, but the result was the transfer of large estates to wealthy liberals or companies.

In September 1836 a more radical faction of the so-called. Septemberists. She recognized the constitution of 1822 and made attempts to cut government spending. In 1837 marshals ( Dukes of Saldanha And Terceira) raised an uprising to remove the Septemberists. However, it was defeated, although in subsequent years the Septemberists lost the support of the population. Election 1842 showed a clear trend towards Chartism, the more conservative doctrine of the champions of the Charter, which granted the king wide powers and provided for the appointment (rather than election) of the upper house. The transition of the former radical António Bernardo Costa Cabrala on the side of the conservatives led to the restoration of the Charter by the Duke of Terceira. Chartist government purged the National Guard of political influences, censored the press, and took control of radical clubs. Was reformed local government, administrative code approved. Costa Cabral provoked an opposition movement in the countryside. In 1845 A law was passed banning burials in churches. In response to these actions in the north of the country rose peasant uprising led by the innkeeper Maria da Fonti, which was brutally suppressed.

Discontent grew in the country, and in 1846 the queen dismissed Costa Cabral. The Septemberists tried to take advantage of the favorable situation and published a manifesto directed against the royal power. Then Maria II postponed the elections and turned to Duke Saldanha with a request to form a government. The Septemberists responded by creating revolutionary junta in Port. Both groups were armed, although almost no military action was taken. After negotiations in Gramida, thanks to the intervention of England and Spain in 1847 a truce was reached. This made it possible for Saldanha and Costa Cabral to return to power, but two years later they quarreled, and Costa Cabral fired the duke. In 1851 Saldanha led putsch, and Costa Cabral was forced to emigrate.

Thirty years have passed since the introduction of the first constitutional regime. Although liberalism attracted many prominent figures, including Almeida Garrett, the romantic poet and playwright, and Alexandre Herculana, the founder of Portuguese historical literature, it enjoyed little political influence. There were no stable political parties in the country, and conservatives and radicals had opposing views on the constitution itself. Saldanha was now creating national solidarity movement, who advocated a conservative revival and prepared a program of economic reforms. Radically minded in the past Septemberists gradually transformed into opposition party of historians, or Progressives. Charter as amended in 1852, acted until the overthrow of the monarchy in 1910.

The government consolidated the debts of the first half of the century and made new loans to pay for public works. In the country railroads were built And telegraph lines, ports modernized, highways built And bridges. To please the urban electorate, the Liberals kept prices low, which in turn stifled economic activity in the countryside.

Industrialization unfolded slowly. Imports were paid for mainly through the export of port wine and cork tree bark. The only way for the development of the country was exploration of Portuguese Africa, but there was not enough capital for this. Abolition of the slave tradein 1836 forced to look for new forms of economic activity; the way out was found in increasing the profitability of enterprises in Angola. When the Scottish traveler David Livingstone in 1853 visited Luanda, the capital of Angola, he found European-style houses and boulevards there.

Mary's eldest son Pedro V (1853-1861 ), a serious and charming man, died at the age of 20. His brother Luis (1861-1889 ) had little interest in politics. Revivalist parties(former Chartists) and Progressives switched places, the former led by the economist Fontes Pereira de Melo, the latter by the Duke of Terceira and the Bishop of Viseu. The aged Saldanha came back to power in 1870, but soon after France was drawn into the war with Germany, he retired.

The governments of Portugal were formed by the "Renaissances" or through coalitions up to before 1879 until the Progressives came to power, establishing 26 peerages to gain a majority in the upper house of parliament. British claims to Guinea and Mozambique were finally considered by an arbitration commission, consisting of representatives of the United States and France, who decided the issue in favor of Portugal. The Portuguese mastered the region of Central Africa, located between Angola and Mozambique, and in 1886 began to claim territory stretching from the west coast of Africa to the east. However in 1890 The expansion of the British South Africa Company (led by Cecil Rhodes) to the north led to a crisis, and England issued an ultimatum forbidding the Portuguese occupation of this intermediate territory. This caused outrage in Portugal and greatly weakened the regime. At the same time, Portugal's financial problems worsened. In this situation Germany saw the opportunity to get Portuguese Africa and concluded an agreement with England, which noted the claims to these territories in the event of the bankruptcy of Portugal. However, when Germany tried to impose loans on Portugal to provoke its bankruptcy, the British government opposed and the Anglo-Portuguese alliance was restored.

Carlos I (1889-1908 ) did a lot to increase the international prestige of Portugal. During his reign, there was a revival of national culture. The most important figure of that time was the realist writer Esa di Queiroz (1845-1900 ). In 1876 formed Republican Party. The two monarchist parties split and a critical situation arose. In 1906 Carlos I granted dictatorial powers Joao Franco, who ruled the country without convening the Cortes. In 1908 Carlos and his eldest son (heir to the throne) were killed in Lisbon by a bomb thrown into the royal carriage. Franco was removed from power. Youngest son of Carlos Manuel II (1908-1910 ) did not have political experience, and seven governments were replaced in a year and a half. In October 1910 in the country an uprising broke out, the monarchy was overthrown and a republic established.

Republican leaders were teachers, lawyers, doctors, and military officers. At first, only one Republican Party operated in the Republican Cortes, but soon the radicals, or Democrats, came to power.

Education in Portugal of the first republic was secured constitution of 1911, which contained a wide range of rights and freedoms of citizens. Portugal announced parliamentary republic led by the president. President elected by Congress(parliament) for four years. Was created bicameral parliament, consisting of chambers of deputies(term of office three years) and Senate(for a period of six years).

In 1914, by the beginning of the First World War, Portugal remained a neutral country. But in February 1916 German ships were requisitioned in Portuguese ports, and Germany declared war on Portugal. Portugal sent an expeditionary force to the Western Front. Meanwhile, the more moderate Republicans formed United And Evolutionist Party, but none of them could control the left-wing Democrats. In 1917 Major Sidoniou Pais attempted to establish a more conservative regime. He fought for the creation of a stable state by appeasing the warring clerical and monarchist groups. Paish's "presidential" regime ended the following year with his assassination. The war exacerbated financial problems, and inflation soared. Society was constantly disturbed by strikes, political demonstrations and ministerial changes. In 1921 the prime minister and a number of leading politicians were kidnapped and killed. There were several attempts at a coup d'état. Of the eight presidents of the republic, only one served the entire term allotted to him by law. The first parliamentary republic in Portugal was the most restless and unstable in Western Europe. In less than 16 years, 45 governments have changed there.

In May 1926 General Gomisho da Coste managed to implement military coup, he entered Lisbon virtually unopposed, and the president resigned.

A few weeks later, with the participation of England, Costa was overthrown., a military dictatorship was established, and the leadership of the country passed to General António Oscar de Fragos Carmone. Carmone became interim president, then elected president in 1928, 1935, 1942 And 1949 and died in this position in 1951. In 1928 Carmona invited Dr. António de Oliveira Salazar, professor of economics at the University of Coimbra, to the government. Salazar requested authority and received it. Salazar's tax reforms provided an increase in the positive balance of the budget. The public debt was consolidated and reduced, savings were used for economic development, public works, defense and the social sphere. In 1932 Salazar became prime minister and, together with a group of scientists from the University of Coimbra, prepared draft constitution 1933, which established an authoritarian regime, called the "new state".

In accordance with the constitution of 1933, Portugal and its overseas provinces were proclaimed unitary corporate republic led by a president who is directly elected for a seven-year term. The Cortes consisted of an elected National Assembly and advisory body of the Corporate Chamber, organized in accordance with the functional divisions of society: economic, social, intellectual and spiritual. Employers organized themselves into guilds, workers into trade unions. Collective agreements were under government oversight. This system was aimed at suppressing opposition in society, and political parties were replaced National Union.

At the start of World War II Portugal remained neutral by agreement with Britain. In 1940, when the German troops approached the Pyrenees, Salazar helped Britain to keep the neutrality of Spain. In 1943 the British used an alliance with Portugal to gain a base in the Azores.

Portugal emerged from the war almost unscathed. Having received loans from Great Britain, it accumulated foreign exchange reserves in pounds sterling, which made it possible to modernize means of communication, expand the merchant fleet and develop irrigated agriculture, hydropower and industry. Portugal joined NATO in 1949.

Serious opposition to Salazar first emerged in the presidential election 1958 . Admiral America Tomas, supported by the National Union, received a large majority, but General Humberto Delgado, who led the opposition, collected a quarter of all votes. In 1959 in accordance with the constitutional amendment, the right to choose the president was transferred to the electoral college.

Portuguese territories Goa, Diu And Daman in Hindustan were occupied by Indian troops in 1961, after Portugal rejected Indian claims to these territories. An even more serious threat to the overseas possessions of Portugal arose in the 1960s thanks to the growth of the national liberation movement in Angola, Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea. Portugal sent a significant part of the army and large funds to Africa to fight the rebels.

In September 1968 Salazar handed over power to his assistant Marcel Cajetan, who maintained his main political course. Wars continued in Africa, which sucked up almost 40% of the state budget and hampered economic development. One of the consequences of these wars was the emigration of 1.6 million Portuguese, who went to different countries of the world in search of work.

April 25, 1974 a group of left-wing officers who were part of Movement of the Armed Forces (ICE), seeking to end the wars in Africa, overthrew the Cayetano regime. Junta, led by General António de Spinola, called for an end to hostilities in Africa, restored many democratic freedoms, including tolerance for political opinions.

May 15 a provisional government headed by Spinola was formed, the cabinet included socialists and communists. However, Spinola himself opposed the plans of the ICE to destroy the colonial empire and implement radical reforms, and in September he was replaced by General Francisco da Costa Gomes. Colonial system in Africa collapsed towards the end of 1975.

March 1975, after an attempt to organize a coup d'état by a group of right-wing officers, a new body of the DVS, Supreme Revolutionary Council with a predominance of pro-communist elements, headed by Prime Minister Vasco Gonçalves, began to pursue a new state policy. Gonçalves nationalized most of the banks and many industries and made the communist-led unions the only representatives of the workers' interests.

April 1975 elections were held in constituent Assembly. The Socialists received 38% of the vote, the People's Democrats 26%, and the Communists 12%. After the election, the struggle between socialists, communists and left-wing extremists continued in trade unions, the media and local governments. The communists relied on the support of the landless agricultural workers of the south and received assistance from the USSR; the US and Western European countries helped the socialists. In July The Socialists withdrew from the government of Gonçalves after he authorized the transfer of the socialist organ, the newspaper República, into the hands of the left. In August, after a wave of anti-communist demonstrations in the north, Goncalves was removed from his post. A new cabinet was formed, dominated by socialists and their allies. Repayment of Western loans resumed, which had been denied to Portugal during the pro-communist ICE rule. The communists failed again In November when left-wing military officers staged a failed coup attempt.

April 1976 entered into force the new constitution of the country. Political parties allowed to participate in the "revolutionary" process of creating a classless society. Nationalization of enterprises and expropriation of land carried out in 1974-1975, were declared irreversible. The constitution established the rights to assemble and strike, as well as to justify objection to military service. Censorship, torture and the death penalty were abolished. In the elections, the Socialists won the majority of seats in the new assembly. In June, after the election of the general António Ramalho Eanisha President, Prime Minister became the leader of the Socialists leader Mario Soares.

After 1976 The Portuguese government pursued a cautious and moderate policy aimed at restoring stability to the economy. Soarish's government had few supporters for two years and was dominated by ministers from the coalition parties. At the elections in December 1979 And October 1980 alliance of the moderate Social Democratic(former People's Democratic) parties And Social Democratic Center received a narrow majority of votes. In 1982Revolutionary Council of Officers, which was an advisory body under the President since 1976, was dissolved and replaced by a civil council. The severe economic crisis called for new elections in April 1983, which were won by the socialists who formed coalition government with the Social Democrats. Mario Soares retained the post of prime minister.

In 1985 the social democrats refused to support the Soares government and received a majority in the elections. Anibal Cavasu Silva became prime minister of a coalition government backed by the Christian Democrats.Mario Soares won the presidential election in 1986 and became Portugal's first civilian president in 60 years.

In 1986 Portugal has joined European Community and began to carry out reforms in its economy in accordance with the charter of this organization. In 1987 The Social Democrats received an overwhelming number of votes in the parliamentary elections. With the support of the socialists, they made in 1989 amendments to the Constitution, changing the Marxist phraseology 1976 . In 1991 Soares was re-elected to the presidency. government elected in 1987 completed the implementation of the four-year plan in 1991.

« pink revolution» in Portugal led to a rapid and effective transformation of the political system - from traditional quasi-corporate authoritarian rule to modern parliamentary democracy. The country freed itself from the shackles that hindered it; were restored civil liberties and free fair elections; functioning parliamentary system.

However economic transformation was very slow. All governments, including socialist ones, saw the solution of the problem of the external balance of payments as the main task, paying less attention to such internal problems as unemployment, inflation and slow economic growth. As a result, during the first decade after the revolution per capita income fell below pre-revolutionary levels.

Second decade of transition characterized by an impressive growth of all indicators economic development . The country's accession to the EU and the incentive investment policy of the social democratic government led to late 1980s to an increase in foreign investment. During 1986-1991 annual production growth was from 3 to 5%, A the unemployment rate has dropped from 8% to 4%.

Some costs of politics late 1980s began to appear in the early 1990s. True, inflation, which ranged from 9% to 14% in the second half of the 1980s, fell to almost 3% in the first half of the 1990s, but the unemployment rate increased. The country also suffered from an unbalanced trade balance, a balance of payments deficit and an external debt burden.. Meanwhile, a recession in the economy, with occasional currency depreciations and opposition to the government's privatization program, has led early 1993 to the crisis in the industry where there has been a significant reduction in production.

Amendments to the Constitutionin 1988 And 1989 , and later to legislation (for example, the law on privatization 1990 ) erased the socio-economic traces of the "pink revolution". As a result, the direction of reforms in land tenure and relations between employers and workers changed, state ownership was limited to public utilities and industrial equipment, and state regulation of investment activity was abolished. Economic policy in the mid 1990s was aimed at reducing inflation, as well as eliminating the budget deficit.

Government Cavaco Silva took a number of steps perceived by the left opposition as a restriction of civil liberties and human rights. In September 1992 A law was enacted that restricted the right to strike. From now on, in the event of a strike in such vital sectors as passenger transport, energy and health care, the government could force strikers to go to work. New law 1993 on the granting of the right to asylum allowed the expulsion of immigrants from the country without a court order. President Soares tried to oppose its adoption, and although the parliament overrode the presidential "veto", the government amended it, which gave the deportees the opportunity to appeal. SDP cabinet measures to cut social spending provoked protests from workers in affected industries. So, in December 1993 80% of Portuguese doctors went on strike against the government's health policy and for higher wages. In 1994 Cavaco Silva's cabinet ordered to increase fares on the vital Tagus bridge linking the capital Lisbon with the south of the country, causing numerous protests of transport drivers. They continued for several weeks. The opposition accused the government of imposing a "hidden tax" and submitted a motion of no confidence to the Assembly of the Republic, but it was rejected in October 1994. The conflict between the ruling PSD and President Mario Soares escalated. February 1995 The Social Democrats defiantly elected Joaquín Fernando Nogueira as their future leader, whom the president had refused to approve as deputy prime minister.

In the general election October 1, 1995 The SDP suffered a heavy defeat. The number of votes cast for her fell from 51% to 34%, she was able to get only 88 out of 230 seats in the Assembly of the Republic. The socialists won, with 44% of the vote and 112 seats in parliament. 15 places received Democratic Unity Coalition led by the PKP and People's Party(former SDC), which opposed the strengthening of European integration. The new government, consisting of socialists and non-partisans, was headed by the leader of the PSP António Guterres.January 1996 socialist Jorge Sampaio was elected president of the country, receiving about 54% of the vote. Sampaio, a lawyer by training, one of the leaders of the student opposition against the Salazar regime, who acted as a lawyer for the opponents of the dictatorship. After the 1974 revolution was a member of the Movement of the Left Socialists, in 1978 joined the PSP and the following year he was elected to the Assembly of the Republic. In 1988 became General Secretary of the Socialist Party, in 1989-1995 served as mayor of Lisbon. In January 2001 Sampaio was re-elected president for another term. He won 55.8% of the vote, ahead of the PSD and People's Party candidates Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral (34.5%), the PKP António de Abreu (5.1%), the Left Bloc Fernando Rosas (3%) and the Maoist Portuguese Communist Party workers António Garcia Pereiro (1.5%).

May 1996 parliament adopted decision to decentralize the government of the country. Instead of 18 administrative districts in continental Portugal, whose governors were appointed by the central government, formed 9 regions with extended rights. The government called this plan "the reform of the century", the right-wing opposition - "the split of the nation". November 8, 1998 A referendum on administrative reform was held with less than 50% of voters participating. The plan was rejected by 63.6% of the vote.

The socialists also tried to implement a number of reforms in the political system, including the introduction of a quota for the representation of women in parliament, a decrease in the number of deputies, the admission of independent candidates in elections, and the holding of referendums. In 1997 some of the proposed measures were approved by Parliament, but the introduction of a quota for women was rejected by the Assembly March 5, 1999.

October 1999 The SP strengthened its position in the general parliamentary elections. No significant changes were made in the new cabinet, but the ministries of finance and economy were merged under the leadership of Pina Moura. The collapse of the system of social services continued, which caused growing discontent among the population. As a result, in the early parliamentary elections in March 2002 the ruling joint venture was defeated. Right-wing parties returned to power PSD And NP. The post of prime minister was SDP leader Jose Manuel Duran Barroso. A lawyer and political scientist by education, he was first elected to parliament from the PSD in 1985, the next year was appointed Secretary of State at the Ministry of the Interior, and in 1987- Secretary of State for Cooperation and Foreign Affairs at the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (mainly engaged in relations with former colonies in Africa). In 1992-1995 served as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

The new government announced its intention to neoliberal reforms in the education system, increase taxes by reducing their progressiveness, privatize state television, strengthen police and security measures, limit immigration, freeze public sector wages, and cut public spending.

International trade

After the 1974 revolution Portugal's trade balance cyclic structure: Years with a positive balance alternated with years with a deficit. Trade deficit usually compensated by tourism income And money transfers Portuguese immigrant workers. Income from foreign tourism constitute 4.8% of GDP. Main types of export goods - textiles, clothing, footwear, timber(including cork), ships, electrical equipment, chemical products. Imported mostly energy carriers, raw materials for a number of industries and food. Main trading partners Portugal - EU countries ( Germany, France And Great Britain).

The shops

The shops work in Portugal Monday through Friday from 9:00 to 13:00 and with 15:00 to 19:00, on Saturday Most of them close at 13:00. There are no lunch breaks in supermarkets. Shopping malls in major cities work also on weekends and holidaysfrom 10:00 to 22:00 - 23:00.

Portugal stores have a system TAX FREE. If you take a receipt for the goods, then at the airport value added tax will be refunded. This service is valid if your stay in the countryIndustry. On the north and central coast it forms significant forest tracts, in tree layer which are also found portuguese oak (Quercus lusitanica), A in the bush - broom. In areas with long, hot and dry summers, suberic And holm oaks.

Forests cover 1/5 of the territory Portugal; almost half of them coniferous, predominantly pine. Approximately 607 thousand ha occupy plantings cork oak. Portugal supplies half of the world's cork production. Plantation area expands rapidly eucalyptus, characterized by rapid growth; This the most important source of raw materials for the pulp and paper industry. Forests have importance for the economy and foreign trade of Portugal.

From animals there are species in the country, typical for Central Europe (lynx, wild forest cat, wolf, fox, wild boar, bear, various rodents), as well as the tax system is based on value added tax(introduced in 1986) and new income tax(introduced in 1989).

Portugal in its history and traditions is Roman Catholic country; almost 94% its inhabitants profess Catholicism. However church separated from state and receives no direct financial support from him. Less 1% residents - Protestants. Lisbon and Porto have Jewish communities(200 thousand people). Near 5% residents of the country recognize themselves atheists. Although nearly 94% of Portuguese are Catholic, church attendance has declined, especially in the cities and south of the country. Catholicism in Portugal has always been associated with local traditions, the population worshiped many popular local saints. Solemnly, like church holidays, the memorable days of these saints are celebrated. Even long-dead famous doctors and healers are revered as saints. The village of Fatima Lisbon and Porto have modern port facilities. International airports operate in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, on Azores And Madeira.

Take car rental in Portugal is quite simple. Rental car driver must be at least 21 years old (in some companies - at least 23 years old) and have a driving experience of 1 year. The car is usually provided on presentation of a credit card. Possibility to get a car when depositing a deposit. The price of gasoline is about 1 euro.

Minerals

In Portugal of minerals, the most important aretungsten deposits And tin ores. The country also has reserves of pyrite, copper, iron, uranium, beryl, there are small deposits stone And brown coal I.

Agriculture

Agriculture gives only 5% of GDP Portugal, and they account for 11.5% of the employed. Gross agricultural output per worker is significantly lower than in other EU countries; the exceptions are the fertile valley of the Tagus River and the irrigated areas of the province of Alentejo. To meet food needs, Portugal has to import many agricultural products, especially grain, sunflower seeds And meat.

The main cereal crop of Portugal - wheat, second place takes corn. Wheat grown mainly in the south of the country, corn- in the north. Besides, have commercial value legumes, oats, rye, barley And rice. important food crop is potato. Portugal - one of the main exporters of ketchup. Olives V in large numbers are used for food, but mainly serve as a raw material for the production of olive oil.

a huge role play in agriculture viticulture And winemaking. Portugal - one of the leading Western European wine exporting countries. The most important viticulture areas - valleys of the northern rivers Douro, Mondego And Lima. Vineyards are also located V Algarve and on peninsula of Setubal, directly south of Lisbon. Portuguese dessert wines, especially port and muscat, as well as rosé table wines, are world famous.

Sheep, pigs, cattle And goats -most numerous pets that are grown in Portugal. Breeding cattle the most advanced is not to compare paying for medical services in cash. Serious health problems, in this case, can cost from several hundred to several thousand dollars.

Pharmacies are usually open on weekdays. from 9:00 to 13:00 And from 15:00 to 19:00, A on Saturday - in the morning hours.

, Mirandese (regional language)

Story

In IV-III centuries BC. e. most of the territory of Portugal was inhabited by the Indo-European tribes of the Lusitanians. At the end of the 1st century BC e. the conquest of the territories of modern Portugal by Ancient Rome was completed. In the 2nd half of the 5th-6th centuries. n. e. the territory of modern Portugal was conquered by the Visigoths, led by King Theodoric II, in - years. - Arabs. During the Reconquista, the County of Portugal was created in 868 by Vimara Peres, and in 1139 (officially in 1143) became an independent kingdom. Sancho I the Settler made a contribution to the history of Portugal in the form of a conductor of peaceful reforms, under Afonso II a parliament called the Cortes began to work, and Afonso III of Boulogne completed the Reconquista. In - gg. there was a strengthening of the monarchy in Portugal, which was marked by transformations under Dinis I the Farmer, peace with the Kingdom of Castile and Leon, the crisis of 1383-1385.

From the 15th century, starting from the reign of João I of the Avis dynasty, the colonial expansion of Portugal began; The Portuguese colonial empire reached its peak in the first half of the 16th century. In 1580, King Enrique dies, and the Portuguese throne passes into the hands of the Spanish King Philip II of Habsburg. Until 1640, Portugal was in a personal union with Spain. At the beginning of the 18th century, she participated in the War of the Spanish Succession. The Treaty of Lisbon and the Treaty of Methuen signed during the war led to the economic and political dependence of Portugal on Great Britain. In 1807, the troops of Napoleon I invaded Portugal, who were expelled in 1808 by English troops with the support of Portuguese patriots. 19th century was marked in Portugal by revolutions (Portuguese Revolution of 1820, September Revolution of 1836), civil wars (Miguelist Wars, María da Fonte's War), sharp struggle between supporters and opponents of the constitution. From 2nd half of XIX V. Portugal develops a republican and socialist movement.

20th century

State structure

Portugal is a parliamentary-presidential republic. Legislature - Assembly ( Assembleia da Republica), consists of 230 deputies ( deputados) and is elected on party lists for 4 years. The head of state is the president Presidente da Republica Portuguesa), is elected by popular vote for a term of 5 years; advisory body under the President - State Council ( Conselho de Estado), the executive body - the Council of Ministers, consists of the Prime Minister ( primeiro ministro) and ministers, is appointed by the president and is responsible to the Assembly, the representative bodies of the autonomous regions are legislative assemblies ( Assembleia Legislativa), executive - regional governments ( government-regional), consisting of chairmen of regional governments ( presidente) and regional secretaries ( Secretario Regional), representative bodies of parishes - assemblies of parishes ( Assembleia de freguesia), executive bodies of parishes - parish councils ( Junta de Freguesia), consisting of chairmen of parish councils ( presidente) and vowels (vogais), the constitutional oversight body is the Constitutional Court ( Tribunal Constitutional), appointed by the Assembly, the highest court is the Supreme Court of Justice ( Supremo Tribunal de Justica), courts of appeal - judicial tribunals of the second instance ( Tribunal judicial de Segunda Instância), courts of first instance - judicial tribunals of first instance ( Tribunal judicial de Primeira Instância), the highest court of administrative justice ( Supremo Tribunal Administration), courts of first instance of administrative justice - administrative courts ( Tribunal administration), the supreme control body - the Accounts Court ( Tribunal de Contas), body of prosecutorial supervision - the General Prosecutor's Office ( Procuradoria-Geral da Republica Portuguesa), courts of financial justice - fiscal courts ( Tribunal fiscal), courts of military justice - military courts ( tribunais militares), an official authorized to control the activities of government agencies - the General Ombudsman ( Provedor de Justica).

Ministries of Portugal:

• Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries
• Ministry of Environmental Protection, Territorial Order and Regional Development
• Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Development.

Political parties

Rights

• National Renewal Party (Portugal) - far-right nationalist
• People's Monarchist Party (Portugal) - royalist

centre-right

• Social Democratic Party of Portugal - liberal conservative
• People's Party (Portugal) - conservative
• New Democracy (Portugal) - conservative
• Earth Party (Portugal) - conservative environmentalist

centre-left

• Socialist Party - socialist
• Portuguese Workers' Party - Social Democratic
• Humanist Party (Portugal)
• Democratic Party of the Atlantic - Azorean former right-wing party that has shifted to the left

Left

• Democratic Unity Coalition:
  • Green Party (port. Os Verdes) - environmentalist
• Left bloc (port. Bloco de Esquerda) - an association of communist parties, including the Trotskyist Revolutionary Socialist Party and the ex-Maoist People's Democratic Union
• Communist Party of Portuguese Workers - Maoist
• Workers' Party of Socialist Unity - Trotskyist
• LIVRE - eco-socialist
• Party for Animals and Nature - Animal Protection

Unions

• General Union of Workers ( União Geral de Trabalhadores) - the main trade union center, traditionally associated with the Socialist Party, has 400 thousand members.
• General Confederation of Portuguese Workers ( Confederação Geral dos Trabalhadores Portugueses), traditionally associated with the Communist Party, has 800,000 members.

Administrative division

Capital

Located on the banks of the Tagus River. The area of ​​the capital is 84 km². Population - 556,797 people. Greater Lisbon (city with suburbs) - 2750 km² and a population of 2.1 million people.

The mayor of the city is António Luis Santos da Costa.

Other cities

• Portimão (Portimao)

Physical and geographical characteristics

Climate

The climate is subtropical, Mediterranean. Average January temperatures are 5-10°C, July 20-27°C. Precipitation on the plains is from 400 to 800 mm, in the mountains from 1000 to 2500 mm per year.

Relief

The relief of the provinces of Minho in the west and Alto-Traz-us-Montes and Alto-Douro in the east, located north of the river. Douro, rugged, mountainous. The province of Beira, extending from the river. Douro to the upper section of the river. Tagus, with the exception of the coastal plain, is also occupied by mountains. In its central part is highest point Portugal - Mount Torre (1993 m). Fertile plains in the lower reaches of the river. The Tagus (province of Ribatejo) and the coastal area north and south of the capital city of Lisbon belong to the province of Extremadura. To the east and south of it stretches the province of Alentejo, with a soft hilly terrain, and the entire southern part of Portugal is occupied by the plains of the Algarve province, similar in natural conditions to the Mediterranean zone of North Africa.

Rivers and lakes

On the territory of Portugal, the valleys of the Douro (Duero) and Tejo (Tajo) rivers are clearly distinguished. In the upper reaches, they are narrow and deeply incised; downstream, they expand and, near the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, pass into flat lowlands. These rivers are the natural boundaries of five of the six geographic regions of the country.

Flora and fauna

Despite the human factor, the climatic features of the region are reflected by the natural environment: flora and fauna. Near the coast, the vegetation is dominated by pine. The coastal strip of the central and northern parts of the country is occupied by forests (mainly Portuguese oak, among shrubs - broom). In dry areas climatic conditions promote the growth of cork and holm oaks.

In general - about a fifth of the Portuguese territory is covered with forest. Approximately 50% of the forest is coniferous trees (mostly pine). Cork oak is planted on the territory of 607 thousand hectares. Thanks to this, Portugal supplies about 50% of the cork bark worldwide. The area of ​​eucalyptus plantations is growing, which are characterized by rapid growth and this is the most important source of raw materials for the pulp and paper industry. It can be said that the economy of Portugal is largely dependent on forests.

The fauna of Portugal is broadly in line with the rest of Europe. On its territory you can meet both lynxes and wild forest cats, wolves, foxes, wild boars, bears and many species of rodents. Of the representatives of the North African fauna - genetto, chameleon, etc. Due to the fact that Portugal is located on one of the main migration routes of migratory birds, you can meet a huge variety of birds. The proximity of the ocean promotes fishing (about 200 species of fish live in the coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean): sardines, anchovies, tuna.

ground cover

The soils of Portugal are mostly sandy, acidic, formed mainly on volcanic rocks. The exception is the fertile loamy soils of the alluvial plain in the lower reaches of the river. Tagus. Several seismically active zones are distinguished on the territory of Portugal, the largest of them are located in the Algarve, Minho and near Lisbon.

Economy

Portugal is an industrial-agrarian country. The most important traditional industries are textiles (cotton and wool), clothing, winemaking (port wine is especially famous), the production of olive oil, canned fish, cork processing (leading in the world), ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering (shipbuilding and ship repair, car assembly, electrotechnical); the chemical, oil refining and petrochemical, cement industries are developing. Farming dominates agriculture. About half of the cultivated land is arable; viticulture, fruit growing, olive plantations. In animal husbandry, cattle breeding, sheep breeding, pig breeding, and fishing.

The main foreign trade partners are the countries of the European Community.

Foreign tourism - approx. 10 million people a year.

In connection with the change in the text of the constitution (), a law on privatization was adopted (enterprises nationalized after 1974 were privatized; the role of state regulation in the economy decreased; private investments of Portuguese citizens in domestic enterprises were allowed). The state undertook to promote the restructuring of unprofitable enterprises and the development of the Portuguese capital market. Enormous money was allocated for improvement: in 1993-2000, the proportion of the population using the drinking water supply system increased from 61 to 95%, and the sewer network from 55 to 90%.

The economic policy is aimed at liberalization and modernization of the economy, further privatization of state-owned companies, restructuring of the banking and telecommunications sectors. The fiscal sphere after the tax reform ensured the inflow of state revenues and the reduction of the budget deficit for 1996-2003. from 5 to 2.4% of GDP. In the monetary sphere, measures were taken to promote budgetary and financial stability. Budget revenues amounted to 45 billion dollars, expenses - 48 billion dollars. In 1996-2003. annual inflation rates decreased from 7.8% to 3.1%. Social policy is aimed at reforming the system of social and labor relations and ensuring employment. In 2002, the unemployment rate was 4.7%, the human development index was 0.925.

Thanks to the growth of exports in the II quarter. In 2013, the growth of the Portuguese economy was the strongest among the EU countries: GDP increased by 1.1% compared to the first quarter; prior to this, the economy had been in recession for 10 consecutive quarters.

The minimum wage in Portugal in 2018 is 676.67 euros. The average salary in Portugal for 2018 is 1144.61 euros. From January 1, 2019, the minimum wage in Portugal is €700. The Keitz index (the ratio between the minimum and average wages in the country) in Portugal as of 2017 (average €1148.29, minimum €676.67) is 60%.

Population

The average age is 39.1 years (for men - 37 years; for women - 41.3 years). The annual increase is 0.305%. Birth rate - 10.45 (per thousand people). The fertility rate is 1.49. Mortality - 10.62 (per thousand people).

culture

Main article: Culture of Portugal

Holidays and weekends

mass media

Seal

Broadcasting

Television and radio broadcasting in Portugal is divided into public, commercial, in addition, in Portugal there is an element of state television and radio broadcasting in the form of the parliamentary television channel ARtv. Public Broadcaster - RTP ( Rádio e Televisão de Portugal- Radio and Television of Portugal), broadcasts on the 1st (RTP1) and 2nd TV channel (RTP2) and through 3 radio stations (Antena 1, Antena 2 and Antena 3). Commercial broadcasters are SIC and TVI. Control over compliance with media laws by the public broadcaster is carried out by the Independent General Council ( Conselho Geral Independente), for commercial broadcasters - the Social Communications Regulatory Authority ( Entidade Reguladora para a Comunicação Social) (previously the Supreme Directorate of Social Communications ( Alta Autoridade para a Comunicação Socia)).

Depending on the method of signal distribution, television in Portugal is divided into terrestrial, cable, satellite and IPTV, radio broadcasting is only terrestrial, public radio stations can broadcast via terrestrial, cable, satellite television and IPTV, in common multiplexes with public television channels, in addition, there are several Internet -radio stations, on-air broadcasting is carried out in the analog standard on VHF, in the version of VHF OIRT, Antena 1 also on CB and the digital DAB standard on MW.

Russian-language media

• The newspaper "Slovo" - "Slovo" - a Russian-language newspaper for tourists and Russian-speaking people living in Europe
• Lighthouse of Portugal - "Lighthouse of Portugal" - a Russian-language newspaper for immigrants from of Eastern Europe

Literature

Amadis of Gali is of Portuguese origin - one of the most famous chivalric novels of the late Middle Ages, which has come down to us in the later Spanish alterations of the 16th century.

Among the most famous and significant works of the Renaissance in Portuguese literature, one can note the epic poem The Lusiads () by Luis de Camões. This is the first work describing geographical discoveries. Other prominent Portuguese poets of the time include Sa de Miranda. The playwright Gil Vicente made a great contribution to the development of the Portuguese theater of the 16th century.

The largest exponent of Portuguese literature in the 19th century was the realist writer José María Esa de Queiroz. Among the Portuguese authors of the 20th century are the symbolist Eugenio de Castro, the mystic and impressionist Raul Brandan, Venceslau de Morais, the religious symbolists António Correia d'Oliveira and Afonso Lopes Vieira, the modernist Fernando Pessoa.

The brightest phenomenon in Portuguese literature of the 20th century was the work of José Saramago. A member of the once outlawed Communist Party of Portugal, Saramago has consistently leaned towards the left. His phantasmagoric prose is filled with the idea of ​​human equality and profound humanism. The author's anti-clerical views have repeatedly provoked fierce accusations from the Catholic Church, which did not prevent him from becoming a 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature after the publication of the novel The Gospel of Jesus.

Music

The basis of culture, including music, of the Portuguese is the Romanesque culture, which, during the formation and development of the Portuguese state, was influenced by many cultural components introduced both by the conquerors of the Portuguese lands and by the peoples of the vast possessions captured by the Portuguese. The music of Portugal has a common origin with the music of Spain and has developed over the centuries in interaction with it, while being distinguished by its bright originality.

The most common song genre is fado (solo lyrical song), which plays an important role in the national self-identification of the Portuguese, as it draws a clear line between the bright and lively Spanish rhythms, representing the exuberant and harsh Spanish character, and the soft and melancholy soul of the Portuguese people.

art

Portugal has never been a leading European power in the field of fine arts. Even during the Renaissance, the period of the country's greatest prosperity, Portuguese artists, the largest of whom was Nuno Gonçalves, remained on the fringes of European development. In the 19th century, the most notable representatives of Portuguese painting, and in fact the founders of the modern national artistic tradition, were José Malloa, José Julio de Sousa Pinto and Columbano Bordalú Pinheiro. The most famous Portuguese artist is considered to be Amadeu di Soza Cardoso, who died at the age of 30, who received an art education in France and worked in avant-garde painting styles.

Language

Portugal is a country with a single state official language - Portuguese. It is spoken by more than 200 million people worldwide on three continents: Eurasia, Africa and South America. Portuguese is similar to Spanish, since both belong to the Ibero-Romance subgroup of the Romance group of languages, however, with a similar grammatical structure, there are significant differences in pronunciation between them. The formation of the language was greatly influenced by the Germanic tribes and the Arabs (Moors), from whom the Portuguese language borrowed many words, as well as the contacts of travelers, discoverers and merchants with Asian peoples.

In addition, the status of the official language of Portugal since 1999 has Mirandese, which is spoken by the population of a small area in northeastern Portugal (the municipalities of Miranda do Douro, Vimioso, Mogadoro).

Fairly widespread throughout Portugal and especially its northern part is the Galician language, which does not have official status.

Religion

About 90% of the country's population professes Catholicism. Catholicism in Portugal has always been associated with local traditions, the population honored the memory of many popular local saints, whose memorable days are celebrated solemnly, like church holidays. The village of Fatima, where the Virgin Mary is believed to have appeared to three children in 1917, has become a popular pilgrimage site.

Over the past 25 years, due to mass labor migration from Eastern European countries, the number of Orthodox Christians has noticeably increased in Portugal (60-80 thousand). Another 135 thousand Portuguese are followers of various pseudo-Christian religious organizations; first of all it