Flamenco music and dancing, bullfights, lots of sun and fantastic beaches… In fact, Spain has much more to offer tourists. Spain has been the cultural center of Europe for many centuries. This country has kept a large number of monuments of the times of the Celts, Goths, Romans and Moors. The Alhambra Palace in Granada, the Mesquite Cathedral in Cordoba and Royal Palace in Madrid will be no less interesting to tourists than the beaches of the Costa del Sol or, for example, the Costa Dorada.

Geography of Spain

Spain is located on the famous Iberian Peninsula, in the south of Europe. In the west, Spain borders on Portugal, in the south - on Gibraltar (owned by Great Britain), in the north - on France and Andorra. IN North Africa Spain borders on Morocco (their common border is 13 km). In the south and east, Spain borders on mediterranean sea, and in the west and northwest it is washed by Atlantic Ocean.

Spain is made up of small Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, "Isles of Dogs" (as it was once called Canary Islands) in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa, as well as two semi-autonomous cities - Ceuta and Melilla in North Africa.

The total area of ​​Spain is 505,992 sq. km, including the islands, and the total length state border– 1,917 km.

Mainland Spain is a mountainous country dominated by plateaus and mountain ranges. The main mountain systems in Spain are the Pyrenees, the Cordilleras, the Cantabrian Mountains, the Catalan Mountains, and the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The highest peak in Spain dormant volcano Teide on the island of Tenerife (3718 m).

Capital of Spain

The capital of Spain is Madrid, which is now home to more than 3.3 million people. Madrid was founded by the Moors in the middle of the 10th century.

Official language

Spain is a multilingual country. All over Spain official language is Spanish (aka Castilian) language.

Other official languages:

• Basque language - common in the Basque Country and in Navarre;
• Catalan - common in Catalonia, as well as in Valencia and the Balearic Mountains;
• Galician - in Galicia.

Religion

About 96% of the population of Spain are Catholics belonging to the Roman Catholic Church. However, only 14% of Spaniards go to church every week (or more often).

In addition, about 1.2 million Protestants and more than 1 million Muslims now live in Spain (a lot of people from Morocco and Algeria).

State structure

Spain is a constitutional monarchy in which the head of state, according to the Constitution, is the King.

The source of legislative power is the Cortes Generales, consisting of the Congress of Deputies (350 people are elected to it) and the Senate (258 people).

Main political parties in Spain - the right-wing "People's Party", "Spanish Socialist Labor Party" and "Communist Party of Spain".

Spain consists of 17 communities (regions) and 2 autonomous cities (Ceuta and Melilla).

Climate and weather

In general, the climate of Spain can be divided into three main climatic zones:

• Mediterranean climate, which is characterized by hot summers and rather cold winters (central and north-central Spain);
• semi-arid climate (southeastern Spain, especially in Murcia and the Ebro Valley);
• maritime climate (in northern Spain, especially in Asturias, the Basque Country, Cantabria, and partly in Galicia).

The Pyrenees and the Sierra Nevada have an alpine climate, while the Canary Islands have a subtropical climate.

Spain in January average temperature air is 0C, and in July - + 33C.

Seas and oceans

The Mediterranean Sea in the south and east washes the shores of Spain, and in the west and north-west of the country is the Atlantic Ocean. In the north of Spain is the great Bay of Biscay.

Average sea temperature in Spain in May:

• Costa Dorado - +17C
• Costa Brava - +17C
• Costa Calida - +17C
• Almeria - +18C
• Costa del Sol - +17C
• Costa Blanca - +17C

Average sea temperature in Spain in August:

• Costa Dorado - +25С
• Costa Brava - +25С
• Costa Calida - +25С
• Almeria - +24C
• Costa del Sol - +23С
• Costa Blanca - +25С

Rivers and lakes

Despite the fact that Spain is a mountainous country, a large number of rivers flow through its territory. Most big rivers in Spain, Tajo (1,007 km), Ebro (910 km), Duero (895 km), Guadiana (657 km) and Guadalquivir (578 km).

According to scientists, there are several hundred lakes in Spain, and more than 440 of them are mountain lakes. The largest lake in Spain is Sanabria, whose area is more than 11 thousand square meters. km.

History of Spain

The ancient Greeks called the indigenous inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula (the territory of modern Spain) Iberians. Iberian tribes, according to archaeological finds, came to the Iberian Peninsula from the eastern Mediterranean during the Neolithic.

Around 1200 B.C. Celts appeared in the Pyrenees, who began to mix with the Iberian tribes. Then the Phoenicians founded several of their cities in the Pyrenees - Gadir (Cadiz), Malaka (Malaga) and Abdera (Adra). Then the ancient Greeks built their colonies in southern Spain along the Mediterranean coast.

During the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage, Roman legionnaires invaded Spain and conquered most of it. Then Spain fell completely under the rule of Ancient Rome.

In 409 AD The Goths invaded the Iberian Peninsula and established their kingdom there. However, in 711 AD. The kingdom of the Visigoths fell under the blows of the Moors from Africa. In the end, the Moors managed to conquer almost all of Spain. In the 10th century, Andalusia established its own Muslim Caliphate.

However, Christians are trying to return the Spanish lands occupied by the Moors. This period in Spanish history is known as the Reconquista.

The very same kingdom of Spain was formed in 1469 (the wedding of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon took place this year), but only in 1492 the last Arab emir fled from the territory of Spain (this happened after the fall of Granada).

After Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492, Spain received tons of silver and gold from there, thus becoming one of the most influential and powerful countries of that time.

In 1808, the troops of Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Spain, but the Spaniards put up stubborn resistance to them. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo, King Ferdinand IV was restored to the Spanish throne.

Due to the economic crisis and political instability in the 19th century, Spain lost almost all of its colonies. In 1895, after the war with the United States, Cuba, the last colony of Spain, was lost.

From 1936 to 1939, the Civil War continued in Spain, the winner of which was the nationalists, led by Franco. During the Second World War, which began in 1939, Spain remained neutral, although it sympathized with Germany.

Franco died in 1975 and a constitutional monarchy was established in Spain.

Spain joined NATO in 1985 and joined the European Union in 1992.

Culture of Spain

on spanish culture big influence rendered by the ancient Greeks as well as the ancient Romans. Until now, a large number of ancient Roman monuments have been preserved in Spain. After the Moors conquered Spain in the early 700s, the Arabs began to exert a decisive influence on Spanish culture. In general, the entire Middle Ages in Spain is a confrontation between Arab and Christian cultures.

It so happened that the Spaniards most notably showed themselves in literature and in painting, although, of course, in Spain there were talented architects, philosophers, doctors and philosophers.

The most famous Spanish writers and poets are Lope de Vega (life - 1562-1635), Francisco Quevedo y Villegas (1580-1645), Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (life - 1547-1616), Baltasar Gracian (1601-1658 ), Benito Galdos (1843-1920), and Camilo José Sela (life - 1916-2002).

The most famous Spanish painters are El Greco (life - 1541-1614), Francisco de Herrera (life - 1576-1656), Jusepe de Ribera (life - 1591-1652), Diego Velazquez (life - 1599-1660) , Alonso Cano (life - 1601-1667), Francisco Goya (life - 1746-1828), and Salvador Dali (life - 1904-1989).

For many of us, Spain is flamenco and bullfighting, which has a long tradition.

The dance and song "flamenco" appeared in the Middle Ages in Andalusia. The emergence of this dance and musical style is associated with the gypsies, but since the end of the 18th century, flamenco has become a traditional Spanish dance.

Now every two years in the Spanish Seville, an international flamenco festival called Bienal de Flamenco is held. This festival gathers thousands of participants and visitors.

Another famous Spanish tradition is bullfighting, bullfighting, which was started by the Iberian tribes who lived in the Pyrenees around 3000 centuries BC. BC. At first, the killing of a bull was of a ritual nature, but over time, it became a real art. Since the middle of the 18th century, bullfighting has already existed in many Spanish cities.

Now in some Spanish cities there are bull races - "encierro". During these races, the bulls try to catch up with the people running through the streets. Sometimes the bulls succeed. The most famous encierros are in Pamplona.

Kitchen

Spanish cuisine is characterized by a wide variety of dishes. This is understandable, because in every region of Spain they carefully preserve not only their cultural, but also culinary traditions. In general, the cuisine of Spain can be attributed to the Mediterranean cuisine. Two characteristic elements of Spanish cuisine are olive oil and garlic.

In Mediterranean Spain (from Catalonia to Andalusia), seafood is often used for cooking. Cold soups (eg gazpacho) and rice dishes (eg paella) are traditional here.

Inland Spain is characterized by thick hot soups and stews. Ham and various cheeses are popular here.

For north coast Spain (Atlantic Ocean), including the Basque Country, Asturias and Galicia, are characterized by dishes with meat, fish and vegetables.

• Cochinillo Asado (roast pig);
• Gambas Ajiillo (fried shrimp with garlic and chili);
• Paella (rice dish);
• Pulpo a la Gallega (Galician octopus);
• Jamon Iberico & Chorizo ​​(Iberian ham and spicy sausages);
• Pescado Frito (this is any fried fish);
• Patatas Bravas (these are fried potatoes cooked in a spicy sauce);
• Tortilla Espanola (Spanish omelet);
• Queso Manchego (Spanish sheep cheese);
• Gazpacho (This is a traditional cold tomato soup).

Sunny Spain is unimaginable without wine. The traditions of winemaking on the Iberian Peninsula were laid down by the ancient Greeks, who founded their colonies there. Spain now produces a wide variety of wines.

In our opinion, the Top 5 best red wines in Spain include:

• Wine Lopez de Heredia
• Bernya (Alicante)
• Vinyes josep - Sola Classic (Priorat)
• Tempranillo - Baron fernand (Valdepeñas)
• Divus - Bodegas Bleda (Jumilla)

Top 5 best white wines in Spain:

1. Xarlel-lo - Clar de Castanyer (Penedés)
2. Amalia - Rubicon (Lanzarote)
3. Wine Mas Plantadera Blanco Roble - Celler Sabate (Priorat)
4. Malvasia semidulce - Bermejo (Lanzarote)
5. el copero (Utiel-Requena)

Sights of Spain

Perhaps Spain does not take the 1st place in terms of the number of attractions, but it is undeniable that tourists have something to see in this ancient country. The top ten attractions in Spain, in our opinion, include the following:

Cities and resorts in Spain

The largest Spanish cities are Madrid, Barcelona (1.7 million people), Valencia (850 thousand people), Seville (720 thousand people), Zaragoza (more than 610 thousand people), and Malaga (about 550 thousand people).

The total coastline of Spain is about 5 thousand kilometers. This means that in Spain there are a large number of beautiful beaches with clear water. Despite the fact that for some reason most tourists choose the Costa Blanca and the sunny Costa del Sol, Spain has beautiful beaches in other resorts.

Top 10 Spanish beaches, in our opinion:

• La Concha Beach - San Sebastian
• Playa de Las Catedrales - Galicia
• Playa del Silencio - Asturias
• Ses Illetes - located on the island of Formentera, Balearic Islands
• Beaches of Sitges - near Barcelona
• Nerja - Costa del Sol, Andalusia
• La Barrosa - This beach is located in Chiclana de la Frontera
• Tarifa - Andalusia
• Gandia - Costa Blanca
• Playa de los Peligros - Santander

When talking about beach resorts Spain, they immediately remember the Costa del Sol, the Canary Islands, and island of Ibiza. But in Spain there is still the Costa Brava, the island of Tenerife, island of Mallorca, Costa Dorada, Balearic Islands, Costa Blanca, Costa del Maresme, and Costa de la Luz.

Souvenirs/Shopping

Returning from Spain, tourists may simply not pick up their suitcases, as there may be so many souvenirs in them. Therefore, we advise tourists who have visited Spain to stop at the following best Spanish souvenirs:

• Olive oil, which is the best in the world (the opinion of Italians and Greeks on this matter does not count);
• "Bota" - a bag for storing wine made of leather (such a bag costs about 30 euros);
• Saffron and other spices;
• Funny T-shirts from Kukuxumusu;
• Spanish ham;
• Flamenco CDs;
• Spanish wine;
• Souvenirs of the Spanish national football team;
• Melee weapons from Toledo.

Office Hours

Banks work:
Mon-Fri: 08:30-14.00
Some banks are also open on Saturdays.

Store opening hours:
Mon-Fri: from 09:00 to 13.30 (or 14:00) and from 16:30 (or from 17:00) to 20:00.
Every Saturday, Spanish shops are open until noon.
Large supermarkets are open all day.

Visa

Useful data for tourists about Spain, cities and resorts of the country. As well as information about the population, the currency of Spain, the cuisine, the features of visa and customs restrictions in Spain.

Geography of Spain

Spain is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. She owns the Balearic and Pitius Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. It borders with France, Andorra, Portugal.

About 2/3 of the territory of Spain is occupied by the massive raised Meseta plateau, surrounded by high mountains. In her central regions rise large ridges of the Central Cordillera.

In the south rise the Toledo Mountains (the highest point is Mount Corocho de Rosigaldo, 1447 m). Most southern edge Meseta Sierra Morena is raised to a height of about 900 m (the highest point is Mount Estrella, 1299 m). The Sierra Morena drops steeply to the vast Andalusian lowland with the Guadalquivir River. The Guadalquivir River flows into the Gulf of Cadiz; not far from its mouth is the vast swampy area of ​​the Doñana National Park.

In the southeast of Spain, the folded mountains of the Cordillera Penibetica stretch with the country's highest peak, Mount Mulasen (3482 m), crowned with snowfields and glaciers, which occupy the southernmost position in Western Europe. The Iberian mountains separate the Meseta from the Aragonese plateau. In places they exceed 2100 m (up to 2313 m in the Sierra del Moncayo). The low Catalan Mountains (average heights 900–1200 m, peak - Mount Caro, 1447 m) follow for 400 km almost parallel to the Mediterranean coast.

The Pyrenees stretch for almost 400 km from the Mediterranean Sea to the Bay of Biscay and form a powerful insurmountable barrier between the Iberian Peninsula and the rest of Europe. The highest peak is Aneto Peak (3404 m). The Cantabrian mountains are the western continuation of the Pyrenees. highest point- Mount Peña Prieta (2536 m).

State

State structure

A constitutional monarchy. The head of state is the king. The head of government is the prime minister. The legislature is a bicameral parliament.

Language

Official language: Spanish

Local languages ​​are widely spoken in a number of areas: Basque in the Basque Country and Navarre, Galician in Galicia, Catalan in Catalonia, Valencian in Valencia (the latter is sometimes considered a dialect of the Castilian language).

Religion

The state religion of Spain is Roman Catholic. About 95% of Spaniards are Catholics.

Currency

International name: EUR

Most banks have a currency exchange office. Usually you need to show your passport for the exchange. For credit cards of the main types, the bank issues up to 300 euros at a time (per day).

Depending on the place of currency exchange, you may be charged from zero (pay attention to the inscription “No commission”) up to 10% (of the total amount) of commission. You should not exchange currency at the airport - here the percentage of banking commission is always higher.

There are many ATMs in Spain and almost all of them accept Visa and Mastercard. Many ATMs are located indoors behind a closed door, and in order to get there, you need to swipe your card through a special device by the door.

History of Spain

In ancient times, Spain was inhabited by Iberians and was called Iberia. In the 5th century BC, the Celts came to Iberia. From their mixing, the Celtiberians were formed. Spain was alternately conquered by Carthage (late 3rd century BC), the Roman Empire (late 1st century BC), the Visigoths (5th century AD) and, finally, the Arabs (8th century AD), who formed the Caliphate of Cordoba. Cordoba became the center of Arab culture. The reconquest of the peninsula, the reconquista, took about four centuries. The regions conquered from the Arabs in the 15th century united around the united kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, becoming a single state. Absolutism was established in Spain in the 16th century. Since the discovery of America by the Spanish expedition of Columbus in 1492, Spain has been a world power, reaching its highest power in the 16th century. Under King Charles I (1515–1556) and his successor Philip II (1556–1598), Spain embarked on the path of conquest of the Americas, becoming the Spanish colonial empire. And then - wars, the struggle for the Spanish throne, revolutions, the loss of colonies and colonial partitions, peace, wars again, revolution ... - the history of the state is described on the pages of many books.

After the death of General Franco in 1975, the monarchy was restored in Spain. Juan Carlos from the Bourbon dynasty became king, who laid the foundation for democratic transformations in the country. Spain has been a constitutional monarchy since 1978. The country's legislative body is the Cortes (bicameral parliament).

In ancient times, Spain was inhabited by Iberians and was called Iberia. In the 5th century BC, the Celts came to Iberia. From their mixing, the Celtiberians were formed. Spain was alternately conquered by Carthage (late 3rd century BC), the Roman Empire (late 1st century BC), the Visigoths (5th century AD) and, finally, the Arabs (8th century AD), who formed the Caliphate of Cordoba. Cordoba became the center of Arab culture. The reconquest of the peninsula, the reconquista, took about four centuries. The regions conquered from the Arabs in the 15th century united around the united kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, becoming a single state. Absolutism was established in Spain in the 16th century. Since the discovery of America by the Spanish expedition of Columbus in 1492, Spain has been a world power, reaching its highest power in the 16th century. Under King Charles I (1515–1556) and his successor Philip II (1556–1598), Spain embarked on the path of conquest of the Americas, becoming the Spanish colonial empire. And then - wars, the struggle for the Spanish throne, revolutions, the loss of colonies and colonial partitions, peace, wars again, revolution ... - the history of the state is described on the pages of many books ....

Popular Attractions

Tourism in Spain

Where to stay

Since most of Spain's income is tourism, neither money nor effort is spared for its development in the country. So, today about 10 thousand variety of hotels, hotels, boarding houses and other accommodation options. You can choose both a fashionable hotel of one of the world's chains, stay in an old castle, or rent a room in a student hostel or hostel.

The star rating of a hotel is determined by the Spanish Tourism Administration and can be graded from one to five stars. As a rule, the number of stars means the number of services provided, and the service in all hotels remains at a consistently high level. Most of the hotels in Spain are paradors - hotels of 3-5 stars, which are owned by the state. They are located in ancient buildings - the former hunting lodges of the royal family, monasteries, ancient castles, palaces. Living in such a hotel means not only good service, but also large beautifully furnished rooms with well-restored old interiors. Accommodation prices are appropriate.

If you are planning to stay on the coast of Spain for more than a week, villas and hotel-type houses are at your service. In addition, there are always many apartments, mini-hotels, private hotels at the service of tourists.

For those who prefer a vacation at minimal cost, places are offered in youth hostels. However, in this case you must carry your Youth Hostel Association membership card with you or purchase it locally.

If you are not afraid of the Spartan environment and prefer silence and solitude, you can stay in one of the 150 monasteries. Here you will have to adhere to the traditional way of life of the monastery, in some cases, clean the room and wash the dishes after eating on your own.

Throughout Spain, and especially on the coast, campsites are equipped. There is electricity, running water, many are equipped with laundries, sports grounds, restaurants, swimming pools, and other services are provided.

Popular hotels

Tours and attractions in Spain

Spain is a hospitable sunny country with ancient history and colorful traditions, rich cultural heritage, fashionable resorts, as well as stunning natural beauties. Spain is different architectural masterpieces and cultural attractions, shops and restaurants, sea and mountains and, of course, charming flamenco and bullfighting.

The capital of Spain Madrid is an economic and Cultural Center country, as well as one of the most beautiful cities in the world. When exploring the city, be sure to visit Plaza Mayor, Puerta del Sol, Plaza de Cibeles, Plaza de la Villa, Paseo del Prado, Gran Via and Plaza España. Among the sights of Madrid, the most interesting are the Royal Palace and its magnificent Sabatini Gardens, the Cathedral of Madrid, the Palacio de Liria Palace, the monasteries of Encarnacion and Descalzas Reales, the Royal Cathedral of St. Francis, the Church of San Antonio de los Alemanes, the Church of San Isidro, Church of San Nicolás, Temple of Debod, Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Royal Theater and San Miguel Market. Madrid is also famous for its interesting museums, among which the most popular are the Prado Museum, the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, the Reina Sofia Art Center, the National Archaeological Museum of Spain, the Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts, the Lazaro Galdiano Museum, the Serralbo Museum, the Museum of Modern Art, the Sorolla Museum, the Military museum, the Maritime Museum of Madrid and the Lope de Vega House Museum. For travelers with children, it will be interesting to visit the Madrid Zoo, which is located on the territory of the huge Casa de Campo park and thematic amusement park Warner Madrid in the vicinity of the city.

Barcelona - a resort city on the Mediterranean coast is considered to be the "pearl" of Spain. Barcelona impresses with amazing masterpieces of architecture, many of which were created by the famous architect Antonio Gaudi - this is the Sagrada Familia, Calve House, Mila House, Batllo House, Vicens House, Palace and Park Güell. You should definitely visit the Gothic Quarter, the Royal Square, the Grand Royal Palace, the Wirreina Palace, the Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Cathedral, Government Palace, Sant Jaume Square, House of Leo Morera, House of Amalie, Spanish Village, Palace Catalan Music, Montjuic, Tibidabo, Monastery of Sant Pau del Cam, Royal Monastery, Church of Santa Maria de Pedralbes, Church of Santa Maria del Pi and Church of Santos Just y Pastor. Among the museums in Barcelona, ​​the most interesting are the Picasso Museum, National Museum Art of Catalonia, Frederic Mares Museum, Archaeological Museum Catalonia, the Museum of Modern Art, the Barcelona Football Club Museum and the Chocolate Museum. Also popular places Barcelona are the Aquarium, the Barcelona Zoo, the Botanical Garden, the Maremagnum, the Christopher Columbus Monument and the Siudadella Park.

Almost every Spanish city is famous for its abundance of unique historical and cultural attractions. Traveling this wonderful country, definitely worth a visit architectural ensemble XIII century in Granada - the Moorish Alhambra Palace, the Grand Mosque in Cordoba, the Royal Palace and the famous Cathedral in Valencia, the Alcazar Palace and the Cathedral in Seville, the Alcazar Castle in Toledo and the majestic monument of the Roman era - the Aqueduct in Segovia.

Among the famous sea ​​resorts In Spain, the most popular are Mallorca, Ibiza, Menorca, Tenerife, Costa Brava, Costa Dorada, Costa del Sol, Salou and the Canary Islands. Spain is famous for its excellent ski slopes. 32 km from Granada, in the city of Pradollano, there is a beautiful ski resort Sierra Nevada, and in the Pyrenees in the Val d'Aran valley is the famous ski resort of Baqueira-Beret.

Spanish Cuisine

By and large, all Mediterranean cuisines are somewhat similar. Therefore, it is not surprising to find echoes of Italian or French neighbors in traditional Spanish cooking. For example, in Catalan cuisine, all kinds of sauces are an obligatory and even the main component, among which there are four main ones: "sofrito" (sofrito) - from garlic, onions, tomatoes, peppers, herbs; "samfaina" (samfaina) - from tomatoes, peppers, eggplants; "picada" (picada) - from garlic, herbs, roasted almonds; "ali-oli" (ali-oli) - from garlic with olive oil. Popular dishes here include roast (cazuela), thick and fragrant monkfish soup (suquet de peix), fried pork sausages with white beans in boiling lard (mongetes amb botifara), and capi-i-pota stew from pig head and pig legs. As well as throughout the coast, white bread is loved here, generously poured with olive oil, grated with garlic and tomato, both as an appetizer for main courses and separately.

An interesting fact - in Catalonia, the love of local residents for a dish of white sweet leek served as the birth of a whole culinary ceremony called Calcotada. The process of its preparation and consumption is turned into a colorful performance. This juicy onion with a thick fleshy stalk is baked outdoors by the Catalans on a large trellis platform that sits over a hot vine fire. Ready-made onions are served with a special romesco sauce (salsa romesco), which is cooked on a nut base with tomatoes, different types pepper, parsley, garlic, olive oil and vinegar. The "eating" ceremony takes place at long dining tables, where there are pre-prepared plates, large ceramic saucers with romesco sauce and jugs of wine. Since the onion is baked on an open fire and a charred onion can easily get dirty, the participants of the calzotada are given special aprons and light disposable gloves. The onion is held in one hand, the soft core is removed from the middle with the other, dipped in sauce and sent to the mouth.

Valencian cuisine is also famous for typical Mediterranean dishes. The locals incomparably make paella with all sorts of ingredients (from meat, fish, vegetables and seafood) and other rice dishes, including the traditional Valencian "caldero" of fish and rice, cooked on coals in a special deep frying pan. For vegetarians, this is a real expanse: vegetables - boiled, stewed, fresh - abound in the cuisine of Valencia. For example, pisto huertano (peasant-style vegetable stew) made from beets, beans and beans enjoys special love among the locals. From sweet dishes - "turron" (halvah) and ice cream, as well as pastries are an undeniable imprint of Arabic cuisine. It is interesting that it was here, in the Mediterranean (in the city of Mahon on the island of Menorca), that mayonnaise, which became the property of many peoples, was born.

Madrid stands apart in the general list of cuisines. Madrid-style grilled meats, cod and rennet (cut into pieces and stewed innards) are equally loved here, as are the traditional cocido madrileno (pea soups with croutons). But Madrid's callos, a spiced tripe with black pudding and pepper sauce, is especially popular.

The cuisine of Meseta province is dominated by vegetables, as well as legumes (beans, peas, lentils). In Meseta, pigs are specially raised, fattening them with chestnuts and acorns, and game dishes are also loved here. In Castile-La Mancha, you can try the cuisine described by Cervantes in Don Quixote: boiled meat with vegetables, meat salad and fried cracklings with scrambled eggs. Saffron, honey and sheep cheeses are also used here.

With external similarities, the northern and southern cuisines of Spain also have their own characteristics. In the Basque country, for example, "family" cooking with "home table" dishes is very common: "marmitaco" (potatoes with mackerel) and "changurro" (clams with crabs). Another well-known product is "bacalao al pil-pil" (cod in garlic sauce or Biscay). In general, dishes with inhabitants of the bottom of the sea are very common here. For example, Basques consider "kokotxas" (fins of sea pike) and eel fry to be the most delicious delicacy, they also love all kinds of shellfish - for example, boiled octopus ("pulpo a feira"), more common in Galician cuisine. Residents of other northern provinces have beans, anchovies, all kinds of dairy products and, of course, excellent cheeses of local origin (goat, sheep, cow) in a special account. The products produced here are renowned for their unsurpassed quality. In particular, the areas of La Rioja and Navarra are known for their abundant and natural food: asparagus, garlic, peppers, cucumbers, potatoes, young shoots of lettuce and other early vegetables, peaches, pears - the list is endless. The traditional dishes of these provinces are "pimientos rellenos" (sweet peppers stuffed with all sorts of fillings) and "navarro cochifrito" (spicy lamb stew). Desserts include fresh fruits in chocolate, as well as canned fruits and traditional buns. In general, it must be said that the Spaniards practically did not create their traditional sweet dishes - most of the local delicacies were inherited from the Arab culture.

Andalusian, or southern, Spanish cuisine is a fusion of the cultures of the peoples who once lived here. The famous cold soup "gazpacho" was born in Andalusia, as well as the way of deep-fried food, which is widespread in the world. This is not surprising - it is in the south of Spain that the best olive oil is produced. Of the dishes characteristic of the south, one cannot fail to mention "pescaitos fritos" - tiny fried fish eaten with head and bones, and "pinchos morinos" (thoroughly marinated and skewered meat), as well as various pork dishes (excellent habugo ham is produced in the local province of Huelva).

Spanish cuisine is endless - you can't try everything... However, in Spain you should definitely try at least classic dishes. The famous Spanish omelette "tortilla". Spicy smoked chorizo ​​sausage. Serrano ham. Sheep cheese "Manchego". Delicious special smoked ham "jamon". And, of course, cold gazpacho soup. By the way, when you find yourself at a common table with the Spaniards and making a toast, you should definitely wish health, and while clinking glasses, say "chin-chin", imitating the ringing of crystal. This is an essential ritual! If you say a few more words in Spanish, then you can forever become your man.

By and large, all Mediterranean cuisines are somewhat similar. Therefore, it is not surprising to find echoes of Italian or French neighbors in traditional Spanish cooking. For example, in Catalan cuisine, all kinds of sauces are an obligatory and even the main component, among which there are four main ones: "sofrito" (sofrito) - from garlic, onions, tomatoes, peppers, herbs; "samfaina" (samfaina) - from tomatoes, peppers, eggplants; "picada" (picada) - from garlic, herbs, roasted almonds; "ali-oli" (ali-oli) - from garlic with olive oil. Popular dishes here include roast (cazuela), thick and fragrant monkfish soup (suquet de peix), fried pork sausages with white beans in boiling lard (mongetes amb botifara), and capi-i-pota stew from pig head and pig legs. As well as throughout the coast, white bread is loved here, generously poured with olive oil, grated with garlic and tomato, both as an appetizer for main courses, and separately....

Tips

Waiters, porters and taxi drivers will not refuse tips, but they do not insist on receiving them. In a restaurant, the average tip is usually 5-10% of the bill, in a taxi - the same amount. Often a tip is added to round up the bill.

Visa

Office Hours

Most museums and historical buildings are closed on Monday. On other days they usually work from 10 am to 2 pm and from 5 pm to 8 pm. Some churches are open during these hours, others only during services.

Shops are open from 10:00 to 22:00, break from 14:00 to 17:00. Bakeries and bars open from 8 am. There are no breaks in hypermarkets and department stores, but they are closed on Sundays. Markets are open only in the mornings.

Banks are open on weekdays from 8 am to 2 pm, some close as early as 1 pm. In August, most banks are closed on Saturdays.

Souvenirs

Damascus jewelry, knives and swords from Toledo, ceramics from Toledo, Valencia and Seville, filigree silver from Cordoba, leather bottles for wine - botas, castanets, Spanish dolls and bullfighting posters.

Safety

In Spain, as in most European countries, you can drive safely through the countryside. IN big cities the situation is more criminogenic, so it is better to keep credit cards and money in your belt, and when parking, do not leave things in the car in plain sight. If you feel unwell, first aid can be provided at the pharmacy.

Robbery attacks are rare in Spain, but a tourist should not walk alone in dimly lit places. It is better to carry a bag and a camera not on the shoulder, but over the shoulder. Keep small change separate from big money, for example, in your pocket: if you are threatened, give it to the attacker.

Spanish men on the streets often see women off with appraisal exclamations. This is just a custom, there is no desire to offend or scare behind it. Q&A

Question answer

Spain is a southern European country. It occupies five-sixths of the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic and Pitius Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The Pyrenees are hard to reach and isolate Spain from the rest European countries, except for Portugal, located on the western part of the peninsula. Spain is washed by the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It borders on land with Portugal in the west, with France (along the crest of the Pyrenees) and the tiny state of Andorra in the northeast, with Gibraltar in the south.

The name of the country comes from the Phoenician "ishpanim" - "coast of rabbits".

General information about Spain

Official name: The Kingdom of Spain

Capital: Madrid

The area of ​​the land: 504.788 sq. km

Total population: 47 million people

Administrative division: Consists of 17 autonomous regions: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic Islands, Basque Country, Valencia, Galicia, Canary Islands, Cantabria, Catalonia, Castile-Lamancha, Castile and Leon, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, Rioja, Extremadura, which unite 50 provinces, as well as 2 cities (Ceuta and Melilla), which are independent administrative units.

Form of government: A constitutional monarchy.

Head of State: King.

Composition of the population: 74% of the country's population are Spaniards, 17% are Catalans, 5% are Galicians, 2% are Basques.

Official language: Spanish, often called Castilian. In some regions - Galician, Basque, local dialects. The Catalan language, which belongs to the Romance group and is closely related to the dialects of France, is recognized as the second official language used in the media, almost all business negotiations and office work are conducted on it.

Religion: 95% - Catholics, 3% - Muslims, 1% - Orthodox, 0.5% - Jews.

Internet domain: .es

Mains voltage: ~230 V, 50 Hz

Phone country code: +34

Country barcode: 84

Climate

Due to the length of Spain from north to south and an extensive mountain system, the climate varies quite noticeably in different parts of the country. The vertical zonality is also clearly visible.

The northern regions are in rather peculiar conditions - the influence of wet sea masses from the Atlantic is strong here, therefore, in Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria and the Basque Country, mild (from + 8 ° C to + 14 ° C) and fairly wet winters, and moderately warm summers ( from +21°С to 26°С). However, from the north, this region is fenced off by a powerful wall of the Pyrenees (height up to 3404 m), therefore, in mountainous areas the temperature in winter can drop to -7°C, and in summer it usually does not warm up above +22°C. At the same time, these same mountains, as it were, block the strongly heated air masses coming from the south, from the territory of Africa, which in summer often leads to an increase in daytime temperatures up to + 32 ° С.

Narrow strip of coast north of the mountains according to its weather conditions, it already belongs to a temperate maritime climate. Precipitation falls up to 1200 mm per year, mainly in the autumn-winter period. In the highlands, frosts and heavy snowfalls are not uncommon in winter.

The central regions of Spain are located in the high plateaus and mountain ranges of the Meseta, so the climate here is close to sharply continental - day and night temperatures can differ by 10-15 degrees even in summer. Winter here is dry and for such a southern region it is cold (from -4°C to +8°C), summer is hot (up to +30°C during the day) and dry. In Madrid, in summer, the average temperature is around +25°С (at the same time, at night it can drop to +16°С, and during the day the thermometer can exceed +38°С), in winter - about +5°С. Precipitation falls no more than 500 mm per year, mainly in spring and autumn. In the mountainous regions of Aragon and northern Castile, snow often falls in winter. In the Pyrenees, the Sierra Nevada and the Sierra de Guadarrama, many peaks are covered with snow all year round.

The east coast of Spain is located in the subtropical Mediterranean climate zone. It has dry hot summers and mild winters. In summer, the temperature can reach + 36-38 ° С with an average level of about + 27 ° С, in winter the thermometer does not fall below + 12 ° С, although it usually stays around + 14-18 ° С ( mediterranean coast The country is quite long, so in the south it is always somewhat warmer than in the north). There is little precipitation (500-600 mm per year), mainly in autumn and winter. The water warms up to + 23-27 ° С in summer, so the beach season here lasts from May-June to October.

The Balearic Islands have a subtropical Mediterranean climate. However, due to their position, the islands receive slightly more rainfall than the nearby continental coast of the country. Yes, and summer temperatures here are somewhat lower - + 26-28 ° С with daytime maxima around the mark of + 30-32 ° С. The beach season in the Balearic Islands starts in March, when the water temperature rises to +18°C, and ends in October.

On the islands of the Canary archipelago, the climate is close to tropical trade winds. The proximity of the cold oceanic current noticeably softens the summer heat inherent in this entire region, but it also evens out the general temperature background - in summer, on any of the islands of the archipelago, the average temperature ranges from + 18 ° С to + 21 ° С with maxima from + 36 ° С to +38°С, in winter the thermometer does not fall below +12°С with maximums up to +24°С. However, the hot wind "harmattan" blowing from the coast of Africa is able to sharply increase the air temperature at any time of the year, but the summer trade winds almost completely neutralize its influence during this period. The water temperature is even more constant - +20-23°C all year round.

There is little precipitation - from 250 to 400 mm per year, with Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and southern regions Gran Canaria and Tenerife are quite arid (no more than 200 mm per year), and the northwestern regions (especially mountainous) are much wetter. Local rains are very strong, but short-lived. Often they are accompanied by powerful thunderstorms.

Geography

Spain occupies the majority (85%) of the Iberian Peninsula. From the northeastern neighbor - France - it is fenced off by the Pyrenees, in addition, it has land borders with Portugal, Andorra, the British colony of Gibraltar and Morocco. In the east and south it is washed by the Mediterranean Sea, in the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). Spain includes the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, the Balearic and Pitius Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. Spain controls the cities of Ceuta and Melilla in Morocco.

Spain is the second country in Europe in terms of area (505.9 thousand km2) and mountainousness (average height above sea level - 600 m), population - 39.7 million people.

After Switzerland, Spain is considered the highest country in Europe. Plateaus and mountains make up about 90% of its territory. Almost half of the country's surface is occupied by the largest high plateau in Europe, Meseta (in Spanish - "table"), its average height is 660 m. Meseta is a huge monotonous dry flat space with very hot summers and cold winters. Local residents say this about their land: “We have three months of cold and nine months of hell.”

The most powerful mountain system Spain - the Pyrenees - is a series of parallel ranges stretching from west to east for 450 km and separating the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of Europe. This is one of the most inaccessible mountainous countries in Europe, but also one of the most picturesque. The Pyrenees are especially diverse and beautiful in the central part, where there are glacial landforms, alpine lakes and snowfields. The main peak of the Pyrenees is Aneto Peak (3404 m).

Spanish Pyrenees - large area international tourism with excellent conditions for mountaineering, skiing, cycling, alpine skiing.

The entire southeast of the Iberian Peninsula is occupied by the Cordillera Betica, which is a system mountain ranges and ridges. The highest mountain range - the Sierra Nevada - is inferior in height in Europe only to the Alps. Here is located highest peak Iberian Peninsula - Mount Mulasen (3478 m).

Valleys, basins and lowlands occupy only 11% of the territory of Spain. The largest plain is the Andalusian, through which the Guadalquivir River flows. In the northeast of the country, in the valley of the Ebro River, lies the Aragonese plain. The lowlands stretch along the Mediterranean coast in a narrow strip.

Approximately 60% of Spain is arid, so the problem of water is one of the most important in the country. The water resources of Spain are distributed extremely unevenly: in the northern and northwestern regions there is an abundance of water, while in the Mediterranean and central regions there is a huge shortage of water.

Flora and fauna

Vegetable world

Diversity climatic conditions- from humid in the north to arid in the south - determines the heterogeneity of the flora and vegetation of Spain. In the north, similarities with Central Europe appear, and in the south - with Africa. Traces of forest vegetation in Murcia, La Mancha and Granada indicate that in the past a significant part of the territory of Spain was afforested, but now forests and light forests occupy only 30% of the country's area, with only 5% falling on full-fledged closed forest stands.

Evergreen oak forests grow in the northwest of the country. In the mountain forests there are more deciduous oak species, along with beech, ash, birch and chestnut, which is typical for Central Europe. In the interior of Spain, small areas of dry evergreen forests with a predominance of oak (Quercus rotundifolia, Q. petraea), interspersed with pine forests and shrubs. In the most arid areas of New Castile, the Aragonese plateau and Murcia, there are fragments of semi-deserts (usually on salt marshes).

In areas of southern Spain where there is more rainfall, especially along the coast, typical Mediterranean shrub-grass communities such as garrigue and tomillara are present. Garriga is characterized by the participation of local species of gorse and cornflowers, for tomillara - the presence of aromatic labiales (shrub species of thyme, rosemary, etc.), as well as rockrose. A special variety of garriga is made up of scattered thickets of dwarf fan palm (Chamaerops humilis), very characteristic of Andalusia, as well as communities dominated by tall alpha grass, or esparto (Macrochloa tenacissima), a hardy xerophyte that gives strong fiber.

Animal world

In the animal world of Spain, Central European and African connections are obvious. Among European species, two varieties of the brown bear deserve mention (a large Asturian and a smaller, black suit found in the Pyrenees), a lynx, a wolf, a fox, a forest cat. There are deer, hares, squirrels and moles. The Eastern Imperial Eagle is found in Spain and North Africa, and the blue magpie found in the Iberian Peninsula has also been found in East Asia. On both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar, there are genets, Egyptian mongooses and one species of chameleon.

In Spain, there are also many types of reptiles: lizards, snakes, chameleons, and tarantulas and scorpions are found in the semi-deserts in the southeast of the country. A lot of fish is found in the mouths of rivers and in the Atlantic, mainly sardines, less - Baltic herring, cod, anchovies and various kinds shellfish. The Mediterranean Sea is home to tuna, salmon, anchovies, crayfish and spiny lobsters.

Attractions

• Metropol Parasol in Seville
• Abbey of Sacromonte
• Alcazar
• Arena Las Ventas
• Auditorio de Tenerife
• Gothic Quarter

Banks and currency

The monetary unit of Spain is the euro. Euro is equal to 100 cents. There are banknotes in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 euros, as well as coins in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents.

Banks are open from 9.00 to 14.00, on Saturday - from 9.00 to 12.00, Sunday is a day off. On the main streets of Madrid, banks are open around the clock.

You can exchange money at exchange offices, hotels and travel agencies, but the best rate is traditionally offered at banks that change without commission, or from a hotel guide. Sometimes they take commissions, but the inscription on the exchange office always informs about this.

With international credit cards, you can get money at any time of the day at ATMs located at almost all bank branches. In most hotels and restaurants, as well as in many shopping centers, they accept for payment credit cards and traveler's checks of the world's leading payment systems. Some small shops may refuse to pay by card for purchases of less than 3 euros. Be sure to carry identification documents with you, they are often asked to present when paying by card.

When buying more than 90 euros and exporting the purchased goods from the country, it is possible to refund part of the VAT (usually 10%).

Useful information for tourists

If you are asked to stay for breakfast - do not accept this invitation: it is a mere formality. If it is repeated - refuse again. Only after the third time you can accept the invitation, because it will be sincere, and not just a gesture of politeness.

Oddly enough, it is not customary to arrive in Spain at exactly the appointed time, you definitely need to be late for 15-20 minutes.

Visits should never be made during the afternoon siesta hours. At this time, all institutions and shops are closed. On the train, be sure to invite your neighbors to eat with you. They will refuse, just as you should do in a similar case.

The Kingdom of Spain.

The name of the country comes from the Phoenician "i-spanim" - "coast of rabbits".

Capital of Spain. Madrid.

Plaza of Spain. 504784 km2.

Population of Spain. 40038 thousand people

Location of Spain. Spain is a southern European country. It occupies five-sixths of the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic and Pitius Islands and the Canary Islands. The Pyrenees mountains are inaccessible and isolate Spain from the rest, except for those located on the western part of the peninsula. Spain is washed by the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It borders on land with Portugal in the west, with (along the crest of the Pyrenees) and a tiny state in the northeast, with Gibraltar in the south.

Administrative divisions of Spain. Consists of 17 autonomous regions: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic Islands, Basque Country, Valencia, Galicia, Canary Islands, Cantabria, Catalonia, Castile-Lamancha, Castile and Leon, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, Rioja, Extremadura, which unite 50 provinces, as well as 2 cities (Ceuta and Melilla), which are independent administrative units.

Spanish form of government. .

Head of State of Spain. King.

Spain's highest legislature. The Cortes Generales (Parliament), consisting of two chambers, are elected for 4 years.

Supreme executive body of Spain. Government.

Major cities in Spain. Barcelona, ​​Valencia, Seville, Zaragoza, Bilbao, Malaga.

Official language of Spain. Spanish, the use of Catalan, Galician and some other minority languages ​​is legal.

Ethnic composition of Spain. 72.8% - Spaniards, 16.4% - Catalans, 8.2% - Galicians, 2.3% - Basques.

Spanish currency. Euro = 100 cents.

Those people who have never been to Spain often have doubts about which city is the capital of Spain, Madrid or Barcelona. Both of them are well-known, and Barcelona is probably even more popular with tourists due to its location on the seafront and convenient transport accessibility. But is it the capital?

Barcelona has the second largest population in Spain after Madrid. It is recognized as one of the most beautiful cities in the world. , Gaudí's architecture and parks create the face of today's Barcelona. The sights of the city can be listed for a long time. You can't get around them all in one trip. It's like a museum open sky. Therefore, tourists come back here again and again, never ceasing to be surprised by its diversity.

Barcelona is the capital of Catalonia, one of the regions of Spain. Therefore, it is not surprising that many consider it the capital of the entire state. After all, it is a major administrative center and one of the most visited cities in the country by tourists. In addition, there is a large Mediterranean port in Barcelona, ​​which connects it with sea lines with different parts of the globe. Sea cruises from Barcelona are very popular. Once having visited this city, you keep a piece of it in your heart for a long time. It adjoins the old urban medieval buildings and new areas with wide streets. The heart of Barcelona - from which the central street of the city descends to the sea.

Madrid is the capital of Spain

In terms of its architecture and majesty of buildings, Madrid is hardly inferior to Barcelona. However, it is not located on the seashore, but deep inland. Therefore, there are much fewer tourists in it. You can visit Barcelona in one day, relaxing in neighboring coastal towns. This is what many tourists use. Of course, you won’t be able to see the whole city, but it’s quite possible to have time to walk along the main street and the surrounding area. But a trip to Madrid should be planned purposefully.

Madrid is the capital of Spain. It is in this city that government buildings and financial companies are concentrated. You can find all the diversity of cultural life in it, as in other European cities: museums with rich collections, the best nightclubs, beautiful parks and shopping centers. The city has several world-class museums, which are among the top 100 in terms of attendance. Among them are the Prado Museum, the Reina Sofia Art Center, the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum and the Forum Madrid. Madrid is the city of kings, which is reflected in its architectural appearance. The Royal Palace, majestic cathedrals and churches, wide streets and squares reflect the energetic face of Madrid. The history of the city miraculously shaped its atmosphere and outward grandeur.

The first mention of Madrid dates back to the 10th century. During this period, Muslim Arabs dominated the Iberian Peninsula. They built the Majerid fortress on the territory of modern Madrid, the name of which translates as "a place with many springs." For possession of it in subsequent years, a struggle broke out between the Arabs and the Spaniards. As a result, the fortress became the property of the latter. In 1561 Madrid became the capital of Spain. King Philip II, who came to power, made such a decision based on pragmatic reasons. In the former capital of Valladolid there was a strong gift, in Toledo at that time the power of the church was strong. Therefore, Philip decided to turn the small village, which was then Madrid, into the center of political life. It was conveniently located from many strong cities of that time: Segovia, Toledo, Salamanca, Avila.

In 1601, King Philip III of Spain, who had a hard time enduring the harsh winters of Madrid, moved the royal court back to Valladolid. True, only for 5 years. In 1606, Madrid again became the capital of Spain. According to legend, the reason for the return was the mists of the Pisueri River, which adversely affected the health of the king. But in fact, it's all about court intrigues.

The transfer of the capital from Madrid occurred one more time in 1936, when Valencia was declared the main city of the country. However, three years later, in 1939, Madrid regained its status as the capital of Spain.

The rapid growth of Madrid occurred in the second half of the 19th century. At this time, the city began to actively grow together with the suburbs. In 1929, the architect F. De Escondrill developed a master plan for the reconstruction of the capital, in 1950 it was finalized. The city began to be predominantly built up in the north, east and southeast. Satellite cities of Escorial and El Prado appeared.

Did you know that Madrid is the highest capital in Europe. It is located in the central part of the Iberian Peninsula.

The best time to visit Madrid is during the off-season, as it is hot in summer and cool in winter. The continental climate leaves its mark on comfortable walks around the city and sightseeing of its significant places. The area of ​​the city is 607 sq. km. and includes 21 administrative regions.

Madrid is the heart of Spain. It will leave in the memory of its guests incredible impressions from the cultural and historical heritage, from incendiary and vibrant dances, from its indescribable atmosphere.

Toledo - the ancient capital of Spain

A story about the capital of Spain would be incomplete without mentioning the city of Toledo, located in the central part of the country. On its territory was originally a settlement of the Carpetans, an ancient Iberian tribe. In the 2nd century BC. it was captured by the Romans, who gave the name to the settlement of Tolet ( modern name Toledo is a Spanish pronunciation). Since that time, the remains of such structures as the circus and the aqueduct have been preserved. In the 6th century, Toledo became the capital of the Visigoths, and in the 8th century, like other regions of Spain, came under the rule of the Arabs.

In 1085, after the recapture of the city from the Arabs, Toledo begins a new stage of development. It becomes the capital of León and Castile. And in 1479, during the unification Spanish provinces the city is proclaimed the capital of Spain. It was an economically strong city with a developed handicraft industry. After the transfer of the capital to Madrid, Toledo is gradually losing its role as an economic and political center. The architectural appearance and layout of the city have survived to this day since the Middle Ages. It has been declared a museum city. The opportunity to travel back in time attracts many tourists.

Now you know which city is the capital of Spain Madrid or Barcelona. And when you visit this beautiful country, you can get to know its history and culture better.

About the author: Ekaterina

On the pages of my blog you will find information about the places where I have been, secrets and life hacks of independent travel.

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Discussion: 10 comments

1. That's what got me stuck the other day. I remembered Spain, but I forgot the capital)) I sat wondering - Madrid, not Madrid?))

   Answer