Quantity foreign tourists who come to the Czech Republic increases every year. Many tourists who have visited the Czech Republic once return there again and again. People fall in love with this country at first sight, and this love can last a lifetime. Tourists come to the Czech Republic for the unique historical and architectural monuments, magnificent nature, real Czech beer, balneological and ski resorts.
Geography of the Czech Republic
The Czech Republic is located in Central Europe. The Czech Republic borders Slovakia to the east, Germany to the west, Austria to the south, and Poland to the north. total area this country - 78,866 sq. km, and the total length state border– 2,310 km.
In the west of the country in Bohemia there are low mountains - the Krkonose, which are structurally included in the Sudetenland. mountain range. It is in the Krkonoše that the highest Czech peak is located - Mount Sněžka (1602 m). In the east of the country in Moravia, the terrain is hilly with low mountains.
Several big rivers– Elba, Vltava, Morava, and Odra. Some Czech rivers are an important part of the local national parks of the Krkonoše, Šumava, Podiya, and "Bohemian Switzerland".
Capital
The capital of the Czech Republic is Prague, which is now home to about 1.3 million people. Archaeologists believe that the first Slavic settlement on the territory of modern Prague appeared in the 6th century AD.
Official language
The official language in the Czech Republic is Czech, which belongs to the subgroup of West Slavic languages.
Religion
About 30% of the population of the Czech Republic are Catholics (Roman Catholic Church). Another 2% of Czechs are Protestants, and more than 32% of the Czech population do not believe in God.
State structure of the Czech Republic
According to the 1990 Constitution, the Czech Republic is a parliamentary republic in which the President is the formal head of state, but his powers are significantly limited. The Prime Minister has significant powers, however, he is appointed by the President and approved by the Parliament.
Legislative power belongs to the bicameral Parliament, consisting of Poslanecká sněmovna (200 deputies) and the Senate (81 people).
Until 2013, the President of the Czech Republic was elected by the Parliament of the country, but now it happens by popular vote.
Climate and weather
The climate in the Czech Republic is temperate continental with rather hot summers and cold snowy winters. In the west of the country, the average annual air temperature is +7C, and in southern Moravia - +9C. In Prague in July, the air temperature can reach +33C, and in the west of the country in February it can drop to -17C.
In winter, there is a lot of snow in the mountains of the Czech Republic, and this guarantees a long ski season.
average temperature air in the Czech Republic:
- January - -3С
- February - -2С
- March - +3C<
- April - +8С
- May - +13С
- June - +16С
- July - +18С
- August - +17C
- september - +14C
- october - +8C
- November - +3C
- December - -1C
Rivers and lakes
Several large rivers flow through the territory of the Czech Republic - Elbe, Vltava, Morava, and Odra. In addition, there are many natural small lakes in the Czech Republic, as well as about 150 artificial lakes.
Story
Around the 4th century BC. Celtic tribes settled on the territory of modern Czech Republic, but after a few centuries they were supplanted by Germanic tribes. The Slavs appeared in the Czech Republic at the end of the 5th century AD.
In the 9th century, the flowering of the Czech Republic begins, which is associated with the rule of the Přemyslid dynasty. The Czech state manages to actually maintain its independence, although it was in vassal dependence on the Holy Roman Empire.
In 1085, the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV granted the Czech prince Vratislav the right to use the royal title. However, the independence of the Kingdom of Bohemia was proclaimed only in 1212.
From 1419 to 1436, the religious Hussite wars continued in the Czech Republic, as a result of which the Hussite religion was recognized by Catholics as one of the religions in this country.
Since 1526, the Habsburgs became kings of the Czech Republic, and thus this country became part of the Holy Roman Empire. By the way, the Czech Republic was part of Austria until 1918.
After the end of the First World War in October 1918, a single state was formed from the Czech Republic and Slovakia - Czechoslovakia.
As a result, the so-called. "Munich agreement" in 1939, Czechoslovakia was occupied by German troops. The Germans turned the Czech Republic into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
After the end of World War II, socialist Czechoslovakia was formed. In 1968, the Warsaw Pact countries were forced to send troops to Czechoslovakia in order to support the socialist system in it.
In November 1989 in Czechoslovakia there was a so-called. "Velvet Revolution", which removed the Communist Party from power. Vaclav Havel became president of Czechoslovakia.
On January 1, 1993, two new independent states appeared on the political map of the world - Slovakia and the Czech Republic.
In 1999, the Czech Republic became a member of the NATO military bloc, and in 2004 it was admitted to the EU.
Culture of the Czech Republic
Czechs are proud of their traditions and carefully pass them on from generation to generation. So, in one of the Moravian villages of Vlcnovo, the “Ride of Kings” festival is still held every year, during which local boys and teenagers ride horses decorated with colorful ribbons throughout the region. At the same time, the riders themselves are dressed in traditional folk costumes. The boy-king is guarded by two bodyguards with sabers.
The fact is that in the Middle Ages in Moravia (and in the vicinity of the village of Vlchnovo) local princes often traveled, who for the peasants were real kings.
Czechs love to celebrate Walpurgis Night (from April 30 to May 1). Sometimes the Czechs call this holiday "Witch Burning Night". Of course, no one has been burning witches in the Czech Republic for many centuries. Now, in order to maintain this ancient custom, the Czechs set fire to brooms and throw them into the air (to see how witches used to fly in the air).
Czechs believe that at midnight on May 1, treasures can be found. However, at this time, the forces of evil are capable of harming a person. Therefore, treasure seekers on the night of May 1 need to have a fern leaf on their heads (on their faces).
Czech cuisine
In recent years, the Czech Republic has begun to pay more attention to healthy eating and various new recipes. However, traditional Czech recipes are still very popular in the Czech Republic.
- "bramborová polévka" - potato soup;
- "zelná polévka" - sauerkraut soup;
- "kuřecí polévka" - chicken noodle soup;
- "hovězí guláš s knedlíkem" - beef goulash with dumplings;
- "pečené kuře s brambory" - fried chicken with potatoes;
- "knedlíky" - dumplings are made with a variety of fillings;
- "jablečný závin" - apple strudel;
- Medovnik" - cake with honey.
The traditional Czech alcoholic drink is beer. As in some other European countries, beer in the Czech Republic began to be brewed in the early Middle Ages in monasteries. Now Czech beer is famous all over the world.
Sights of the Czech Republic
For lovers of attractions, the Czech Republic is an ideal country. There are many different attractions in the Czech Republic, and it is difficult for us to choose the best of them. Nevertheless, in our opinion, the top ten attractions in the Czech Republic include the following:
Cities and resorts of the Czech Republic
The largest cities in the Czech Republic are Brno, Pilsen, Ostrava, and, of course, Prague.
The Czech Republic is known for its ski resorts with well-developed skiing infrastructure. The most popular Czech ski resorts are Harrachov, Jablonec nad Jizerou, Rokytnice nad Jizerou, Spindlerov Mlyn, Pec pod Snezkou, Hruby Jeseník, Velké Losiny, Boží Dar, and Liberec. Due to the large amount of snow, the skiing season in the Czech Republic lasts from December to April.
Tourists come to the Czech Republic not only to admire the sights of this country and go skiing at local ski resorts. In the Czech Republic there are a large number mineral springs, and, as a result, tourists also come to this country very often for the sake of balneological resorts. Karlovy Vary has a reputation as a world-class balneological resort.
Other popular Czech balneological resorts are Marianske Lazne, Frantiskove Lazne, Jachymov, Teplice, Luhacovice, and Poděbrady.
Souvenirs/Shopping
Czech Republic (Czech Republic)
Introduction
Czech Republic, geographical abbreviation Czech Republic), Czech spelling Česká republika(abbreviation ČR or Česko), English international spelling Czech Republic(abbreviation cz), is a state located on the territory of the "Czech Lands" or in Central Europe. January 1, 1969, the Czech Socialist Republic was officially formed in the federalization of Czechoslovakia, and on March 6, 1990, the current name was given - Czech Republic. On January 1, 1993, in connection with the collapse of Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic became a full-fledged subject of international law and from the same date the first constitution of the Czech Republic came into force. The Czech Republic is a parliamentary republic, a democratic constitutional state with a liberal state regime and a political system based on free competition of political parties and movements. The head of state is the president. The only supreme legislative body is the bicameral Parliament of the Czech Republic. The state supports the basic principles of liberalism, capitalism, market economy and free market. The Czech Republic is on the list of developed countries. According to economic, social and political indicators such as GDP per capita, Human Development Index, Press Freedom Index, Internet Censorship Index, the Czech Republic has been ranked very high among world countries. Economically, the Czech Republic has been ranked among the 31 richest countries in the world by the World Bank with the highest financial income, the Czech Republic has one of the best rates compared to other states in the share of the population living below the poverty line. The Czech Republic has relatively low inequality between the rich and the poor, as well as a relatively balanced distribution of wealth among the majority of the population. The unemployment rate is low compared to other developed countries. The Environmental Harm Index is well below the European average.
| Date of independence (from Czechoslovakia) | January 1, 1993 |
| Motto | Pravda vítězí (Truth triumphs) |
| Hymn | "Kde domov můj" (Where is my house) |
| Capital | Prague |
| Other major cities | Plzen, Brno, Czech Budijovice, Ostrava, Olomouc, Pardubice, Hradec Hradec Kralov, Liberec, Usti nad Labe |
| Square | 78,867 sq. km. (2% of the water surface) - 115th in the world |
| highest point | Mount Snezhka (1602 m) |
| Timezone | +2 hours from MSC |
| Population | 10,505,445 people (as of January 1, 2012) |
| Population density | 133 people/kV.km (82 people/kV.km - world indicator) |
| Human Development Index | ▲0.873 (very high) (28th 2013) |
| Official language | Czech |
| Other languages | Slovenian, Polish, Russian, German, Ukrainian, English |
| Religion | No faith 34.2%, Roman Catholic 56%, Orthodox 3.6%, other 6.2% |
| State system | Parliamentary republic |
| The president | Milos Zeman |
| Currency | Czech Koruna (CZK) |
| GDP per capita: | $26125 (18th place in the world) |
| Telephone code | +420 |
| ISO code | cz |
| Internet domain | .cz |
The Czech Republic is a member of the United Nations, NATO, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, European Customs Union, European Union, Schengen Area, European Economic zone, a member of the Visegrad Group and other international structures.
Today the Czech Republic consists of lands (parts) of historical Czech Republic, which were a significant part of the history under the control of the Czech Crown: Bohemia, Moravia (in 1920 the lands of Czech Austria were also annexed), as well as part of Silesia. At the moment the area Czech Republic is 78,867 km 2. At the moment, the country is an internally European landlocked state, in the west it borders on Germany (the length of the border is 810 km), in the north on Poland (762 km), in the east on Slovakia (252 km) and in the south on Austria (466 km). Administratively, the Czech Republic is divided into 14 administrative districts (krai). The capital is the city of Prague, which is also one of the 14 counties. In 2012, approximately 10.5 million people were registered in the Czech Republic. The vast majority of people living in the Czech Republic consider themselves to be of Czech or Moravian nationality.
| Content | ||||
| 1. | ||||
| 2. | ||||
| 3. | ||||
| 3.1. | ||||
| 3.2. | ||||
| 3.3. | ||||
| 3.4. | ||||
| 3.5. | ||||
| 3.6. | ||||
| 3.7. | ||||
| 4. | ||||
| 4.1. | ||||
| 4.2. | ||||
| 4.3. | ||||
| 4.4. | ||||
| 5. | ||||
| 5.1. | ||||
| 5.2. | ||||
| 5.3. | ||||
| 6. The largest cities in the Czech Republic by population | ||||
| 7. Political system in the Czech Republic | ||||
| 7.1. Parliamentary political parties of the Czech Republic | ||||
| 7.2. Government of the Czech Republic | ||||
| 8. Administrative divisions of the Czech Republic | ||||
| 8.1. Territorial regions | ||||
| 8.2. Districts | ||||
| 8.3. Municipalities and counties | ||||
| 8.4. NUTS | ||||
| 8.5.
Army |
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| 9. Economy | ||||
| 9.1. Economic development | ||||
| 9.2. Mining and agriculture | ||||
| 9.3. Industry | ||||
| 9.4. Services | ||||
| |
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9.4.1. Telecommunication | ||
| 9.4.2. Tourism | ||||
| 10. Transport | ||||
| 10.1. Air Transport | ||||
| 10.2. Trucking | ||||
| 10.3 . Railway transport | ||||
| 10.4. Water transport | ||||
| 10.5. Transportation of energy resources | ||||
| 11. culture | ||||
| 11.1. Literature | ||||
| 11.2. Theater | ||||
| 11.3. Movie | ||||
| 11.4. Music | ||||
| 11.5. Fine Arts | ||||
| 12. Other characteristics of the Czech Republic | ||||
| 12.1. The science | ||||
| 12.2. Education | ||||
| 12.3. Sport | ||||
| 12.4. Kitchen | ||||
| 12.5. Holidays and Holidays | ||||
1. The history of the formation of states on the land of the Czech Republic.
The first documented state structure on the territory of the current Czech Republic was formed in the second half of the 9th century - Greater Moravia. When Great Moravia (about 907) disappeared under the onslaught of the nomadic Hungarian tribes, the state focus of development shifted to the Czech Republic (Bohemia). Local rulers from the Přemyslid family built the medieval "Přemyslid" state, also referred to as the Bohemian State, and from the turn of the 10th and 11th centuries, forming part of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1526, the Czech lands were gradually incorporated into the Habsburg Empire, whose rulers used the victory at the White Mountain (1620) to finally eliminate the last remnants of former independence. From 1749 until the end of the First World War, namely until 1918, the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Moravian Margraviate, the Upper Duchy and Lower Silesia remained the crowned lands of the Habsburgs, which, however, were not connected to each other. From 1804, these lands were part of Austria, and then, from 1867, the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918, after military-political actions, on the basis of cultural and linguistic proximity, the state of Czechoslovakia was created, which included the Czech and Slovak lands. Czechoslovakia, immediately after its emergence, restricts the freedom of its lands, which, with the exception of Slovakia, had their own laws, charters, parliaments, and becomes a strictly centralized state. The Czech lands were part of it until 1992, that is, until the collapse of Czechoslovakia. The Czech Republic was officially established on 1 January 1969 as part of the federalization of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic under the name Czech Socialist Republic. Revolutionary political changes after November 1989 meant not only changing the name of the federation (Czech and Slovak Federal Republic), but also the Czech Republic (March 1990 Czech Republic, after the adoption of the Constitution, the word "socialist" was removed). The collapse of Czechoslovakia took place without a referendum, the first January 1993 was terminated by the agreement on the formation of the Federation. The successors of Czechoslovakia were the states of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. At the same time, he entered into the first in history, his own, constitution of the Czech Republic.
2. Titles and state symbols of the Czech Republic
It is customary to speak of the territory on which the Czech Republic is now located as the “Czech Lands”, which is an auxiliary historical and geographical term that is used as a general term for the corresponding geographical Czech Republic (that is, three historically Czech lands - Czech Republic (Bohemia), Moravia and the Czech part of Silesia). The term is based on the traditional, historical, geographical division of political entities on the territory of the modern Czech Republic, which lasted from the Middle Ages until 1928 (when Moravia and Czech Silesia were merged into one Moravskoslezské region), after 1948, when the Moravoslezsk region was abolished, "Land Czech" already denoted the Czech part of the state of Czechoslovakia. The concept of "Czech Lands" was now expanded to include part of Czech Austria, which until 1919 were part of "Lower Austria".
The official name of the country according to the constitution is the Czech Republic, the one-word name "Czech Republic" is not used at all in the Czech constitution, part of the society of the Czech Republic refuses to use the word "Czech Republic" as a designation of the state. The first use of the expression "Czech Republic" dates back to 1777 as a synonym for the word "Bohemia", as the official designation of the Czechoslovak Federation, the word appeared in Czech in 1978. During the national revival, the form "Czech" derived from the word "Czech" was also used (and the use of the word "Czech" was recognized as incorrect), in general, the word "Czech" is a translation from the Latin word "Bohemia". Due to tradition, the word "Czech Republic" is still used in circulation, as well as the adjective "Czech".
The state symbols of the Czech Republic are the large and small coat of arms, the state flag (the Czech Republic, after the collapse of the Czechoslovak Federation, took over the original flag of Czechoslovakia, since Slovakia was not interested in the further use of this attribute), the standard of the president, the state seal, the state colors of the republic and the national anthem "Where is my home?" State symbols point to the traditions of the medieval Czech state (symbol), the Hussite movement (slogan on the presidential standard), national revival (anthem), and democratic Czechoslovakia (flag).
The name "Czech Republic" is the result of a simplification of the word "Czech" derived from the adjective "Czech" (although the historically original spelling is "Chehi", which is Latin for "Bohemia"). The documented entry "Czech Republic" is dated to the 18th century, since the 19th century it is also mentioned as the name of the "Czech Lands". In this status, the word "Czech Republic" since 1938 began to be used by the Moravian linguist Frantisek Travnicek. In the dictionary of the literary Czech language of 1960, the word "Czech Republic" is used both as a designation of the state and as a designation of the region "Bohemia", at the same time it is called obsolete. The 1978 dictionary uses the word "Czech Republic" only as the region "Bohemia". In the spring of 1993, the Czech Office of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre, on behalf of the government, appointed to use the word "Czech Republic" as an abbreviation for the "Czech Republic". After fierce controversy in support of the Czech Geographical Society, and despite the opposition of President Havel and other figures, the term was significantly expanded, but not given official status.
3. STORY
3.1. PervonAmooringsettlements
Presumably, the territory of the current Czech Republic was inhabited by humans about 750,000 years ago. About the settlement of people in the territory of the Czech Republic since 28000 BC. confirms a number of archaeological finds. From the third century BC. the Celts (Boii) inhabited this area, and in the first century AD. came the tribes of Germans (Marcomanni and Quadi).
From the end of the fifth century, the first Slavs appeared on the territory of the present Czech Republic. In the 7th century, the Slavic tribes formed the state of "Samo" (ca. 623-659), although the state of Samo was more like a large union of tribes. Between 830 - 833, on the lands of Moravia, Slovakia, Hungary in the north and west of Transcarpathia, the Empire of Great Moravia was created, which gradually subjugated the Czech Republic (890 - 894), Silesia, Lusatia, Lesser Poland and the rest of Hungary. Great Moravia was the first state formation on the territory of the modern Czech Republic. In 894, Bohemia got out of the control of Great Moravia, and in 906 or 907 was subjected to a devastating attack by the Hungarians.
3.2. Middle Ages and Modern Times
The origins of the Czech state date back to the second half of the 9th century, when the first, documented, Czech prince from the Přemyslid dynasty, Bořivoj I, was christened. During the 10th and 11th centuries, the state consolidated due to which it was territories of Moravia were annexed. The Czech Principality gradually developed signs of a more or less independent state within the medieval Holy Roman Empire (the Prague bishopric was founded in 973, St. Wenceslas became a national saint).
The Czech kingdom appeared only in 1198, when the German king recognized the heredity of the Czech royal title, which then recognized the emperor, the pope, and in 1212 the Golden Sicilian Bull was signed, which secured the king of the Czech Republic, Premysl Ottokar I, his royal title and established his heredity, and also bestowed other privileges of the Czech kingdom. The Czech ruler henceforth was to be released from all obligations in relation to the Holy Roman Empire, up to participation in imperial assemblies. Premysl Otakar II greatly expanded his domain which now extended beyond the Alps all the way to the Adriatic Sea. Wenceslas II turned his attention to the north and east, where he managed to get the lands of Poland with access to the Baltic Sea, and his son Wenceslas III annexed the Hungarian territories. The Kingdom of Bohemia reached its maximum greatness during the reign of the last of the Přemylovich family and Charles IV. (1316-1378), who in 1348 secured the borders of the Bohemian Crown Lands and annexed Brandenburg (in 1415), Lusatia (in 1635) and Silesia (in 1742).
After the burning of Magister Jan Hus in 1415 in Konstanz, Germany, the rivalry between the Catholics and the Hussites turned into open hostility and events led to the Hussite wars. The Hussites founded the city of Tabor, which became the center of the Hussite revolution. Jan Zizka from Trocnov and Prokop Naked were able to repel all four crusades in Bohemia. The war was ended after the signing of an agreement between the Council of Basel and the Hussites in 1436.
In 1526, the Habsburg dynasty came to the Czech throne, which included the country in the Habsburg monarchy. In 1547 and 1618 there were armed uprisings for the sovereignty of the Czech Protestant State. The defenestration (thrown out of the window) of the imperial governors in 1618 was the cause of the Thirty Years' War. The troops of the Czech state in 1620 in the battle of Bela Hora were defeated, and the remnants of the troops who were captured were publicly executed in Prague. The forced re-Catholicization (re-conversion to the Catholic faith) of Czech Protestants began. Most of the Czech nobility and intelligentsia became loyal supporters of the Habsburgs. Until the middle of the 17th century, the population declined in Bohemia (Bohemia) and Moravia from 2.6 million to 1.5 million. In 1627, a new collection of laws was adopted in the Czech Republic, according to which the Habsburg family received a royal hereditary title, the only religion was declared Catholic and German received the status of a second state language on a par with Czech.
The proclamation of the lands of the Bohemian crown was canceled in 1749 by Maria Theresa, however, Czech kings continued to be crowned within the Czech kingdom. In 1781, the reforms of Joseph II led to the abolition of serfdom, and also gave rise to religious tolerance in society. From the 17th century until the beginning of the 19th century, processes took place that led to the centralization of the monarchy. This centralization helped the German language to become dominant in state and church administration. In response to the Germanization of culture and language, the end of the 18th century marked the beginning of the era of the "Czech National Revival", attempts were made to restore the Czech culture and language, and then to gain a political force representing the interests of the Czech ethnic group. In the second half of the 19th century, an important economic and cultural upsurge took place in the Czech Republic. Most (about 70%) of Austria-Hungary's industry was concentrated in the Czech Republic.
3.3. Pre-war Czechoslovakia
In the First World War, 1,500,000 people fought, recruited from the Czech regions, of which 138,000 were killed defending the monarchy and about five and a half thousand people who fought as part of foreign legions. Over 90,000 volunteers formed the Czechoslovak Legion in France, Italy and Russia, where they fought against the Central Powers and later against the Bolsheviks. After the defeat of Austria-Hungary on October 28, 1918, the Czech lands, part of the Kingdom of Hungary, Carpathian Rus united, creating a new state of Czechoslovakia. Despite the fact that the state was formed primarily on a national basis, however, the state also included Germans, Hungarians, Poles, as well as Romanians (as part of national minorities). After Czechoslovakia gained independence, there were border conflicts on the border with Poland and Hungary, as well as unrest in the German regions of the country (Sudet Germans). Tomas Garrik Masaryk was elected the first president of Czechoslovakia. During the period from the establishment of the state to the dissolution of the "First Republic", Czechoslovakia was a unitary state and remained the only democratic state in Central Europe.
The German population in the border areas, as a result of the Great Depression, mass unemployment and intense, radical Nazi propaganda, began to demand secession from Czechoslovakia. The Sudeto-German Party, led by Konrad Henleine, made the greatest efforts in this area. Under pressure from Nazi Germany and the European powers, in September 1938, Czechoslovakia, under the Munich Agreement, was forced to cede the Sudetenland to Germany. Czechoslovakia ceded the southern regions of Slovakia and Carpathian Rus to Hungary, a small part of Czechoslovak territory (in particular, the region of Teszyn Silesia) went to Poland, so the "second republic" of Czechoslovakia appeared.
3.4. Protectorate of Bohemia (Czech Republic) and Morava
On March 14, 1939, Slovakia declared its independence, and after the occupation by German troops on March 15, 1939, the remaining part of the Czechoslovak territory (that is, the Czech Republic without the Sudetenland, annexed in 1938 by Germany, and in the eastern part of the Cieszyn Silesia region, which in 1938 it was also annexed by Poland) was declared the protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (a very small part of Czech Silesia remained on the territory of the protectorate around the cities of Ostrava and Fridka, the rest of the lands, including the eastern part of the Czechoslovak Tishinsky Siliseia, were annexed to Germany). The German occupation of Czechoslovakia was met with massive resistance from the population of the country (Czech sources) and groups supported from abroad, to which the Nazis responded with terror. During the war, the Nazis implemented a policy of forced labor for the Czech labor force in Germany, as well as the extermination of the Jewish diaspora in the protectorate. Despite this, it should be noted that the Czech Republic made a very impressive contribution to the success of Germany in the first years of the war. The lion's share of Germany's armament, incl. and tanks, was produced at factories located in the Czech Republic and where Czechs worked, and cases of sabotage at factories were isolated and did not make any significant contribution to the disruption of production. Also, a large number of citizens of the former Czechoslovakia served voluntarily in the SS troops. So, for example, Knispel Kurt, one of the greatest German tank aces, who destroyed 168 enemy tanks, was from Czechoslovakia. It is worth noting that the partisan movements in the Czech Republic, which appeared almost immediately after the occupation, did not make any significant contribution to the liberation of Czechoslovakia. It is not possible, unfortunately, to reliably determine the mood of the population of the Czech Republic on the day of the occupation, but based on the measures taken or not taken to stop the occupation, it can be confidently stated that the Czechs were not against the inclusion of their country in Germany and considered this as a logical continuation of Germanization countries. The only exception can be considered the heroic deed of Captain Karel Pavlik, who on March 14, 1939, with his company, offered armed resistance to the occupying German troops. He was the only officer who violated the order and resisted.
3.5. Post-war Czechoslovakia
In May 1945, Czechoslovakia was completely liberated by the Allies, which marked the official restoration of the democratic state of Czechoslovakia. However, strange political phenomena took place in the Czech Republic during this period, such as the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia to Germany and Austria or restrictions on party competition, extensive nationalization of key enterprises in heavy industry, energy, film industry, banking, insurance companies, large construction companies, and etc. In February 1948, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia came to power in Czechoslovakia, the country became a totalitarian state and part of the Soviet bloc (Eastern bloc). The structures of civil society were suppressed, ranging from the self-government of the regions (1949) to the suppression of freedom of speech, the press, and the abolition of market relations in the economic life of the country. State nationalization and monetary reform (1953) led to the fact that millions of citizens lost their property. In 1960, a new constitution changed the country's official name to "Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Czechoslovakia)". In the late 1950s and 1960s, gradual liberalization was observed, which reached its peak in 1968. The period in which there were movements aimed at the liberalization of Czechoslovakia is known as the Prague Spring. The Prague oars were crushed by the invasion of the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries on the 21st August 1968. After the invasion, the outflow of the Czech intelligentsia began, many educated people in the democratic countries of Europe and the United States emigrated, which further accelerated the economic decline in the country, which survived the violent process of joining the Soviet bloc. At that time, Czechoslovakia was occupied by the Soviet Army, which finally left the country only in 1991, i.e. the “normalization” process, which lasted more than 20 years, completely suppressed the feeling of freedom among the citizens of the Czech Republic.
Post-war Czechoslovakia was not a completely unitary state, but had an asymmetric structure. On the territory of Slovakia, the “Slovak National Council” acted as the legislative body, until 1960 the “Assembly of Representatives” was the executive body, while there were no such bodies on the territory of the Czech Republic. While the mutual borders of the Czech Republic, Moravia and Silesia in the post-war period were subjected to regional division, the border between the Czech Republic and Slovakia was forbidden to change at the legislative level, i.e. Slovakia's borders remained untouched and remained a single entity until the very end. Some of the enacted Czechoslovak laws and regulations were limited to the territorial scope of the Czech region. An example is the state environmental law. Slovak National Council, adopted Law No. 1/1955 "Protection of State Natural Resources", valid only for the Slovak region.
3.6. The Socialist Republic of the Czech Republic and the Czech Republic as part of a federation.
The longest state-legal consequence of the Prague Spring was the federalization of the Czech Socialist Republic, established on January 1, 1969, when the unitary state became a federation of two sovereign states - the Czech and Slovenian socialist republics.
The Velvet Revolution, launched on November 17, 1989, overthrew the communist regime and provided an opportunity for democratic reforms and the restoration of free enterprise, but also contributed to a sharp increase in crime, a large public debt and provoked the collapse of the Federation. In 1990, the word “socialist” was removed from the name of each federal state, and the Czech Republic received its own symbolism of the state. Differences soon began to appear between the two groups of subjects of the Federation, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, and a split appeared in relation to the two republics, which ultimately led to the rapid disintegration of the unified state. Czechoslovakia peacefully ceased to exist on December 31, 1992, and the new republics divided among themselves the assets and liabilities of the former Czechoslovakia. From this period, the Czech Republic and Slovakia exist as two independent states.
3.7. Independent Czech Republic
Subject of international law, the Czech Republic became the first January 1993, after the collapse of the federation. The Czech Republic has joined Western European political structures. On March 12, 1999, the Czech Republic was admitted to NATO and on May 1, 2004 joined the European Union. In 2004, it joined the Schengen Agreement, and on this basis, on December 21, 2007, it became part of the Schengen area.
The existence of the Czech Republic as a subject of international law is recognized by the vast majority of countries in the world. From its inception until July 13, 2009, the Czech Republic was not recognized as an independent state by Liechtenstein alone. Liechtenstein seeks, as a precondition for the recognition and establishment of diplomatic treaty relations with the Czech Republic, to resolve issues of a property nature (property disputes have existed between Liechtenstein and Czechoslovakia since the founding of Czechoslovakia, disputes related to the expropriation of Liechtenstein's property according to the Beneš decree). Liechtenstein made significant efforts to prevent the admission of the Czech Republic to international organizations, but this activity was not successful.
4. Geography
The Czech Republic is located in Central Europe and borders four countries: Germany to the west, Poland to the north, Slovakia to the southeast, and the southern border is shared with Austria. The length of the western border with Germany is 810.7 kilometers, with Austria 466.1 km, with Slovakia 251.8 km and with Poland in the north 761.8 km. The total area of the Czech Republic is 78,867 km², of which 2% is water surface. The Czech Republic has mountains and hilly terrain along its perimeter, the highest mountains are in the north, the Krkonoše Mountains. The highest point in the Czech Republic is Mount Snezhka (1602 meters above sea level). The Elbe (Laby) and Vltava rivers flow in the western part of the Czech Republic, while the Oder River originates in the eastern part. Thanks to the rivers, the Czech Republic has access to the North, Baltic and Black Seas. The climate in the Czech Republic is mild, only a week of the year it is “very” hot and a week of the year it is “very cold”, the rest of the time the temperature and weather are always comfortable, without sharp fluctuations (in summer the average temperature is +20 degrees, in winter -3). Such an ideal climate is obtained due to maritime and continental influence. Due to the fact that the Czech Republic is surrounded by mountains around the entire perimeter, the negative impact of winds is significantly reduced, in addition, a significant amount of snow falls in the mountains, which makes the Czech Republic a ski country.
4.1. Geology,geomorphologyand soil
Most of the territory belongs to the geologically stable Czech massif, formed in the fourth geological period of the Paleozoic era by the Hercynian folding. The region of the Western Carpathians, in the east of the territory, was formed in the last epoch of tectogenesis by the Alpine folding.
From the point of view of geomorphology, the Czech Republic is located on the border of two mountain systems. The central and western parts of the Czech Republic are located on the “Český masiv” mountain range, mainly consisting of hills and mountains (Šumava, Czech Forest, Krusne Gory, Jizerske Gory, Krkonoše, Orlistsk Gory, Kralicky Snezhik, Jeseniki), and in the east of the Czech Republic there are Western Carpathians (Beskydy). An area of 52817 km2, which is 67% of the total area of the Czech Republic, is located at an altitude of up to 500 meters above sea level, 25222 km2 (32%) at an altitude of 500 to 1000 meters, and only 827 km2 (1.05%) are at an altitude above 1000 meters above sea level. The highest place in the Czech Republic is the mountain “Sněžka”, 1602 meters above sea level, and the lowest is the river “Labe” near the town “Hřensko”, 115 meters above sea level. The average height above sea level is 430 meters.
The soil cover of the country is diverse. The most common type of soil in the Czech Republic is "Brown soils", fertile black soils on the plains.
4.2. Hydrology and climate
Through the territory of the Czech Republic passes the main European watershed separating the catchment area of the Northern, Baltic and Black Sea basins. The main river axes are in Bohemia - Labe (370 km) with the Vltava (433 km); in Moravia - the Morava River (246 km) from Taia (306 km); in Silesia Odra (135 km) from Opavou (131 km).
The climate in the Czech Republic is mild, transitional between continental and oceanic. Typical is the alternation of four seasons. Western winds and intense cyclonic activity prevail. Maritime influence is manifested mainly in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia are more subject to continental climatic influences. The biggest influence on the climate in the Czech Republic is the height above sea level and the relief.
4.3. Flora and fauna
Flora and fauna in the Czech Republic is a classic manifestation of the Central European fauna, which indicates the interpenetration of the guiding principles. Forests, mostly coniferous, cover 33% of the total land area.
4.4. environmental protection
The preserved pristine nature is protected in national parks and reserves. The highest authority for the protection and conservation of the environment in the Czech Republic is the Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic. There are four national parks in the Czech Republic: the Šumava National Park, the Krkonoše National Park, the Bohemian Switzerland National Park and the Podyjie National Park. Protected areas include: National Parks (NP), Protected Landscape Areas (CHKO), National Wildlife Refuge (NPR), Nature Reserves (PR), National Natural Monuments (NPP), Natural Landmarks (PP).
| Population changes in the Czech Republic according to the Czech Statistical Office. | ||
| Year | Total population | Changes |
| 1857 | 7,016,531 | - |
| 1869 | 7,617,230 | +8,6% |
| 1880 | 8,222,013 | +7,9% |
| 1890 | 8,665,421 | +5,4% |
| 1900 | 9,372,214 | +8,2% |
| 1910 | 10,078,637 | +7,5% |
| 1921 | 10,009,587 | -0,7% |
| 1930 | 10,674,386 | +6,6% |
| 1950 | 8,896,133 | -16,7% |
| 1961 | 9,571,531 | +7,6% |
| 1970 | 9,807,697 | 2,5% |
| 1980 | 10,291,927 | +4,9% |
| 1991 | 10,302,215 | +0,1% |
| 2001 | 10,230,060 | -0,7% |
| 2011 | 10,526,214 | +2,9% |
5. Population
The birth rate in the Czech Republic is one of the lowest in the world, in 2012 it was 1.27 children per woman. The total population, according to the Czech Statistical Office, declined slightly between 1995 and 2002, currently the overall growth is near zero (-0.08 in 2003 and +0.9% in 2004) due to increased immigration from abroad, although the natural increase since 1994 has always been negative. Life expectancy continues to increase slowly and exceeds 72 years for men and 79 years for women (2004 estimate). 71% of the population lives in cities.
In the last census in 2011, 63.7% of Czech citizens identified themselves as Czech nationality (86% of those who identified themselves as any nationality), which prevails in all regions of the Czech Republic, 4.9% of the population identified themselves as Moravian nationality and 0.1% to the Silesian nationality, although both nationalities use exclusively the Czech language for communication. According to the opinion of the Czech Statistical Office (CSU), we are talking about the consequences of the division of the Czech nation, as a result of intensive media coverage and politicization of the Moravian national question, as the political party of Moravia actively uses this issue for its political purposes. Before the 1991 census, it was virtually impossible to single out nationalities, since there was no column in which to indicate this, therefore it is not possible to trace the complete demographic situation among each nationality. In the 2011 census, 26% of the population, in the nationality column, did not enter any information, i.e. left the field empty.
5.1. Religion
The Czech Republic has one of the least religious populations in the world. During the Eurobarometer project surveys in 2005, 19% of respondents answered that they believe in God, 50% believe in the power of spiritual life, and 30% Not believe in religion. According to the latest census in 2011, about 3.6 million people do not adhere to any religion. This is 34.2% of the population. Almost 1.5 million people (13.9%) identified themselves as different religions. Approximately 707,000 people (6.7%) identified themselves as believers, but not identifying themselves with any of the existing religions. In general, about 2,100,000 people or 20.6% of the Czech population considered themselves believers (regardless of religion). A total of 4,700,000 people (45.2%) in this voluntary column did not complete the census form.
The most widespread religion in the Czech Republic is Christianity. The largest religious group is the Roman Catholic Church, which has 1.1 million believers (10.26%), which is significantly lower than in 2001, assuming that a total of 2.7 million people identified themselves as believers (26.8%). A high proportion of believers is still in the Orthodox Church, which has a total of 27,000 believers, adherents of Jedi 15,000 people, Jehovah's Witnesses - 13,000. Over 700,000 people identified themselves as believers but did not identify themselves with any organized church. The number of adherents of Judaism is about 1500 inhabitants, Islam is preached by almost 3500 people. 6100 people classified themselves as different branches of Buddhism. 1075 people identified themselves as Atheists, 863 people declared paganism.
The proportion of people who declared themselves believers, in comparison with previous censuses, in 2001 significantly decreased. The number of people who did not declare any religion has significantly decreased. An innovation in the 2011 census was the ability to register as believers without belonging to a particular church, almost 7% of the population used this opportunity, but the percentage of people who chose not to answer the question about their religion also increased. The largest number of religious people live in the eastern part of the Czech Republic - Moravia.
5.2. Ethnographic groups
In the Czech Republic, there are several ethnographic groups closely related to the region where they live, which in the past had cultural differences, as well as peculiarities of dialects. In Bohemia, these are: Hody, Plzenatsi, Blataci, Duleby, in Moravia: Horati, Hanaki, Moravian Croats, Moravian Slovaks, Podluzhatsi, Wallashi, Lashi and others in Silesia, for example, Guraly. Differences between ethnographic groups began to blur after the "Second World War", however, some regional features are still maintained. In addition to these geographically diverse ethnographic groups, it is necessary to note groups that are not geographically tied to their place of residence, but are also significant, these are: the Romanesque and Israelite ethnographic group.
5.3. Foreigners
In general, in the Czech Republic, in 2011 the number of foreigners decreased compared to 2010 by almost 8,000 people to 416,700 people (4%). Prague and the Central Bohemian Region account for more than half of the total number of foreigners living in the Czech Republic. Most immigrants came from Slovakia (1.4%), Ukraine (0.5%), Poland (0.4%), Vietnam (0.3%), Germany (0.2%), Russia (0.2% ) and Hungary (0.1%). Compared to other European countries, the Czech Republic remains a relatively homogeneous country, such as neighboring Germany, the largest number of foreigners living in the EU, i.e. 7.2 million foreigners (9% of the population), Austria 10.8% and Spain 12% . An indisputable advantage is the fact that in the Czech Republic such ethnic groups as Turks and Negroes are represented in small numbers and are not a problem for the state, unlike Germany and France.
The Czech Republic is one of the most visited countries in the world. Its landscape is amazing in its diversity and beauty. Spacious valleys with a network of picturesque lakes and rivers give way to hills, dense forests and mountain ranges that keep the age-old coolness and freshness of stalactite caves. The Czech Republic boasts a huge number (about one hundred and thirty) of historical complexes. Some sites (for example, Litomysl, Kromneriz, Telc, Cesky Krumlov and others) are included in the Heritage List. Czech spas such as Poděbrady, Marianske Lazne and Karlovy Vary are famous for their therapeutic mud and waters, modern equipment and favorable climate.
The most famous city in the Czech Republic and one of the most beautiful capitals in the world is, of course, Prague. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, this place was called the "City of a Hundred Towers", but at the present time there are already more than five hundred. The Old Prague, which is a unique architectural ensemble, has been perfectly preserved. The historical part and the city center are Hradcany located on the left bank of the Vltava, the romantic Old Town on the right bank and the New Town - the commercial heart of the capital. These places, as well as the Jewish Ghetto and Vysehrad, are included in the Heritage List.
The old city, founded in the tenth century, was originally surrounded by a wall with thirteen high towers (now only Powder Tower has survived). The main historical sites are located on the Old Town Square and on the cobbled narrow streets that scatter from it in all directions. Here you can see old houses with fancy names, such as "At the stone table", "At the stone lamb", "Sixt's house", "At the white unicorn" and others. The famous Old Town Hall is located on the square itself. It is decorated with a magnificent astronomical clock (beginning of the fifteenth century), on which figures of archangels and mythical characters appear every hour and move to the sound of the clock. In addition, here you can see the monument to Jan Hus, the Cathedral of the Virgin, built in the second half of the fourteenth century, the Clementinum, which houses the State Library, as well as the unusual Museum of Smetana.
One of the greenest and most prestigious districts of Prague, with a zoo and a palace, is called Troja. Its main attraction is the Troyan Castle, built in the second half of the seventeenth century. This is a magnificent palace in its beauty with a beautiful park in the Baroque style. The palace permanently houses an interesting collection of local art of the nineteenth century. Opposite the castle there is a zoo, which is a well-maintained and very beautiful area on a hill where you can watch the life of animals in their almost natural habitat. Many of the varieties of the local representatives of the fauna are listed in the Red Book.
One of the oldest districts of Prague is called Hradcany. Here is the largest fortress in the country - a magnificent Prague Castle- the cultural, historical and political center of the capital and the whole of the Czech Republic, which was founded in the ninth century. Hradchanska Square still preserves the medieval layout. Here you can see the Schwarzenberg-Lobkowitz Palace, which houses the Military History Museum, and the Sternberg Palace. The architectural gem of Hradcany is the Archbishop's Palace, built in the sixteenth century.
The Czech Republic is a country of exquisite architectural monuments, indescribably beautiful landscapes and a romantic atmosphere, a place that cannot get bored.
strong>When is the best time to go to the Czech Republic?
Yes, at least when. Season in the Czech Republic all year round, this is what distinguishes a city vacation from a beach one. In winter, Christmas (December 25) is especially good, like in a fairy tale, the houses are decorated, everything is backlit, bright and colorful. In the spring it begins to turn green and bloom. Easter (April) is just as beautiful as Christmas.
Vysehrad fortress located on a hill, far from the center of Prague to the south. Here you can not only see a wonderful panorama overlooking the river, but also admire architectural structures. Vysehrad is rightfully considered the first center of the Czech state, which was built in the 10th century.
Vysehrad fortress
Old Town Square in Prague is the center of the historical part of Prague (Stare Mesto). On the square you can see its main attractions and the facades of houses of various architectural styles - Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo. The Old Town Square is mentioned in the 13th century, when a market was located on its territory.
The Old Town Hall, in which the Astronomical Clock is installed, like a magnet at noon, attracting thousands of eyes to itself to show a peculiar performance.
Prague Zoo. Its vast collection contains 2,900 animals from all over the world. The territory of the zoo is 62 hectares, of which 49 are occupied by spacious enclosures. You need to allocate the whole day to the zoo. Many animals and birds are kept without cages, including monkeys!
Technical Museum in Prague . Consists of three floors. Very interested in children and men. The first floor is devoted to cars, from the first to the modern, there is also a steam train. On the second floor are bicycles and motorcycles. The very first bicycle was wooden and without pedals. On the third floor - space suits for the ocean. Airplanes and airships hang between floors. All exhibits are original and life-size, of course.
Prague Castle - the residence of Czech princes, kings and Roman emperors. Currently, the offices of the President are located here. For more than 1100 years Prague Castle has been the center of the Czech state. Having survived the glory and splendor of the royal court, periods of prosperity and fall, it is now considered the largest palace complex in Europe.
The Charles Bridge . It is impossible to visit Prague and not walk along the Charles Bridge. The length of the bridge is 520 meters, and the history begins in 1380. The bridge is pedestrian, decorated with ancient statues. There are many street artists on the bridge who offer their work and are ready to paint your portrait.
Charles Bridge on the left and Prague Castle on the horizon
Karlovy Vary - the presence of several dozen mineral springs.
medieval castles , castles, castles - they are just everywhere, on the hills, in villages, small towns.
Special rules of behavior in public places
There are no features. The only thing is that in the bar / restaurant other guests can be seated at your table, but this is also customary in other European countries.
Features of car rental in the Czech Republic
An international license is required to drive. Movement is right-handed. But for Prague, I would not recommend a car: there is nowhere to park, the sea is pedestrian, all the sights are concentrated in the center, you can get around everything on foot (they offer a lot of walking tours). My friend said about Prague that he had never walked so much in his life. If you drive around the suburbs, then, of course, you can’t do without a car. Transport is very developed in Prague, especially trams, they are just like spaceships.
The metro consists of two branches. Public transport runs around the clock. Every stop has a timetable. The movement strictly corresponds to the schedule, no hourly waiting, a maximum of 5 minutes (at night 15 minutes). Travel cards of three types: for 30 minutes, 1 hour and for the whole day. I still have the phrase “Pshishka screensaver Namesti republics” spinning in my head, which means the next stop is Republic Square, where we lived.
Major shopping malls in resort towns Czech Republic
All year round discounts on fashionable clothes, shoes, accessories, jewelry, household goods and even sweets are offered by the Fashion Arena outlet on the outskirts of the Czech capital. A free bus runs every half an hour from the Depo Hostivař metro station to it.
In the old pedestrian part of the Czech capital on Republic Square is the largest in Prague shopping mall Palladium. It occupies all five floors of the old building, including underground ones. More than two hundred shops, boutiques, dozens of restaurants and cafes are ready to welcome guests of Prague and residents of the Czech capital.
Globus is a large shopping center popular with both residents and guests of Karlovy Vary. The store is located about 20 minutes drive from the city center. You can get here by city bus number 1, which runs every 30 minutes.
National dishes Czech Republic
Soups are prepared differently and served in a loaf of bread. You need to eat quickly, otherwise the broth will be absorbed into the bread.
Knedliks made from regular or potato flour. Steamed strictly, then sliced and served as a side dish. Dumplings are a good addition to meat dishes with a thick sauce, they are dipped in it and then eaten. There are many recipes for dumplings, often they add fillings, for example, liver, onion, meat or even cabbage. Fruits are placed in sweet ones, sprinkled with cheese and sugar on top.
boar knee(pork knee) is a Czech brand. The drumstick is first soaked in a beer marinade, then boiled, and smoked over a fire right before serving. A very satisfying dish, and one person usually cannot eat it. We took 2 times and both times did not finish eating, it turns out a lot. But the crust is so crispy, just mmm, I had to win back a piece with a fork from an opponent.
The official name of the Czech Republic is the Czech Republic. This state is located in Central Europe. The state has no access to the sea. The land border of the Czech Republic is 1990 km. detailed map The Czech Republic gives you the opportunity to get acquainted with small towns, villages and even streets.
The Czech Republic differs from other countries in the abundance of lakes (more than 15 thousand) and mineral springs (more than 2 thousand). In the northwest of the Czech Republic are ore mountains, and its southwestern part is occupied by the Czech Forest.
Czech Republic on the world map: geography, nature and climate
The Czech Republic on the world map is located right in the geographical center of Europe. More than half of the country is located on Bohemian plateau. The Czech Republic borders on European countries like Germany, Slovakia, Austria and Poland.
The total area of the Czech Republic is 78.9 thousand km 2.
The most high point old - Mount Snowball(Sudet Mountains). Its height is 1602 meters.
The largest lake in the country Lipno, an artificial reservoir, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is 4870 hectares.
Relief
On the map of the Czech Republic in Russian, landscapes are clearly distinguished, which are very diverse: the west and center of the country are located on the Czech massif, represented by hills and hills (Sněžka is also located here), and East End The Czech Republic, Moravia, is dotted with hills and mountains of medium height (Carpathians).
On the territory of the Czech Republic (namely, in Western Bohemia) there is a volcano: an extinct Volcano Komorni-Hurka, and mud volcanoes, which instead of lava throw out mineral waters.
The karst cave complex Konepruska caves, which are located near the town of Beroun, goes underground for at least 70 meters. The average temperature in the caves is 10 degrees.
Nature of the Czech Republic (flora and fauna)
About 30% of the entire territory of the Czech Republic is occupied by forests (mainly conifers). The largest Bohemian Forest is located in the southwest of the Czech Massif. Thanks to forests, the Czech Republic has become one of the largest European producers of wood materials.
There are also many nature reserves in the Czech Republic. The most famous is located in the west of the country - this is the Šumava park. It occupies 125 km near the borders of Germany and Austria. Not far from the city of Znojmo is the Granitsky Forest Park, which, in addition to trees, has mountains, rocks and water streams.
Most major rivers Czech Republic - Vltava and Laba (Elba). The Elbe is also the lowest elevation in the country at 115 meters. The east of the Czech Republic is famous for the Morava River, the length of which is 329 km. Several rivers that originate in the Czech Republic flow into the Baltic, Black and North Seas.
There are many ponds in the south of the country. The most popular of them are carp ponds. Not far from the capital of the Czech Republic, Prague, there is a famous artificial reservoir Makhovo Lake.
The most common animals in the Czech Republic are hares, martens, wild boars, otters. Slightly less common are brown bears, wolves, herons.
The climate of the Czech Republic
The Czech climate is temperate. It is created by air masses that move towards the state from the side Atlantic Ocean. Most low temperatures are observed in January: at this time, the thermometer can drop to -4 degrees. The average temperature in spring is 0 degrees. There is no intense heat in the Czech Republic in summer, maximum temperatures are 30-35 degrees. In October, the approximate temperature is 10-15 degrees, and in November, snow begins to fall. The lowest temperature threshold in the Czech Republic is about -17 degrees.
Map of the Czech Republic with cities. Administrative division of the country
A map of the Czech Republic with cities in Russian will allow you to see the capital - Prague and 13 territories (regions), each of which has its own administrative center and its own management system. Moreover, in each region there are several districts. There are 77 districts in the Czech Republic.
The Czech Republic is divided into three historical areas: Czech Republic, Moravia and Silesia. The centers of each are such cities as Prague, Brno and Ostrava (respectively).
- Prague- capital and most Big City Czech Republic. The city is located in the northwestern part of the country and is divided by the Vltava River into two parts (west and east). For all the time of its existence, the river has created seven islands right in the capital of the Czech Republic. Prague consists of fifteen districts.
- City of Brno located in the South Moravian Region (in the south of the country). About 370 thousand people live in it. In terms of its area, this city is in second place after the capital of the Czech Republic (230 km 2). A little further than the city limits are the large rivers Svratka and Svitava. Brno is located in the Danube region.
- Ostrava- this city is located in the north-east of the Czech Republic, not far from Polish border(15 km). A little over 300 thousand people live in the city. The area of the third largest Czech city is 214 km2. In Ostrava there is a crossing of such rivers as Ostravica, Opava and Odra.
