Age of the Great Pyramid
Egyptologists have no doubt that the pyramids were being built in Egypt when it entered the dynastic period. But for many authors of non-fiction books, this is far from a fact. In the extreme case, they agree that this statement is true for all such structures, except for the pyramid of Cheops. According to some authors, it is a monument left to us as a legacy from an extraterrestrial civilization that visited our planet tens of thousands of years ago. The already mentioned Zakaria Sitchin, one of dozens of defenders of this theory, argues that the Great Pyramid served as a beacon for those arriving on earth. spaceships(and also a "transit prison" for aliens). Others believe that this is a memorial built by the Atlanteans who survived the death of their civilization. According to some researchers, the pyramid of Cheops is a monument left to us as a legacy from some civilization that existed before the Flood. Thus, John Anthony West cites the nearby Sphinx as an example and states that traces of water erosion are “absolutely distinct” on it. According to him, what we now see "clearly" could not have arisen only as a result of downpours that have passed in this area since 2500 BC. Thus, he too puts the date of the construction of the pyramid of Cheops to 10,400 BC, a mythical date that leads so many to accept the interpretation of Seiss. Unfortunately, it is often implied that the prediction itself carries more weight than the rationale for a particular theory, or at least supports it. It is therefore quite logical that serious scientists, including Egyptologists, oppose people who wish to bring conjectures and predictions into scientific debates. Scientific discussions, as you know, do not require allegations and prophecies.
So on the basis of what does science determine the age of the pyramids? In 1984, a large-scale project to determine the dating of the pyramids based on the method of radiocarbon analysis began, during which 64 samples of organic substances were taken from the pyramids for analysis. The results showed that Egyptologists were wrong by about 400 years - the pyramids were older than previously thought. However, measurements of some samples showed that the pyramids are “only” 120 years older, but this is also significant. Mark Lenner, summing up the new discoveries, said: “Now this is really important ... I mean, this discovery caused a very strong sensation. It turns out that the pyramids at Giza are four hundred years older than most scientists thought.” Although Lenner himself is an Egyptologist, it must be admitted that he is distinguished by a much more scientific approach to the problem than many scientists associated with this topic. Perhaps only because he just sincerely wants to understand it. Unfortunately, he is not very well versed in another science - psychology, because he "obviously" does not understand his colleagues: no such "strong hype" has arisen. Most Egyptologists have chosen to simply ignore the results of the research than to challenge them.
Based on a survey of 15 samples, the age of the Cheops pyramid was clarified and it was concluded that it was built no earlier than 2985 BC. - five hundred years earlier than previously thought. However, the specified date is not enough to attribute the construction of the pyramid to the Atlanteans, who allegedly lived more than 10,000 years ago. At this point, most commentators stop, but I would like to take my reasoning one step further, since radiocarbon analysis has posed several new questions for researchers. And one of them - were the pyramids on the Giza plateau built by the very pharaohs who are credited with their construction?
The Pyramid of Khafre was built twenty-five years after the completion of the construction of the Great Pyramid in 2960. This gives grounds to assume with a high degree of probability that both pyramids were components of a single complex and were built at the behest of pharaohs who lived one after the other (or maybe one and the other). the same). It would also be logical to expect that the Menkaure pyramid was built over the next twenty to fifty years. However, radiocarbon analysis places the date of its construction at ca. 2572 BC - almost four centuries later than the Cheops pyramid! Moreover, during the analysis of the samples of the Sphinx, it turned out that it was built approximately in 2416 BC, that is, almost five centuries after the pyramid of Khafre, and it was assumed that this pyramid and the Sphinx were built together ...
However, the new dating of the time when the construction of the Great Pyramid was completed is 3000 BC. - did not suit both camps: neither Egyptologists, nor supporters of the version about the Atlanteans. And this proves once again that scientific experiments can sometimes be unpopular even among representatives of science. Both sides of the "scientific dispute" tried to ignore the important results of the experiment, because they do not correspond to their ideas. As a result, one can now read articles that include paragraphs like this: “Even if the radiocarbon analysis of fifteen samples from the Great Pyramid was carried out, as claimed, with the utmost care, we still cannot be sure that, based on its results, to speak accurately about the age of the entire structure. Samples for analysis were taken from the outer lining of the pyramid or from the space between the facing slabs and blocks of the pyramid, where they could have fallen at a later time during repair work. As for the temple of the Great Sphinx, the dates of its construction, determined by radiocarbon analysis (2085 and 2746 BC), cannot be considered accurate, since the large limestone blocks that make up the temple were made simultaneously with the Sphinx itself. And the results of the weathering of the rocks of this statue, according to most geologists (but not Egyptologists), leave no doubt that its age is at least seven or nine thousand years” (6) .
In fact, however, there is only one geologist representing this "majority", and his name is Robert Schoch. But these passionate arguments for one point of view become even more scathing when we mention that new studies were conducted in 1995 with different, but similar materials, and they fully confirmed the results of the 1984 analyzes!
In the end, it becomes clear that the status of the Great Pyramid cannot but cause pity. How arrogantly we treat the only wonder of the world that has come down to us! However, the same can be said about the entire legacy of the Era of the Pyramids. Egyptologists have clung to outdated dogmas for too long and with a kind of childish stubbornness and have not come one iota closer to understanding the true nature of these structures. One should only welcome the contribution to the development of the science of Ancient Egypt such researchers as Davidowitz, and subject their hypotheses to serious, thoughtful analysis and criticism. Instead, we hear so far from official science only caustic attacks and observe idiotic neglect. The method of radiocarbon analysis should be adopted by scientists and become the main means for determining the true age of various pyramids. It should also be recognized that since no mummy has yet been found in any of the pyramids, it means that there is a possibility that these structures were not built as tombs, even despite the fact that on the walls of some of them there are images with scenes of the pharaoh's journey to sky. I would also like to note that many rather controversial conclusions about the nature of the pyramids are made on the basis of completely ridiculous assumptions, and completely absurd theories often become very popular (for example, the theory that “they were built by the descendants of the Atlanteans in 10400 BC). e.). Nevertheless, it is clear that both sides are doing nothing to truly understand what the pyramids are, not to mention the fact that no one has been able to answer the question of who built them, when and why.
However, recently there has been a hope to find a solution ...
From the book Gods of the New Millennium [with illustrations] author Alford Alan author Shoh Robert M. From the book Mystery of the Pyramids. Secret of the Sphinx. author Shoh Robert M.Corner rosettes of the Great Pyramid Four rosettes are carved into the rock bed of the plateau - one at each corner of the Great Pyramid. They are mentioned in the books of Petrie (1885), Davidson and Aldersmith (1924) and especially Kingsland (1932), where photographs of these rosettes are presented. Alas, these days
From the book Mystery of the Pyramids. Secret of the Sphinx. author Shoh Robert M.Plinth, platform or base of the Great Pyramid The body of the Great Pyramid, as mentioned above, at least judging by the surviving base of all four sides, rests on a platform (base or plinth, or "pavement", as Cole (1925) calls it), made of
From the book Mystery of the Pyramids. Secret of the Sphinx. author Shoh Robert M. From the book Mystery of the Pyramids. Secret of the Sphinx. author Shoh Robert M.Stone blocks in the core of the Great Pyramid B modern form The Great Pyramid consists of 203 rows, or tiers, of stone blocks. The thickness of these tiers varies, but all blocks within the same row have exactly the same thickness. The thickness of the blocks of the lower tier is 58 inches. IN
From the book Mystery of the Pyramids. Secret of the Sphinx. author Shoh Robert M. From the book Mystery of the Pyramids. Secret of the Sphinx. author Shoh Robert M.Trial corridors near the Great Pyramid On the eastern side of the Great Pyramid, at a distance of about 87.5 m from the base (3. Hawass, Petrie's Refinement, 1990), a whole group of corridors was found cut into the rocky bed of the plateau. These corridors in height, width and orientation
From the book Mystery of the Pyramids. Secret of the Sphinx. author Shoh Robert M. From the book Mystery of the Pyramids. Secret of the Sphinx. author Shoh Robert M.Inscriptions on the outer blocks and inside the Great Pyramid Inscriptions on the outer blocksAccording to some reports, the original blocks of the outer facing were covered with hieroglyphic inscriptions. This may seem strange if we remember that inside the Great Pyramid (beyond
From the book Mystery of the Pyramids. Secret of the Sphinx. author Shoh Robert M.Notes on the planning and construction of the Great Pyramid Of particular importance is the question of how the ancient Egyptians moved the huge blocks of stone, whether building pyramids and temples or erecting obelisks. A fundamentally new perspective on this
From the book Mystery of the Pyramids. Secret of the Sphinx. author Shoh Robert M. From the book Mystery of the Pyramids. Secret of the Sphinx. author Shoh Robert M. From the book Mystery of the Pyramids. Secret of the Sphinx. author Shoh Robert M.Ancient Names of the Great Pyramid Hawass (Clarification of Petri's data, 1990) writes that the original name of the Great Pyramid is "Horizon of Khufu" or, according to another version, "Khufu belongs to the sky", and this, according to Hawass, may indicate that Khufu was identified with Ra, the god
From the book Mystery of the Pyramids. Secret of the Sphinx. author Shoh Robert M.Attribution of the Great Pyramid to Pharaoh Khufu Ancient historians Herodotus (5th century BC) and Diodorus (1st century AD) unanimously attribute the Great Pyramid to the pharaoh, known in our time under the name of Khufu (Cheops). Grive (1704) attributed the construction of the Great Pyramid to Cheops or Khemmis,
From the book Mystery of the Pyramids. Secret of the Sphinx. author Shoh Robert M.Dating of the Great Pyramid If the Great Pyramid can be dated to the reign of Pharaoh Khufu, then the time of its construction naturally coincides with the reign of this monarch. Baines and Malek (1980) write that Khufu's reign falls on 2551-2528 BC Other
The magic of the mysterious countries still exists. Palm trees sway in the warm breeze, the Nile sails through the desert surrounded by a green valley, the sun illuminates the temple of Karnak and the mysterious pyramids of Egypt, and bright schools of fish flicker in the Red Sea.
Funerary culture of ancient Egypt
Pyramids are called grandiose structures in the form of a regular geometric polyhedron. In the construction of funerary buildings or mastabas, this form, according to Egyptologists, began to be used because of the similarity with a funeral cake. If you ask how many pyramids there are in Egypt, you can hear the answer that to date, about 120 buildings have been found and described, which are located in different areas along the banks of the Nile.
The first mastabas can be seen in Saqqara, Upper Egypt, Memphis, Abusir, El-Lahun, Giza, Khawara, Abu Rawash, Meidum. They were built from clay bricks with river silt - adobe, in a traditional architectural form. The pyramid housed a prayer room and a funeral "dowry" for traveling in the afterlife. The underground part kept the remains. The pyramids had a different appearance. They evolved from a stepped to a true, geometrically correct form.
The evolution of the shape of the pyramids
Tourists are often interested in how to see all the pyramids of Egypt, in which city they are located. There are many such places. For example, Meiduma is the most mysterious point, where the oldest of all the great funerary buildings are located. When Sneferu came to the throne (circa 2575 BC), Saqqara had the only large royal pyramid of Djoser completely completed.
The ancient locals called it "el-haram-el-kaddab", which means "false pyramid". Because of its shape, it has attracted the attention of travelers since the Middle Ages.
The Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara is known as the earliest form of burial structure in Egypt. Its appearance is attributed to the period of the third dynasty. Narrowing passages from the north lead to the burial chamber. Underground galleries surround the pyramid from all sides except the south. This is the only completed building with huge steps that were lined with stone. But her form was different from the ideal. The first regular pyramids appeared at the beginning of the reign of the 4th dynasty of the pharaohs. The true form arose as a result of the natural development and improvement of the architectural design of the stepped building. The structure of a real pyramid is almost the same. Building blocks were stacked to the required shapes and sizes of the object, and then they were finished with limestone or stone.
Pyramids of Dahshur
Dahshur shapes southern region necropolis in Memphis and contains a number of pyramidal complexes and monuments. Dahshur has only recently been opened to the public. In the valley of the Nile, south of Cairo, alone on the edge of the Western Desert, above the lush green fields at Meidum, is a remarkable area where one can see the transition from a stepped to a regular pyramid shape. The transformation took place during the change of the third dynasty of the pharaohs to the fourth. During the reign of the 3rd dynasty, Pharaoh Huni organized the construction of the first regular pyramid in Egypt, where the stepped structures from Meidum are located as a base for construction. The burial structure was intended for the son of Huni, the first pharaoh of the fourth dynasty, Sneferu (2613-2589 BC). The heir completed work on the pyramids of his father, then built his own - stepped. But the construction plans of the pharaoh were curtailed, as the construction did not go according to plan. Reducing the angle of the lateral plane led to a diamond-shaped curved silhouette. This design is called the Bent Pyramid, but it still has intact outer shells.
The oldest pyramids in Saqqara
Saqqara is one of the huge necropolises ancient city which is known today as Memphis. The ancient Egyptians called this place "White Walls". The pyramids of Egypt in Saqqara are represented by the first oldest step pyramid of Djoser. It was here that the history of the construction of these funerary structures began. In Saqqara they found the first inscription on the walls, known as the Pyramid Texts. The architect of these projects is called Imhotep, who invented hewn stone masonry. Thanks to construction developments, the ancient architect was ranked among the deities. Imhotep is considered the son of Ptah, the patron of crafts. Saqqara is home to many tombs belonging to important ancient Egyptian officials.
The true gem is the great pyramids of Egypt in the Sneferu complex. Feeling dissatisfied with the Bent Pyramid, which did not allow him to worthily go to heaven, he began construction about two kilometers to the north. It was the famous Pink Pyramid, so named because of the red limestone used in its construction. This is one of the oldest buildings in Egypt, which is created in the correct form. It has a tilt angle of 43 degrees and is the second largest, second only to the Great Pyramid of Giza. It was built by the son of Sneferu in Khufu. In fact, the Great Pyramid is only 10 meters from the Rose. Other major monuments in Dahshur date from the 12th and 13th dynasties and are not comparable in scale to the work of Huni and Sneferu.
Late pyramids at the Sneferu complex
There are later pyramids in Meidum. in Egypt, where they are white pyramid Amenemhat II, the Black Amenemhat III and the building of Senusret III, dominated by smaller funerary monuments for minor rulers, nobles and officials.
They tell of a fairly stable and peaceful period in the history of Egypt. Interestingly, the Black Pyramid and the structure of Senusret III were built not of stone, but of brick. Why this material was used is unknown, but in those days new construction methods penetrated into Egypt from other countries, thanks to trade and international relations. Unfortunately, although brick was much easier to work with than multi-ton granite blocks, the material did not stand the test of time. Although the Black Pyramid is fairly well preserved, the White Pyramid is badly damaged. Tourists, who are little aware of the huge number of pyramidal burials, have a misunderstanding. They ask: "Where are the pyramids in Egypt?" While everyone knows about the great burial structures of Egypt, there are many less significant examples of such structures. Scattered along the Nile from Celia on the edge of the oasis to the island of Elephantine in Aswan, in the village of Naga el-Khalifa, about five miles south of Abydos, in the city of Minya and many other unexplored places.
Giza pyramids and necropolis
For all tourists who come to Egypt, an excursion to the pyramids becomes almost a ritual. The buildings of Giza are the only surviving of the seven wonders. Ancient World and the most famous sights. This sacred place impresses with antiquity, the scope of the necropolis, the unreality of buildings and the Great Sphinx. The secrets of the construction and supposed symbolism of the pyramids of Giza only add to the appeal of these ancient wonders. Many modern people Giza is still considered a spiritual place. A number of fascinating theories have been proposed to explain the "mystery of the pyramids". The author of the project of the Great Pyramid in Egypt is called the adviser of Cheops and his relative - Hemiun. Giza is the most important site on earth for many researchers who are trying to unravel the geometric perfection of burial structures in ancient sources. But even great skeptics are in awe of the deep antiquity, scope and absolute harmony of the pyramids of Giza.
History of the Pyramids of Giza
Located on the west bank of the Nile River, about 12 miles southwest of downtown Cairo, Giza (el-Gizah in Arabic) is the third largest city in Egypt with a population of almost 3 million. This is a famous necropolis on the Giza plateau, which houses the most popular monuments in Egypt. The Great Pyramids of Giza were built in 2500 BC for the burial places of the pharaohs. Together they are the only ancient wonder light that still exists today. Many tourists are attracted by Egypt (Hurghada). They can see the pyramids of Giza in half an hour, which will be required on the road. You can admire this wonderful ancient sacred place to your heart's content.
The Great Pyramid of Khufu, or Cheops as the Greeks called it (it is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids at Giza), and the necropolis bordering Cairo have remained virtually untouched by time. It is believed that the pyramid was built as a tomb for the fourth dynasty of the Egyptian pharaohs Khufu. The Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. Initially, it was covered with facing stones, which created a smooth outer surface. Some of them can be seen around the base and at the very top. There are various scientific and alternative theories about how the pyramids of Ancient Egypt were built, and about the construction methods of the Great One itself. Most of the accepted construction theories are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from the quarry and lifting them into place. It occupies an area of just over 5 hectares. The original height was 146 m in height, but the pyramid is still impressive at 137 m. The main losses are associated with the destruction of the smooth limestone surface.
Herodotus on Egypt
When the Greek historian Herodotus visited Giza, around 450 BC, he described what kind of pyramids there were in Egypt. He learned from the Egyptian priests that the Great Pyramid was built for Pharaoh Khufu, who was the second king of the Fourth Dynasty (c. 2575-2465 BC). Priests told Herodotus that it was built by 400,000 people over 20 years. At the construction site, 100,000 people were employed to move the blocks at a time. But archaeologists find this implausible and tend to think that the workforce was more limited. Perhaps 20,000 workers, with an accompanying support staff of bakers, doctors, priests, and others, would be sufficient for the task.
The most famous pyramid was carefully laid out using 2.3 million processed stone blocks. These blocks had an impressive weight of two to fifteen tons. After the construction was completed, the burial structure struck with a weight that was approximately 6 million tons. All the famous cathedrals in Europe, taken together, have such a weight! The Pyramid of Cheops has been recorded for thousands of years as the tallest building in the world.
Only the graceful spiers of the extraordinarily majestic Lincoln Cathedral, built in England, 160 m high, were able to break the record, but collapsed in 1549.
Pyramid of Khafre
Among the pyramids of Giza, the second largest is the structure built for the afterlife journey of Khafre (Khaphren), the son of Pharaoh Khufu. He inherited power after the death of his elder brother and was the fourth ruler in the fourth dynasty. Of his well-born relatives and predecessors on the throne, many were buried in penny tombs. But the grandeur of the Khafre pyramid strikes almost the same as " last home"his father.
The Pyramid of Khafre stretches visually towards the sky and seems to be higher than the first pyramid of Giza - the funerary building of Cheops, because it stands on a higher part of the plateau. It is characterized by a steeper angle of inclination with a preserved smooth limestone coating. At the second pyramid, each of the sides was 216 m and was originally 143 m high. Its limestone and granite blocks weigh about 2.5 tons each.
The ancient pyramids of Egypt, such as Cheops, as well as the construction of Khafre, include five burial pits connected by passages. Together with the mortuary, the Valley of the Temples and the connecting dam, it is 430 meters long, carved into the rock. The burial chamber, which is underground, kept a red granite sarcophagus with a lid. Nearby is a square cavity, where there was a chest with the insides of the pharaoh. The Great Sphinx near the Pyramid of Khafre is considered to be his royal portrait.
Pyramid of Menkaure
The last of the pyramids of Giza is the Pyramid of Menkaure, located to the south. It was intended for the son of Khafre, the fifth king of the fourth dynasty. Each side is 109 m and the height of the structure is 66 m. In addition to these three monuments, small pyramids were built for Khufu's three wives and a series of flat-topped pyramids for the remains of his beloved children. At the end of a long dam lined small tombs of courtiers, a temple and a mortuary were built only for the mummification of the body of the pharaoh.
Like all the pyramids of Egypt, created for the pharaohs, the burial chambers of these buildings were filled with everything necessary for the next life: furniture, statues of slaves, niches for canopic canopies.
Theories about the construction of the Egyptian giants
Many mysteries are hidden by the centuries-old history of Egypt. Pyramids built without modern devices only increase curiosity about these places. Herodotus assumed that the foundation was laid out of huge blocks weighing about seven tons. And then, as from children's cubes, step by step, all 203 layers were lifted up. But this cannot be done, as evidenced by the Japanese attempt in the 1980s to duplicate the actions of the Egyptian builders. The most plausible explanation is that the Egyptians used ramps, which were used to tow stone blocks down a ladder using sleds, rollers, and levers. And the base was a natural plateau. The majestic structures have withstood not only the crushing work of time, but also numerous attacks by grave robbers. They robbed the pyramids in ancient times. Khafre's burial chamber, opened by the Italians in 1818, was empty, there was no longer any gold and other treasures.
There is a possibility that there are still undiscovered pyramids of Egypt or are now completely destroyed. Many make fantastic theories about the extraterrestrial intervention of another civilization, for which such construction is child's play. The Egyptians are only proud of the perfect knowledge of their ancestors in the field of mechanics, dynamics, thanks to which the construction business developed.
Long gone are the days when the Egyptian pyramids amazed the observer with their unprecedented grandeur and unsurpassed monumentality. Approximately one thousand three hundred years ago, mankind learned to build more, higher, more massively and faster than the ancient Egyptians did. But still, for four thousand years, leadership in the field of construction was retained by a long-disappeared people...
Who, how and when built the Egyptian pyramids? Interest in the pyramids of Giza has not faded for five millennia in a row. Egyptologists know the answers to most questions.
How and from what the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids - in many cases we only assume, and among the hypotheses promoted there is a lot of outright fantasy. Let's try to understand the history of the Egyptian pyramids without prejudice, mysticism and mock mystery.
How many pyramids are there in Egypt?
The question is far from idle, given the length of the period of construction of the pyramids, the variety of materials used, the features of architecture - and, of course, safety. According to various sources, the total number of Egyptian pyramids reaches 140, but many of them are difficult to identify.And if the pyramids of Giza are famous for their impressive size, perfect shape and good preservation, the pyramids of other ancient Egyptian tombs were less fortunate. Many of them - due to the fragility of the mud-bricks common at that time or the urgent need for building materials - have collapsed completely or partially, and are more reminiscent of hills than pyramids.
So, in 2013, the American archaeologist Angela Micol, examining high-resolution photo maps, suggested that several hills on the territory of modern Egypt are nothing more than ancient pyramids, partly eroded under the influence of climatic factors, partly covered with sand and dust.
Inspired by a tip from across the ocean, Egyptian archaeologists undertook an expedition to the indicated heights. Cautious statements have appeared in the press regarding the fairness of the judgments of the American scientist, however, Angela Mikol's finds have not yet been included in the official register of the Egyptian pyramids - as well as the remains of 17 more pyramids similarly discovered by Sarah Parkak from the University of Birmingham, Alabama.
Mastaba - a modest tomb of the pharaoh
The tradition of building pyramids as pharaoh's tombs was not born suddenly. The burials of the pharaohs of the first dynasty (there are more than 30 dynasties in total) were arranged in relatively small buildings, resembling a cut hill or a tetrahedral pyramid with a cut top and a rectangular base.The imperfection of the then building technologies forced the Egyptians to create buildings with sloping edges of the outer walls. The intuitive assimilation of the artificial structure of a natural mound of stone ensured the stability of the erected structure no worse than that of a conical pile of fragments of various sizes at the foot of the mountain.
In Arabic Egypt, the first tombs of the pharaohs were called "mastaba", which means "stool" in Arabic.
In terms of architectural appearance, the mastaba repeats a slightly grown ancient Egyptian residential building, and there is not a drop of holiness in a purely utilitarian building. So there is nothing surprising in the fact that every new ruler sought to build his mastaba above any buildings in the area, and most importantly - above the tomb of his predecessor. Delusions of grandeur are so characteristic of leaders!
The logical result of the growth of the mastaba was a geometrically correct pyramid, but it was not possible to achieve the desired shape immediately.
Tomb of Djoser - the first Egyptian pyramid
Thirty kilometers south of Cairo is the village of Saqqara. Saqqara is the resting place of the pharaohs of the III-IV dynasty. Here is the oldest surviving Egyptian pyramid - the Pyramid of Djoser.Imhotep is a brave innovator
According to information collected by historians, Imhotep, the chief architect of the project, originally planned to build a conventional mastaba. However, the idea of building a multi-tiered tomb seemed to both the architect and the customer to be much more fruitful. Therefore, already in the process of construction, the project was changed. A three-fold superstructure of a smaller mastaba over a larger one resulted in a forty-meter four-tiered pyramid with a rectangular base.Understanding that raw clay bricks (in the Russian tradition the material is known as "adobe") is not strong enough to create a high-rise structure, Imhotep ordered limestone blocks to be used to build the body of the tomb.
The ingenious technology of building the pyramid of Djoser
for construction was mined in a quarry nearby. The dimensions and shape of the stone blocks were not strictly observed, but they made it possible to make masonry with dressing: three longitudinally oriented blocks were replaced by two transverse ones, and so on. The mass of a single block did not exceed the "carrying capacity" of a strong porter.A thick clay composition was used as a binder solution, designed not only to hold the blocks together, but to fill the voids. The idea of such a building material could have been suggested to Imhotep by nature itself. The Egyptians traveling around the surrounding world must have come across, formed by mudflows and quickly turning into a dense and durable material.
Clay was dug in the Nile valley, soaked and mixed with some sand (to prevent cracking during the drying process). The wall stone was laid with an inclination inside the building so that the line of the wall deviated from the vertical by 15˚. Thus, the walls of each of the tiers of the tomb formed an angle of 75˚ with the conditional plane of the earth's firmament.
The critical components of the internal structures of the pyramid of Djoser were made of two-ton blocks delivered from afar by water, and coarsely hewn limestone. The cementing gypsum mortar, used by the Egyptians more often than lime, held the elements together only in some places. In particular, the blue tiles in the lining of the interior of the tomb were kept on the walls thanks to gypsum binders.
Imhotep - the deified pioneer of perestroika
Having erected a four-tiered pyramid, inspired by the success of Imhotep, he proposed not to stop construction and bring the number of tiers to six with a simultaneous increase total area pyramids. For the outer cladding of the building, it was supposed to use white limestone from the Tursky quarry with east coast Nile.The consent of the pharaoh was not long in coming. The uninterrupted continuation of work allowed the outstanding architect of Ancient Egypt to increase the height of the pyramid to 62 meters. Having become six-tiered in 2649 BC, the pyramid of Djoser crowned huge complex ritual buildings and for a long time became a record building in Egypt and the whole world of that time.
It is estimated that 850 thousand tons of limestone were spent on the construction of the pyramid of Djoser. According to the unanimous opinion of the builders of our time, there are no technological mysteries in the construction of the first Egyptian pyramid. However, Imhotep's contemporaries treated the outstanding architect with much more reverence. After his death, the architect, engineer and scientist Imhotep was deified, and the Egyptian pyramids, according to the behest of the founder, were built stepwise for a long time.
Pyramids in Giza - the focus of secrets and mysteries
There are quite a lot of stepped and multi-tiered pyramids and pyramids built according to the precepts of the great Imhotep in Egypt. But the Egyptian pyramids are classified as wonders of the world only in the correct tetrahedral shape, and not all, but only those that stand in Giza.The pyramids of Cheops, Khafre and Menkaure are the pinnacle of the building art of Ancient Egypt. The conducted studies did not give a clear and reliable picture of the stages and methods of construction. Of the historical documents, the description of Herodotus is considered the most detailed - however, it must be remembered that Herodotus made his notes 2000 years after the construction of the Cheops pyramid ...
Hemiun - the hero of pyramid-building work
The task assigned to Hemiun, a relative of the pharaoh and, concurrently, the chief administrator of the state, was difficult. On a rocky square base, a pyramid of regular geometric shape and standard aesthetic merit should have been built. The construction, of course, had to be higher than the pyramids of the former pharaohs and, preferably, remain unsurpassed in the future. 
Perhaps the task was set somehow differently - but it does not matter. Hemiun managed to create a pyramid that contained millions of tons of natural stone, rose almost to the sky (147 meters in height), hid several secret rooms, amazed (and amazed) the observer with the perfection of forms and the grandeur of the idea.
The first secret plus the main secret
How the construction was carried out is not described anywhere. Not a single papyrus has been found that not only reveals the construction technology of Hemiun, but even simply mentions the pyramid of Cheops!This is the first mystery of the main of the Egyptian pyramids. However, there are several clues:
- a) researchers were just unlucky to find desired document;
- b) there was a ban on documenting and disclosing the methods of erecting the pyramid;
- c) project documentation was not drawn up, construction records were not carried out - as unnecessary.
How was the largest of the Egyptian pyramids built?
Most of the pyramid of Cheops is made of blocks of yellow-gray limestone, a material that is relatively loose, but strong enough. Since the blocks were cut down in different sizes, it would be logical to arrange the stone during the procurement of materials at the construction site so that their largest and heaviest bottoms were spent on the construction of the lower tiers of masonry, and less massive stones were intended for the upper tiers. 
The Egyptian builders did just that. The limestone blocks of the pyramid are the smaller, the closer they lie to the top. Which, by the way, refutes the fashionable theory about the construction of a structure from concrete blocks.
Is the concrete idea false?
It is really easier to transport buckets of thick mortar to the upper floors of the construction site, but why change the formwork standard from tier to tier? Artificial building stone, as a rule, has standardized dimensions, while the blocks of the Cheops pyramid are far from standard.The time factor is also important. The curing of concrete requires a long rest of the cast part. Primary setting is not equivalent to full strength gain. On a freshly cast and already hardened stone, one cannot immediately pile up a multi-ton load like this. You can speed up the hardening of the casting with organic additives - even with egg white - but then the mountain of shells will exceed the size of the pyramid. Is such a monument pleasing to the pharaoh?
The production of a binder for making concrete requires high-temperature dehydration of the feedstock - in the case of Ancient Egypt. A certain amount of gypsum mortar, the country's resources allowed to produce painlessly, but not the millions of cubic meters required for a complete transition to artificial building stone! There was simply no such amount of firewood in the state!
Concrete is not only a binding solution, it is also a mineral filler of several fractions. Modern concrete is created from cement mortar, sand and crushed granite. The blocks of the Egyptian pyramids are entirely limestone. You can, of course, imagine how thousands of slaves have been crushing natural limestone for years to get crumbs, thousands more dragging stretchers with limestone chips to a construction site, others carry water in waterskins, and still others trample wet concrete - because without compaction it will turn out to be fragile.
But isn't it easier to carve ready-made blocks out of stone? Moreover, all qualified mineralogists are unanimous in their assessment of the main material of the Cheops pyramid and consider it to be natural limestone.
However, individual elements pyramid designs could indeed be made of artificial stone. But only not the most responsible and loaded with astronomical masses of overlying materials.
The Granite Mystery of the Pyramid of Cheops
Adepts of secret knowledge talk about the impossibility of manufacturing, processing and delivering granite construction parts without using a tool made of steel and abrasives of a hardness level.Meanwhile, granite columns, obelisks and other "megaliths" in ancient Egypt were produced without much difficulty. Our French contemporaries have reproduced all the stages of mining and processing of granite, and are quite satisfied with the experience gained.
The following method was used to break off a large workpiece from a natural massif.
- 1. A low hearth was built along the contour of the proposed clay brick blank.
- 2. Firewood was loaded into the hearth, a fire was made. Hot coals heated the underlying granite to a shallow depth.
- 3. Water poured onto the heated granite. The stone cracked.
- 4. After the removal of bricks, ash and exfoliated rock, the heating zone was subjected to impact treatment with dolerite (dolerite - a variety) hammers. As a result, a groove 10–15 cm deep was formed in the monolithic granite massif.
- 5. To deepen the contour groove, the operation was repeated.
Technique self made rounded dolerite hammer suggests endurance and perseverance of the performer. Hourly (even not too dexterous) beating with dolerite on granite allows you to remove a layer 6-8 mm thick over an area of several square decimeters.
A dolerite concretion split in half served as the main tool for grinding granite. The abundance of dolerite in eastern regions Egypt allowed the masters of antiquity to use this hard stone in unlimited quantities.
Lifting weights without a crane
Herodotus writes that the stone was lifted up by simple wooden devices such as a well crane. The carrying capacity of such devices is sufficient for two-ton loads (the average volume of the limestone block of the Cheops pyramid is 850 - 1000 liters, the limestone density is 2000 kg per cubic meter). But how were the much more massive structural elements installed? In particular, a pyramidion, a monolithic top of a pyramid weighing 15 tons?Modern inventors talk about the possibility of sheathing a stone product with voluminous wooden structures that bring the shape of the packaged part closer to a cylinder. Such a container does facilitate transportation, but requires a solid road.
Sloped ramp or spiral road?
How is a waste heap constructed - a cone-shaped dump of waste rock? First, props are installed, an inclined rail track is erected on them. Wagons with loose mass are driven onto the rails and unloaded to the side. As the dump grows, the road lengthens. In the end, an artificial mountain is formed with steep slopes and a long, gentle embankment with rails from a flat sole to the very top. 
Approximately so, the researchers believe, were built and access roads to the Egyptian pyramids. A scalable (7˚-8˚) ramp made of loose materials, compacted and reinforced with imported timber, could really help in the delivery of massive stone blocks to their installation site.
However, the volume of earthworks in this case turns out to be comparable with the volume of the entire construction, and the pace of work is limited by the frequency of reconstructions. transport route. The bulk spiral road laid around the pyramid makes it impossible to check the geometry of the edges and faces of the entire structure.
Another thing, suggested the French architect Jean-Pierre Houdin, if a spiral road is laid in the body of the pyramid along its outer edges. On such a road, you can walk like a gentle staircase, dragging limestone blocks up along the way. True, this path is replete with turns at right angles. But if at the places of turns to make open areas with the simplest forklifts, the difficulties will disappear.
Houdin's hypothesis is flawed in many respects. Nevertheless, turntables in the corners of the building were found, as well as some inclined passages along the perimeter of the pyramid. However, the Egyptian authorities have not yet given permission for a large-scale instrumental study of the historical structure.
Final reconstruction of the process
A generalized reconstructed picture of the construction of the Cheops pyramid looks like this:- - the most massive parts of the base of the pyramid and the interior of the tomb were delivered to the place of installation along surface roads and a low bulk ramp;
- - the blocks that make up the body of the pyramid climbed the spiral scaffolding attached outside;
- - white limestone top - pyramidion - was installed immediately after the masonry was completed;
- - facing blocks of white limestone, in cross-section representing a right-angled triangle, were laid from top to bottom, flush with the faces of the pyramidion.
And although the individual details of the construction have not been clarified to the end, the overall picture is quite clear and plausible. However, the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids were not only in the design and construction of cyclopean structures.
"Unsolved" secrets of the Egyptian pyramids
Exploration of the pyramid of Cheops, undertaken by humanity greedy for treasures over the past two thousand years, turned out to be very traumatic for the historical structure. Partly for this reason, and partly because of the high tourist potential, it is very difficult to obtain permission for scientific research in Giza.As a result, today scientists do not have a complete plan of the cavities and rooms of the Cheops pyramid - which is why assumptions about the purpose of rooms, corridors and channels are based on insufficient information.
This situation gives food for idle thought about the presence of secret treasures under the Egyptian pyramids and the Sphinx. The yellow press is exaggerating with might and main the idea of the secrecy of samples of ancient knowledge, stored either under the paws of the Sphinx, or under the burial chamber of Khufu, or even deeper.
However, historians and archaeologists do not expect special revelations from hypothetical treasuries. Yes, upon discovery of repositories that have not been plundered in the past, the museum collections of the world will be fairly replenished with works of ancient Egyptian art - but one cannot expect advanced technologies among the surviving artifacts. Alas…
Pyramid - a working device?
The idea that each individual pyramid, and especially the largest and most beautiful pyramid of Cheops, is not just a monument and a tomb, but a kind of tool for interacting with secret forces, has been tormenting mankind for four and a half thousand years.Echoes of the excitement that arose during the years of perestroika and concerning the miraculous properties of pyramidal structures are still alive. Allegedly, the blades in them are self-sharpening, bacteria are self-destructing, water is self-sanctifying - and in great pyramids plus, time slows down, organisms become younger and fools grow wiser.
Experiments are still ongoing, but the statistics of the results are disappointing. Neither in the pyramids of ancient Egyptian work, nor in their modern counterparts, nothing special happens.
“Besides,” the esotericists object, “that contact is being made with the higher mind!”
The influence of the Egyptian pyramids on the mind
The initiates write: whoever lies in the sarcophagus of the pyramid of Cheops and concentrates, voices are heard, colorful pictures are seen, the complexities of the universe are understood - and the future is still revealed. So Napolen, as he spent the night in a sarcophagus, came out pale, was silent about his experiences, and only in exile on the island of St. Helena hinted that he had a chance to see his own fall ...True, psychiatrists, having learned about the voices and visions, begin to nervously trample and stroke the bags of medicines. Psychologists also talk about the similarity of individual reactions to darkness, silence and complete solitude. To save money, they say, instead of a sarcophagus, you can lie down in a wooden box with a lid, and instead of an Egyptian pyramid, use any dungeon - even a shallow hole.
The sum of sensations and thoughts that arise in the subjects is typical. In such solitude, every person thinks about the transience of life, the futility of all things and the inevitability of the end. The pyramids are here!
Astronomical factor
The Belgian Robert Buvel, who was born and lived for a long time in Egyptian Alexandria, was not the first person to notice the similarity in the location of the pyramids in Giza and the stars in Orion's Belt. However, he was the first to speak loudly and publicly about the likeness.The check showed that the coincidence of directions and proportions is very conditional. Defending his point of view, Buvel suggested that the position of the pyramids corresponds to the picture of the starry sky of the time of the third dynasty of the pharaohs.
The development of computer technology has made it possible to restore the position of the stars in the past. A simulated starry sky pattern from 2500 BC turned out to be close to the location of the Giza pyramids, but only approximately ...
Further research led astronomers to the conclusion: the relative position of the pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaur (Cheops, Khafre and Mykerin) fully corresponds to the location of Alnitak, Alnilam and Mintak (the stars of the Orion's Belt asterism) in 10500 BC.
Idle thinkers immediately came to the conclusion that the initial marking of the construction site was completed in 10500, and the actual construction was decided to be postponed for 8 thousand years.
Moreover! At the beginning of the beginning, namely, 14 thousand years before the birth of Christ, on the site of the future Giza and all its tombs, there was a pyramid - for all the pyramids, a pyramid, the size of a real mountain! True, the progenitor of the pyramids was monolithic and cracked during the earthquake. It was decided to demolish the hulk, and in its place, after cleaning up the debris, to build a new pyramidal complex.
Who and why made such unexpected decisions, the thinkers do not say.
Numerological heresy of the pyramid of Cheops
Heading to Egypt, Napoleon, as you know, included more than one and a half hundred scientists in the detachment. Having missed the time of transitions, inquisitive scientists pounced on the Egyptian pyramids like a hungry dog on a bone. All available space was subjected to measurements and measurements, including each of the pyramids and the Sphinx.The data obtained became the subject of scientific discussions that continue to this day. For two hundred years of thinking, especially advanced experts have established a relationship between the linear parameters of the Cheops pyramid and:
- - the size of the Earth and the solar system;
- - the number "pi";
- - past and future events;
- - physical constants that determine the balance of interaction of forces in the Universe.
Hey psychiatrists!
So, there are no secrets in the Egyptian pyramids?
There are many more secrets in Egyptology. However, the Egyptian pyramids have been studied very thoroughly, although not completely. In the unhurried existence of the pyramids, there are a number of ambiguities that are visible to specialists. For example, did the visible deflection of the Cheops pyramid faces result from an unforeseen deformation of materials or as a result of architectural calculation?So far, there is no unambiguous picture of the complex of technologies used almost 5,000 years ago. It is not clear why the pyramid of Cheops, the most monumental of all the monuments of Ancient Egypt, is devoid of wall inscriptions and images. There is no certainty in understanding the purpose of the discovered objects, premises, buildings ...
It is important, however, that only those studies of the Egyptian pyramids that are carried out within the framework of materialistic theory become fruitful. The search for the extraordinary forces involved in the creation of the Egyptian pyramids is fantastically fun - and nothing more.
Egyptologists have no doubt that the pyramids were being built in Egypt when it entered the dynastic period. But for many authors of non-fiction books, this is far from a fact. In the extreme case, they agree that this statement is true for all such structures, except for the pyramid of Cheops. According to some authors, it is a monument left to us as a legacy from an extraterrestrial civilization that visited our planet tens of thousands of years ago. The already mentioned Zakaria Sitchin, one of dozens of defenders of this theory, argues that the Great Pyramid served as a beacon for spacecraft arriving on earth (as well as a "transit prison" for aliens). Others believe that this is a memorial built by the Atlanteans who survived the death of their civilization. According to some researchers, the pyramid of Cheops is a monument left to us as a legacy from some civilization that existed before the Flood. Thus, John Anthony West cites the nearby Sphinx as an example and states that traces of water erosion are “absolutely distinct” on it. According to him, what we now see "clearly" could not have arisen only as a result of downpours that have passed in this area since 2500 BC. Thus, he too puts the date of the construction of the pyramid of Cheops to 10,400 BC, a mythical date that leads so many to accept the interpretation of Seiss. Unfortunately, it is often implied that the prediction itself carries more weight than the rationale for a particular theory, or at least supports it. It is therefore quite logical that serious scientists, including Egyptologists, oppose people who wish to bring conjectures and predictions into scientific debates. Scientific discussions, as you know, do not require allegations and prophecies.
So on the basis of what does science determine the age of the pyramids? In 1984, a large-scale project to determine the dating of the pyramids based on the method of radiocarbon analysis began, during which 64 samples of organic substances were taken from the pyramids for analysis. The results showed that Egyptologists were wrong by about 400 years - the pyramids were older than previously thought. However, measurements of some samples showed that the pyramids are “only” 120 years older, but this is also significant. Mark Lenner, summing up the new discoveries, said: “Now this is really important ... I mean, this discovery caused a very strong sensation. It turns out that the pyramids at Giza are four hundred years older than most scientists thought.” Although Lenner himself is an Egyptologist, it must be admitted that he has a much more scientific approach to the problem than many scholars associated with this topic. Perhaps only because he just sincerely wants to understand it. Unfortunately, he is not very well versed in another science - psychology, because he "obviously" does not understand his colleagues: no such "strong hype" has arisen. Most Egyptologists have chosen to simply ignore the results of the research than to challenge them.
Based on a survey of 15 samples, the age of the Cheops pyramid was clarified and it was concluded that it was built no earlier than 2985 BC. - five hundred years earlier than previously thought. However, the specified date is not enough to attribute the construction of the pyramid to the Atlanteans, who allegedly lived more than 10,000 years ago. At this point, most commentators stop, but I would like to take my reasoning one step further, since radiocarbon analysis has posed several new questions for researchers. And one of them - were the pyramids on the Giza plateau built by the very pharaohs who are credited with their construction?
The Pyramid of Khafre was built twenty-five years after the completion of the construction of the Great Pyramid in 2960. This gives grounds to assume with a high degree of probability that both pyramids were components of a single complex and were built at the behest of pharaohs who lived one after the other (or maybe one and the other). the same). It would also be logical to expect that the Menkaure pyramid was built over the next twenty to fifty years. However, radiocarbon analysis determines the date of its construction around 2572 BC. - almost four centuries later than the Cheops pyramid! Moreover, during the analysis of the samples of the Sphinx, it turned out that it was built approximately in 2416 BC, that is, almost five centuries after the pyramid of Khafre, and it was assumed that this pyramid and the Sphinx were built together ...
However, the new dating of the time when the construction of the Great Pyramid was completed is 3000 BC. - did not suit both camps: neither Egyptologists, nor supporters of the version about the Atlanteans. And this proves once again that scientific experiments can sometimes be unpopular even among representatives of science. Both sides of the "scientific dispute" tried to ignore the important results of the experiment, because they do not correspond to their ideas. As a result, one can now read articles that include paragraphs like this: “Even if the radiocarbon analysis of fifteen samples from the Great Pyramid was carried out, as claimed, with the utmost care, we still cannot be sure that, based on its results, to speak accurately about the age of the entire structure. Samples for analysis were taken from the outer lining of the pyramid or from the space between the facing slabs and blocks of the pyramid, where they could have fallen at a later time during repair work. As for the temple of the Great Sphinx, the dates of its construction, determined by radiocarbon analysis (2085 and 2746 BC), cannot be considered accurate, since the large limestone blocks that make up the temple were made simultaneously with the Sphinx itself. And the results of the weathering of the rocks of this statue, according to most geologists (but not Egyptologists), leave no doubt that its age is at least seven or nine thousand years” (8).
In fact, however, there is only one geologist representing this "majority", and his name is Robert Schoch. But these passionate arguments for one point of view become even more scathing when we mention that new studies were conducted in 1995 with different, but similar materials, and they fully confirmed the results of the 1984 analyzes!
In the end, it becomes clear that the status of the Great Pyramid cannot but cause pity. How arrogantly we treat the only wonder of the world that has come down to us! However, the same can be said about the entire legacy of the Era of the Pyramids. Egyptologists have clung to outdated dogmas for too long and with a kind of childish stubbornness and have not come one iota closer to understanding the true nature of these structures. One should only welcome the contribution to the development of the science of ancient Egypt by such researchers as Davidovits, and subject their hypotheses to serious, thoughtful analysis and criticism. Instead, we hear so far from official science only caustic attacks and observe idiotic neglect. The method of radiocarbon analysis should be adopted by scientists and become the main means for determining the true age of various pyramids. It should also be recognized that since no mummy has yet been found in any of the pyramids, it means that there is a possibility that these structures were not built as tombs, even despite the fact that on the walls of some of them there are images with scenes of the pharaoh's journey to sky. I would also like to note that many rather controversial conclusions about the nature of the pyramids are made on the basis of completely ridiculous assumptions, and completely absurd theories often become very popular (for example, the theory that “they were built by the descendants of the Atlanteans in 10400 BC). e."). Nevertheless, it is clear that both sides are doing nothing to truly understand what the pyramids are, not to mention the fact that no one has been able to answer the question of who built them, when and why.
It has long been noted that the Egyptian pyramids have a very strange, and sometimes destructive, effect on modern, precise electronic devices. According to some reports, about 85% of devices that have been near the pyramids fail. Old Cairo residents say that during the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, several Israeli planes that were about to fly over the pyramids of Giza, for unknown reasons, fell into the sand. Modern Arabs explain this simply: "the curse of the pharaohs", and scientists try not to pay attention to such coincidences. And only independent researchers who want to answer all questions tend to believe that inside the pyramids there is a powerful source of energy or electromagnetic radiation, the nature of which is not yet known to us.
Very interesting results were obtained by studying the pyramids with the help of a thermal imaging system. They clearly show that inside the pyramids there are several very powerful sources of energy. So what is it really? Ancient power plants? Or a perpetual motion machine discovered in those ancient times? As always, scientists attributed the results of this experiment to a malfunction of the device itself, especially since after the expedition it really began to act up and give out incorrect information.
The principles and materials used in the construction of the pyramids seem to be very different from those used by the ancient Romans and Greeks. And here we are not talking about tens of thousands of slaves, who were described by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus. And it’s unlikely that he could know for sure something about the technologies and intentions of the ancient Egyptians. After all, it was also separated from the time of the construction of the pyramids in Giza by several millennia. It turns out that he simply stated his reasoning about how the pyramids could be built. It should be borne in mind that this opinion was formed in accordance with the ideas of its time.
The famous surveyor and archaeologist Flinders Petrie (1853-1942) explored the pyramids and drew his conclusions about the technology and time of their construction. According to F. Petri, the ancient builders had such tools at their disposal, “to which we are only approaching in our development!”. Flinders carefully examined the sarcophagus located in the pyramid of Cheops and reported that it was cut from a granite block with saws, the dimensions of which were "not less than 2.5 meters in length." It is known that such granite has the highest strength on Earth, so it is assumed that such saws were made of bronze, and their cutting edges are coated with diamond grit.
Even more questions were raised by the examination of the cavity of the sarcophagus: it was much more difficult to process its inner part than just cutting a block out of granite rock. Petrie believes that for such processing, the Egyptians would need to “switch from reciprocating cutting to rotational, i.e. how to roll a saw into a tube; then, having made annular grooves with the resulting cylindrical drill and breaking out the remaining cores, the ancient workers could process a huge amount of material with minimal labor. The diameter of such drills ranged from 5 to 140 millimeters, and the width of the cutting edge was from 0.7 to 5 millimeters.” Of course, both Petrie and other scientists admit that none of the archaeologists and Egyptologists could not find such tools. However, if the Egyptians did not use diamond saws and drills, then it is simply not possible to create such structures! And the deeper and more detailed Petri explored this issue, the more mysterious the stone-cutting technology of the ancient Egyptians became.
Think for yourself, isn't it strange that at the dawn of civilization, more than 4500 years ago, the ancient Egyptians used drilling machines that only appeared in the industrial age, which allowed them to drill into the hardest stones with almost no effort?
From all this it follows that the pyramids were built with the help of technologies that exceeded the level of our technology. In addition, you can see with the naked eye that their proportions are practically ideal. This suggests the conclusion that the ancient Egyptians brilliantly knew mathematics and astronomy. The angle of inclination of the side faces of the pyramid of Cheops - 52 degrees is chosen in such a way that the initial height of the monument is 146.6 meters, the perimeter of its base is 920.80 meters and all this is in the same ratio as the radius of the sphere with its circumference. In addition, the researchers found that the layout of the Cheops pyramid used the golden section rule, which was officially documented by architects only since the Middle Ages: the height of the pyramid is exactly a billion times less than the distance from the Sun to the Earth.
Age of ancient pyramids
World science community, is inclined to believe that the real age of the pyramids ranges from 2 to 4 centuries BC. This official version, apparently created in order to hide the real age ancient structures. Doubt in the plausibility of these figures, forced and research scientists involved in the history of Atlantis. They claim that the mention of the pyramids was back in the days of this sunken civilization, which existed long before the ancient Egyptians.
It is curious that the age of the sphinx is most likely also incorrect. By the nature of its water erosion, it can be said with confidence that its age significantly exceeds the officially announced dates. These values bring it closer to the time of the Great Flood, which was probably the ninth millennium BC. Scientists drew attention to the fact that the nature of erosion is caused by heavy rains that stopped falling in Egypt several thousand years before 2500 BC. e. (It is this date, according to Egyptologists, that is considered the date of the construction of the Sphinx). That is, according to the most conservative estimates, the sphinx belongs to the period between 7000 and 6000 BC!
At present, it seems that the more people learn about the pyramids and ancient civilizations, the more questions appear that no one can answer unequivocally ...
