The Romans were specialists not only in military affairs and art. Built in the 3rd century AD, the Baths of Diocletian (Terme di Diocleziano) were truly the crowning creation of engineering thought of that time. Technical equipment Bath was way ahead of its time. In terms of convenience and quality of execution, the terms can compete with modern SPA complexes of our time. The baths owe their name to the Roman emperor Gaius Aurelius Diocletian, the same one who at the end of his reign renounced power and retired to his small homeland to grow cabbage.
The area allotted for construction was 30 hectares. At the same time, more than three thousand people could take water procedures in the baths, for whom individual baths were installed and public steam rooms were equipped. Three large swimming pools have also been built for visitors. Water was supplied to the baths and pools in a cocurrent flow through a complex design of a water pipe connected to a branch of the Marcius aqueduct.
The townspeople (and the entrance was allowed to all free citizens) not only bathed, but also spent time culturally in the gardens with sculptures, attended performances in the amphitheater, read books in the library and did physical exercises in the gym.
Unfortunately, by the 7th century, the Baths of Diocletian fell into disrepair and gradually collapsed. In the middle of the 16th century, the great sculptor and architect Michelangelo built on the remains of the bath a new Renaissance style term and a monastery.
Therapeutic properties Therm
Bathing in warm water rich in mineral salts has been considered a healing event since ancient times. Hydrotherapy in thermal springs, according to Hippocrates, had a positive effect on the general physical condition of a person. Roman baths received special value due to the supply of water of various temperatures to the baths. Surprisingly, the heating of the water by the sun's rays was organized, while the water in the shaded areas remained cool. Roman physicians noted special chemical and physical properties water from springs, which had a beneficial effect on the health of the Romans.
Grand Thermae today
Today, the Baths of Diocletian are an interesting architectural monument, divided into three parts, surrounded by gardens of Republic Square.
Part of the territory was given over to the main exposition of the National Roman Museum, or the Thermae Museum. The exposition of the museum is the walls of the terms themselves, ancient sculptures (including the creations of Michelangelo himself) and other objects from the life of ancient Rome. Another part of the Baths of Diocletian was rebuilt into the Basilica of San Bernardo alle Terme. The rest of the buildings in the form of ruins are left to modern tourists visiting Rome for study and admiration.
Travel and visiting conditions
The baths are located on Via Enrico de Nicola, house number 79. The best way to get to the thermae and the museum - use the Roman metro. You need to get off at the Republic (Repubblica) or Termini (Termini) stations, then follow the signs to walk a few hundred meters. Another way of travel: buses No. 82, 61, 62, 60, 492 to the Cernaia stop.
Entrance for foreigners is paid, tickets are sold at the box office. The cost of getting acquainted with the terms is 8.5-12 euros, depending on the number of sights to see. For a maximum cost of 12 euros, tourists get the opportunity to explore Thermae in full within a few days. Visitation for tourists is allowed on all days except Monday, from 9:00 to 19:45, ticket offices close half an hour before closing time.
Not far from the term is a baroque church.
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Baths of Diocletian. The popularity of the baths in the ancient world is evidenced by the fact that, for example, in the famous baths of Diocletian, about 3,500 people could bathe.
The use of thermae for hydrotherapy has been known in the Mediterranean since ancient times. In particular, the Greeks used thermal waters. This is evidenced by the mass of archaeological finds, literary and scientific evidence. Bathing in hot waters was valued by the Greeks primarily because they believed in their divine origin. It is no coincidence that in the regions thermal springs temples were built, such as the temple of Apollo at Delphi or the temple of Olympus. Despite the fact that the ancient peoples were wrong about the origin of thermal springs, they were right about one thing: the water from them really has a positive effect on the human body. Benefits of hot springs and mineral waters Hippocrates praised in his treatise The Use of Fluids.
To this day, the baths of Dioctetian have survived in a fairly intact form, having undergone, however, reconstruction in 1566. One of the round halls was rebuilt into the Church of San Bernardo alle Terme
Human life is unthinkable without water. Water is a source of life-giving moisture, with its help we cook food and, most importantly, after hard work, we perform ablution, which brings us freshness, health and vigor to the body. It is difficult to say with certainty who, when and under what circumstances the first bath was invented. A detailed written description of the baths was compiled by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus in the 5th century BC. e. He assumed that the first baths arose among different peoples almost simultaneously. One of the first to introduce the cult of baths were the Egyptians. These baths acted as medical institutions, since in Ancient Egypt many diseases were treated with water. Egyptian papyri contain many recipes that helped women and men get rid of the signs of aging. Baths were the main means of rejuvenation and healing. The Greeks, in turn, adopted many designs for the construction of baths.
Greek baths at the beginning of their appearance had the name "laconicum", from the city of Lakonika, from where bath procedures spread throughout Greece.
It is impossible not to note in our story a great admirer of the baths of Herod - the king of Judea. His most famous building was the one built in Masada. northern palace. The baths of Masada were decorated with mosaics and marble and amazed with their luxury. They consisted of a dressing room, a room with a pool (it was also called a cool room), a warm room and a hot steam room (caldarium) with a double floor. The arrangement of the Caldarium room itself was somewhat reminiscent of a modern Finnish sauna. The king also had a special room for anointing the body with healing oils and incense.
In ancient Rome, baths arose according to the Greek model of baths, they were called terms (antique bath in Greece, with large houses). The first Baths in Rome were built by the emperor Agrippa (25-19 BC) and transferred to the use of the Roman population.
And the Roman emperor Andrian, in turn, made the culture of visiting the term massive. He was the ancestor not only of the mass construction of public baths, but also the founder of the standard construction of public buildings. The methods and systems of heating in its baths still arouse the admiration of modern specialists. Water supply systems different temperatures for swimming pools is striking in complexity. The popularity of the baths in the ancient world is evidenced by the fact that, for example, in the famous baths of Diocletian, about 3,500 people could bathe.
Ruins of the Baths of Diocletian
But if the Greeks were one of the first nations to appreciate the hot springs, then the Romans were the ones who glorified this means of relaxation and treatment. The ancestors of modern Italians did this through the mass construction of public baths. So, only in Rome the number of public and private baths exceeded 800 pieces. In general, the Romans tried to build themes wherever they discovered thermal springs.
Baths of Caracalla
The most famous thermal structures that have survived to this day are the Baths of Caracalla and the Baths of Diocletian. Looking at these buildings, it is easy to imagine how famous personalities rested in the baths: Pliny the Elder, Catullus, Vitruvius, Tibull, Titus Livius, Horace, Martial and other prominent figures. The latter, by the way, dedicate a number of your epigrams to the terms. It is noteworthy that despite the big names mentioned above, the cost of visiting the baths was not very high. So they were available to all inhabitants of the Roman Empire.
Baths of Diocletian is a building that architecturally repeats the forms of the whole city. It was erected in Ancient Rome and served as a bathhouse. At one time, 3,200 people could fit there.
Diocletian, as one of the ancient Roman emperors, dreamed of delighting his guests with luxurious festivities. It was here, at the end of the 3rd century AD. there were entertainment events, rich feasts and absolutely any entertainment that one could think of. And for the curious, it was possible to chat in the libraries, which were located right there.
The baths of Diocletian were built in such a way that on any day the water was heated by the warm rays of the sun, and where necessary it remained cold. Until the 6th century, the legendary ancient Roman water supply functioned here, until it was destroyed by the Goths.
Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri (Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri), dedicated to the Virgin, angels and martyrs in Rome. Located on Republic Square.
Later, the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli was founded here on the ruins. The baths were reconstructed in 1563 by order of the pope. All work was directed by Michelangelo. By the way, he was 87 at the time.
The Catholic Church, with its high morals at that time on the ruins of an ancient Roman bath, where people indulged in all possible sins, from drinking wine to love games - this is really irony.
Roman physicians, including Galen, Pliny and Celsus, also spoke about the healing effect of thermal springs. They tried to find a connection between diseases and the chemical and physical properties of waters from thermal springs.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, many of its structures began to fall into disrepair. Naturally, this also affected the terms, since the growing Christianity had a negative attitude towards these places, considering them inappropriate.
In the Middle Ages, thermal springs were used only for medicinal purposes. And in the XIII century, their scientific study began. Many scientists were interested in the properties and qualities of water: Michele Savonarola, Pietro d'Abano and Pietro da Eboli. The latter, in one of his treatises, described in detail the healing possibilities of 35 thermal springs in the vicinity of Pozzuoli. Gradually, from the centers of treatment, thermal springs began to regain the status of centers of recreation and social life, acquiring resort towns. Representatives of the upper strata of society in Italy spent whole days at the thermal springs.
Nolly's plan, which depicts the baths of Diocletian
The modern popularity of thermal springs in the post-war years began to gain strength again. The recognition of the real health-improving effect of thermae made it possible to include them in the national sanitary system and thereby expand the methods of treatment for the entire population.
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Baths of Diocletian
Baths gave the name to the windows of Diocletian
Baths of Diocletian- the ruins of ancient Roman baths next to the modern Republic Square in Rome.
The construction of the thermal baths began in the year. In the year they were consecrated in honor of Diocletian. Baths with an area of more than 13 hectares. built according to a plan similar to the terms of Caracalla and Trajan. The buildings accommodated up to 3 thousand people, the gardens were decorated with fountains and pavilions, there were also a library, meeting rooms and sports exercises on the territory.
The Baths of Diocletian modern form this is Republic Square (gardens), the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri was erected on the site of the central hall, some rooms are occupied by the National Roman Museum ( Museo Nazionale Romano, c) with a collection of Roman and Greek art, one of the round halls was rebuilt into the Church of San Bernardo alle Terme, part of another hall is located between Via Viminale and Piazza dei Cinquecento.
Links
Literature
- Heinz-Joachim Fischer: Rom. Zweieinhalb Jahrtausende Geschichte, Kunst und Kultur der Ewigen Stadt. DuMont Buchverlag, Koln 2001, ISBN 3-7701-5607-2.
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- (Latin thermae, from Greek thermus warm, hot), in ancient Rome, public baths, which were also public and sports facilities. How the type of buildings developed by the II century. BC e. Included in addition to hot (caldarium), warm ... ... Art Encyclopedia
- [terms], term, units. no (Latin thermae from Greek thermos hot) (original). Baths in ancient Rome. Baths of Diocletian. “In the nearest terms, I gave a good ointment to my body.” Bryusov. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
Provincial Baths in Bath, England ... Wikipedia
I Thermae (lat. thermae, from the Greek thermós warm, hot) in ancient Rome, public baths; were also public, entertainment and sports institutions. As a type of building T, in general terms, they developed during the period of the Republic of Ko 2 in ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- ... Wikipedia
Thermae- in Dr. Rome societies. baths, which are also sports., societies. cultural and amuse. inst. T. played the role of clubs, where the focus. societies. life and where the citizens of Rome spent mean. of the time. They arose in the 2nd century. BC. (Stabian T... Ancient world. encyclopedic Dictionary
- (thermae, Jermai) the ancient Romans originally had natural sources of warm and hot water, as well as simple cold and warm baths (balineae, balneae), apparently maintained by private individuals, later, in the era of emperors, extensive ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
Antique. In the palace of Knossos in Crete, belonging to Bronze Age(1st half of the 2nd millennium BC), there were portable clay foot baths or sitting ones, as well as at least one stone pool for washing the feet of travelers. Big… … Collier Encyclopedia
- (thermae, θέρμαι) among the ancient Romans, originally natural sources of warm and hot water, as well as simple cold and warm baths (balineae, balneae), apparently maintained by private individuals, later, in the era of emperors, extensive ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Thermae- (from the Greek thermos warm, hot) ancient baths in classical Greece at large houses and gymnasiums; during the Hellenistic period, they were used by the entire population of the city. In Rome, t. arose according to the Greek model and became the centers of public life: here ... Antique world. Dictionary reference.
The ruins of ancient Roman baths - the baths of Diocletian - were erected in the distant 298-305 AD. In modern Rome, these ancient baths belong to. In addition to the baths, the museum includes three more objects located separately: the Balbi crypt and.
History of the Baths of Diocletian
The Roman emperor Gaius Diocletian wanted to build the largest baths that no other could compare with. So there were baths, total area which, together with gardens, occupied about 13 hectares.
Since 537, after the destruction of the aqueduct by the Ostrogothic king Vitiges, the baths no longer functioned as intended.
In 1563, on behalf of Emperor Pius IV, Michelangelo carried out a large-scale reconstruction of the Diocletian Baths. So the term caldarium was reincarnated as a church dedicated to the Mother of God, angels and martyrs. The building of the Carthusian monastery was built. Thanks to such diligent reconstruction, these ancient Roman baths have survived to this day much better than others.
Baths of Diocletian could simultaneously accommodate up to 3 thousand people. Very extensive gardens were decorated with fountains and pavilions. On the territory there were halls for meetings and sports exercises, a library worked.
Museum at the Baths of Diocletian
Since 1889, a collection of Roman and Greek art has been located in the baths. In general, there is something to see and admire.
In the thermal museum you will see not only the masterpieces of Michelangelo, brought to life in the church and monastery, but also ancient statues, sarcophagi, reliefs, altars, tombs and much more.
How to get there
The Baths of Diocletian in Rome are located near the Republic Square. Opposite the main station of Rome Termini.
Working hours: The thermal museum can be visited from Tuesday to Sunday, from 9:00 to 19:30. The ticket price is 7 euros. Persons from 18 to 25 years old - 3.5 euros. On the first Sunday of each month, admission is free for visitors under 18. The ticket price includes visits to other sites. National Museum Rome. The ticket is valid for 3 days.
Baths of Diocletian ( Terme di Diocleziano) were built between 298 and 306, becoming the crowning creation of the engineering thought of their time, and represented a colossal thermal complex over 13,000 sq. meters, the largest ever built in Rome. According to legend, they were built by Christians condemned to death.
The terms occupied the space between, Viminal and. Their size can be estimated by walking around the objects built in their place. This is the basilica, the National Roman Museum, the basilica. Rome's main station, Termini, is also named after the Baths of Diocletian.
The thermal facilities were located on a fenced artificial platform. They included fountains, pavilions, libraries, meeting rooms. In the center of the complex were the baths themselves, built according to the standard plan that had become by that time - a central axis with symmetrically located rooms.
1 - Caldarium, 2 - Tepidarium, 3 - Frigidarium, 4 - Pool, 5 - Palestra, 6 - Main entrance, 7 - Exedra The simple facades of the thermal baths, covered with "marbled" plaster, were enlivened by scanty mosaic panels at the entrances. Such simplicity of decorative finishes and a gradual increase in volume towards the central hall emphasized the grandeur of the complex and distinguished it from places of worship. The absence of curvilinear rooms and, consequently, the diversity of interior forms is the influence of the East.
The Baths of Diocletian accommodated more than 3,000 visitors at a time. There were 3000 individual baths and three pools with the purest water. Cold baths were in the frigidarium, warm baths in the tepidarium, and hot baths in the caldarium. The hottest room - laconic - was used mainly by the sick. The heat was created by fire under the floor, supported by slaves. Solar heat was also used to heat water. Water came through a diversion from the Marcius aqueduct.
The baths were open to all residents, including women and children, and were completely affordable. But even a modest entrance fee was often covered by the generosity of the emperor or some rich person, who took on the cost of visiting the baths by citizens for a period of one day to a year.
Visitors came to the baths not only to wash. All sorts of entertainment, feasts and other events were held within their walls. Here, for example, there was a library in which philosophical debates took place, and in the gymnasiums one could engage in sports games and physical exercises. In addition, here it was simply possible to get warm in winter and cool in summer.
The complex functioned until the 6th century and began to fall into disrepair and collapse with the advent of the Goths, who blocked the aqueducts to deprive the Romans of water. And only in the 16th century, under the guidance of the great 87-year-old sculptor and architect Michelangelo, a basilica was built on the ruins of the tepidarium, with the preservation of its walls. Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri,so named in honor of the Christian martyrs who died during the construction of the terms.
Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri A number of rooms of the term became part of the museum, and one of the round lobbies was converted into another basilica -San Bernardo alle Terme.The remains of another such vestibule can be seen between Via Viminale and Piazza dei Cinquecento.
Basilica of San Bernardo alle Terme The decision to establish the National Roman Museum was made in 1889. Its section at the Baths of Diocletian was conceived as an introduction to the beginning of Roman history.The exposition of the museum is the very walls of the terms, antique sculptures, household items, weapons of the ancient Romans, Etruscans and other peoples inhabiting the Apennine Peninsula. The rarest exhibits are the sarcophagi of ancient and Christian Rome. An extensive epigraphic section demonstrates the emergence and development of the Latin language in various media from the period of the 8th century BC. - 4th century AD
