The Laptev Sea is a peripheral or marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, which is located near the northern coast of Russia, in Asia. In the west it is bounded by the Taimyr Peninsula and the Severnaya Zemlya Islands, in the east by the New Siberian Islands.
The neighboring Kara Sea, with which the Laptev Sea is connected by the Vilkitsky Strait, as well as the East Siberian Sea, with which it is connected by the Sannikov and Dmitry Laptev Straits. The Laptev Sea is named after Russian navigators and northern explorers Khariton and Dmitry Laptev, who explored this harsh territory back in the 18th century. In the language of the indigenous people, the Yakuts, the name sounds like Laptevtar. One of the previous names is Nordenskiöld.
The area of the sea is 672 thousand square meters. km.sq.
The prevailing depths are 30 - 80 m.
Average depth- 540 m.
The greatest depth is 3385 m.
Geographic coordinates - 76 ° 16'07 "N. 125°38’23” E
The salinity of the water is low.
The coastline has a length of 1300 km and is quite indented. Because of this, there are many bays and bays on the coast. The main bays: Olenksky, Khatanga, Faddey.
The climate here is arctic continental and very severe. For more than nine months a year, the temperature is below zero degrees Celsius. And only for two months, August and September, the sea is freed from the ice that binds it. The water temperature in summer in the south is from +12 to +15°, in the north from +1 to +6°. In winter, the water temperature under the ice is -1.5°C. The polar night and day last for more than three months each. The air temperature in January reaches -50°С, and in July it rarely reaches +5°С
The density of the indigenous population (Yukaghirs, Chuvans, Evenks and Evens) is very low. Their traditional occupations are reindeer herding, fishing, and hunting. And this is despite the fact that the local flora and fauna are very scarce. There are 39 species of fish in the Laptev Sea, the main of which are char, omul, whitefish, sturgeon, vendace, nelma and sea animal - seal, walrus, beluga. On the islands and coast polar bear, fox.
On the territory of the sea there are a couple of dozen islands on which the remains of mammoths were found, which have been preserved in good condition. The largest port village is Tiksi.
The following rivers flow into the Laptev Sea: Lena, Anabar, Khatanga, Olenk, Yana and other smaller rivers.
Today, the main human activity in this region is navigation and mining.
Video: Tiksi. Laptev sea.
Group "Lips" - the Laptev Sea (Reggae with Adriano Celentano. Comedy Club
The Laptev Sea is one of the marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean. It stretches between the Taimyr Peninsula, Severnaya Zemlya and the New Siberian Islands. The water area of the sea has an area of about 672 thousand square meters. km. The maximum depth is almost 3390 m, and the average depth is 540 m. This sea got its name thanks to Russian explorers and navigators - Dmitry and Khariton Laptev. They carried out explorations of the northern sea as early as the 18th century. The Yakuts (indigenous people) call this reservoir "Laptevtar".
Sea Features
A map of the Laptev Sea shows that its shores are heavily indented. The sea has large bays: Khatanga, Anabar, Yansky, Oleneksky, etc. There are many islands in its vast water area. They are concentrated mainly in its western part. The largest island groups: Thaddeus, Vilkitsky and Komsomolskaya Pravda. Small Taimyr, Sandy, Bolshoy Begichev, Starokadomsky and others are distinguished from single islands.
The indented coast of the Laptev Sea forms a variety of peninsulas, bays, capes, bays and bays. Rivers carry their waters into this sea: Yana, Anabar, Khatanga, Olenyok and Lena. They form vast deltas where they enter the sea. Salinity of sea water is low.
Climatic conditions
The Laptev Sea is considered the most severe among the Arctic seas. The climate there is close to continental, but has pronounced polar and maritime features. Continentality is expressed in significant fluctuations in annual temperature. The climate in different areas of the sea is heterogeneous. In autumn, winds form over the sea, which easily increase to storms. In winter it is calm and cloudy. There are rare cyclones that cause cold and strong winds.
Use of the Laptev Sea
The sea is located far from the center of the country, in a harsh climate. Therefore, its economic use is difficult. For the Russian economy, the Laptev Sea is of great importance, since in this area cargo is transported along the northern sea route. This is where the transit of goods and their delivery to the port of Tiksi takes place. The locals are engaged in fishing. The density of indigenous people is very low. Evenks, Yukaghirs and other nationalities live on the banks. The Laptev Sea is a place for various scientific research. Scientists study how water circulates, monitor the ice balance, and make hydrometeorological forecasts.
The Laptev Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is located between the Taimyr Peninsula and the Severnaya Zemlya Islands in the west and the New Siberian Islands in the east. The sea is named after Russian polar explorers cousins Dmitry and Khariton Laptev (originally the sea was named after Nordenskiöld). The coast is heavily indented. Large bays: Khatanga, Oleneksky, Faddey, Yansky, Anabarsky, Maria Pronchishcheva Bay, Buor-Khaya. There are many islands in the western part of the sea, mostly off the coast. The islands of Komsomolskaya Pravda are located in the southwestern part of the sea. Rivers flow into the sea: Khatanga, Anabar, Olenyok, Lena, Yana. Some rivers form large deltas. main port- Tiksi.
The salinity of sea water at the surface in the northwestern part of the sea is 28 ppm, in the southern part - up to 15 ppm, near the mouths of rivers - less than 10 ppm. The salinity of surface waters is strongly influenced by the runoff of Siberian rivers and the melting of ice. With increasing depth, salinity increases rapidly, reaching 33 ppm.
Posted Mon, 27/04/2015 - 06:59 by Cap
The Laptev Sea (Yakut. Laptevtar baygallar) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. located between north coast Siberia in the south, the islands of Severnaya Zemlya in the west and.
The sea is named after Russian polar explorers, cousins Dmitry and Khariton Laptev. In the past, it was known under various names, the last of which is the Nordenskjöld Sea.
The sea has a harsh climate with temperatures below 0 °C for more than nine months of the year, low salinity, sparse flora and fauna, and low population along the coast. Most of the time, with the exception of August and September, it is under ice.
map of the Laptev sea 
For thousands of years, the sea coast was inhabited by the indigenous tribes of the Yukaghirs, and later the Evens and Evenks, who were engaged in fishing, hunting and nomadic reindeer herding. Then the shores were populated by Yakuts and Russians. The development of the territory by Russian explorers began in the 17th century from the south, along the channels of rivers flowing into the sea.
There are several dozen islands in the Laptev Sea, many of which contain well-preserved remains of mammoths.
The main human activities in this area are mining and navigation along the Northern Sea Route; fishing and hunting are practiced but have no commercial value. The largest settlement and port is Tiksi.
Length and boundaries
Basic physical and geographical features. Between the archipelago of Severnaya Zemlya and in the west lies the sea, which bears the name of the Laptev brothers. It is limited by natural boundaries and conditional lines. Its western border runs along the eastern from the Arctic Cape (Komsomolets Island), then through the Strait of the Red Army along the eastern shore of the island. October Revolution to m. Anuchin, through the Shokalsky Strait to m. Sandy on about. Bolshevik and along its eastern shore to Cape Vaigach, then along the eastern border of the Vilkitsky Strait and further along the mainland coast to the top of the Khatanga Bay.
The northern boundary of the sea runs from the Arctic Cape to the point of intersection of the meridian of the northern tip of the island. Kotelny (139 ° E) with the edge of the continental shelf (79 ° N, 139 ° E), the eastern border from the indicated point is to the western coast of the island. Kotelny, further along the western border of the Sannikov Strait, goes around the western shores of the Bolshoy and Maly Lyakhovsky Islands and then goes along the western border of the Dmitry Laptev Strait. The southern boundary of the sea runs along the mainland coast from Cape Svyatoy Nos to the top of the Khatanga Bay. Within these boundaries, the sea lies between the parallels 81°16′ and 70°42′ N. sh. and meridians 95°44′ and 143°30′ E. d.
By geographic location and hydrological conditions different from the ocean with which the sea freely communicates, it belongs to the type of continental marginal seas. Within the accepted boundaries, the Laptev Sea has the following dimensions: area - 662 thousand km2, volume 353 thousand km3, average depth 533 m, maximum depth 3385 m.
The Laptev Sea on the coast of the northernmost sea 
Physical location
The surface area of the sea is 672,000 km².
The largest river flowing into the Laptev Sea (and the second largest of the Arctic rivers after the Yenisei) is the Lena with its large delta. Rivers also flow into the sea: Khatanga, Anabar, Olenyok, Yana.
The shores are strongly indented and form bays and bays of various sizes. The coastal landscape is varied, with low mountains.
Large bays: Khatanga, Oleneksky, Faddey, Yansky, Anabarsky, Maria Pronchishcheva Bay, Buor-Khaya.
In the western part of the sea and river deltas, there are several dozen islands with a total area of 3784 km². Frequent storms and currents due to melting ice lead to severe erosion of the islands, for example, the Semyonovsky and Vasilyevsky Islands, discovered in 1815, have already disappeared.
Most Komsomolskaya Pravda and Thaddeus.
The largest single islands: Bolshoy Begichev (1764 km²), Belkovsky (500 km²), Maly Taimyr (250 km²), Stolbovoy (170 km²), Starokadomsky Island (110 km²), and Sandy (17 km²)
Bottom relief
Depths up to 50 m prevail, the greatest depth is 3385 meters, the average depth is 540 meters. More than half of the sea (53%) is a flat continental shelf with an average depth of less than or slightly more than 50 meters, in addition, bottom areas south of the 76th parallel are at a depth of less than 25 meters. In the northern part of the sea, the bottom abruptly breaks off to the ocean floor with depths of the order of one kilometer (22% of the sea area). In shallow areas, the bottom is covered with sand and silt mixed with pebbles and boulders. Near the banks, river precipitation accumulates at a high rate, up to 20-25 centimeters per year. At great depths, the bottom is covered with silt.
The continental slope is cut by the Sadko Trough, passing in the north into the Nansen Basin with depths of more than 2 kilometers, the maximum depth of the Laptev Sea is also noted here - 3385 meters (79°35′ N 124°40′ E).
polar lights in the Laptev Sea 
Climate
The climate of the Laptev Sea is arctic continental and, due to its remoteness from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, is one of the most severe among the Arctic seas. Polar night and polar day last about 3 months a year in the south and 5 months in the north. The air temperature remains below 0 °C 11 months a year in the north and 9 months in the south.
average temperature in January (the coldest month) varies by location between -31°C and -34°C, with a minimum of -50°C. In July the temperature rises to 0°C (max 4°C) in the north and 5°C (max 10°C) in the south, however it can reach 22-24°C on the coast in August. A maximum of 32.7 °C was recorded in Tiksi. Strong winds, blizzards and snowstorms are common in winter. Snow falls even in summer and alternates with fogs. The winds blow from the south and southwest in winter. average speed 8 m/s and subside by spring. In summer, they change direction to the north, and their speed is 3-4 m/s. Relatively weak wind speeds lead to low convection in surface waters, which occurs only to a depth of 5-10 meters.
Tiksi Bay Laptev Sea 
HYDROLOGY OF THE SEA
Hydrological characteristic.
Large continental runoff in general, the spread of fresh water over vast expanses of the sea, along with other factors (climate severity, free water exchange with the Arctic Ocean, year-round existing ice over large areas) significantly affect the hydrological conditions of the Laptev Sea. This is primarily manifested in the magnitudes of the distribution and spatio-temporal variability of oceanological characteristics in the sea under consideration.
For most of the year, the water temperature is close to the freezing point. In cold seasons, it quickly decreases in autumn, and in winter on the surface it changes over the sea from -0.8° (near Mostakh Island) to -1.7° (near Cape Chelyuskin). Similar values are observed at this time in other regions. In the first months of spring warming, ice melts, so the water temperature remains almost the same as in winter. Only in coastal areas, especially near estuarine areas, which are cleared of ice earlier than others, does the water temperature increase. Its magnitude generally decreases from south to north and from east to west. In summer, the surface of the sea warms up. In August, in the south (Buor-Khaya Bay), the water temperature on the surface can reach +10° and even +14°, in central regions it is equal to + 3-5 °, at the northern tip of about. Boiler and at Cape Chelyuskin + 0.8-1.0 °. In general, the western part of the sea, where the cold waters of the Arctic basin come, is characterized by lower water temperatures (+2–3°) than the eastern part, where the bulk of warm river waters are concentrated, so the surface temperature here can reach +6–8°.
The vertical distribution of water temperature is not the same in cold and warm seasons. Its change with depth is clearly expressed only in summer. In winter, in areas with depths of up to 50-60 m, the water temperature is the same from the surface to the bottom. In the coastal zone it is -1.0-1.2°, and in the open sea is about -1.6°. At great depths, at levels of 50-60 m, the water temperature rises by 0.1-0.2°. This is due to the influx of other waters, since at the same time the salinity increases slightly.
In the north, in the regions of a deep trench, the negative temperature extends from the surface to about 100 m. From here it begins to rise to 0.6-0.8°. This temperature persists up to about 300 m, and below it again slowly decreases to the bottom. High temperatures in the 100–300 m layer are associated with the penetration of warm Atlantic waters into the Laptev Sea from the Central Arctic Basin.
In summer, the upper layer 10–15 m thick warms up well and has a temperature of 8–10° in the southeastern part and 3–4° in the central part. Deeper than these horizons, the temperature drops sharply, reaching -1.4-1.5° at a horizon of 25 m. These values, or those close to them, persist to the very bottom. In the western part of the sea, where the heating is less than in the east, such sharp differences in temperature are not observed.
The salinity in the Laptev Sea varies and varies in space and time. Its differences are very large (from 1 to 34‰), but desalinated waters with a salinity of 20–30‰ predominate. The distribution of salinity over the surface is very complex. In general, it increases from the southeast to the northwest and north.
In winter, with minimal river runoff and intense ice formation, salinity is the highest. At the same time, it is higher in the west than in the east. At m. Chelyuskin it is almost 34‰, and at about. Boiler room only 25‰. At the beginning of spring, salinity remains quite high, but in June, with the beginning of ice melting, it begins to decrease. In summer, at maximum runoff, salinity is characterized by low values (see Fig. 26, b). The southeastern part of the sea is the most desalinated. In the Buor-Khaya bay, salinity drops to 5‰ and lower, to the north of it it is slightly higher, up to 10–15‰. More saline waters (30–32‰) spread in the west of the sea. They are located somewhat north of the line about. Petra - m. Anisy. Thus, desalinated waters wedge out to the north in the eastern part of the sea, and salty waters descend in a wide tongue to the south in the western part of the sea.
In autumn, river runoff decreases, and in October ice formation begins and salinization of surface waters occurs. Salinity generally increases with depth. However, its vertical distribution has seasonal differences in different areas of the sea. In winter, in shallow waters, it increases from the surface to 10-15 m, and then remains almost unchanged to the bottom. At great depths, a noticeable increase in salinity does not begin from the surface itself, but from the underlying horizons, from which it slowly increases to the bottom. The spring type of the vertical distribution of salinity, different from the winter type, sets in from the time of intensive ice melting. At this time, salinity sharply decreases in the surface layer and retains rather high values at the lower horizons.
In summer, in the zone of influence of river waters, the upper layer of 5-10 m is very strongly desalinated; below, a very sharp increase in salinity is observed. In a layer from 10 to 25 m, the salinity gradient in some places reaches 20‰ per 1 m. From here, the salinity either remains unchanged or gradually increases by tenths of a ppm. In the northern part of the sea, salinity increases relatively rapidly from the surface to 50 m, from here to 300 m it rises more slowly, ranging from 29 to 33–34‰, and hardly changes deeper.
In autumn, in the southern regions, salinity values increase with depth, and the summer jump gradually levels off. In the north, the same salinity covers the upper layer, and below it increases with depth. The temperature and salinity of water determine its density, and in the Laptev Sea, salinity has a great influence on the density. In accordance with the change in salinity and temperature in space and time, the density of water also changes. It increases from southeast to northwest. In winter and autumn, the water is denser than in summer and spring. Density increases with depth. In winter and early spring, it is almost the same from the surface to the bottom. In summer, the jump in salinity and temperature on the horizon of 10-15 m determines here a sharply pronounced jump in density. In autumn, salting and cooling of surface waters increases their density.
Density stratification of waters is clearly seen from late spring to early autumn; it is most pronounced in the southeastern and central regions of the sea and near the ice edge. The different degree of water overstratification along the vertical causes unequal opportunities for the development of mixing in different areas of the Laptev Sea. Laptev sea 
Wind mixing in the ice-free spaces of this sea is poorly developed due to the relatively calm wind conditions in the warm season, the large ice cover of the sea and the stratification of its waters. During spring and summer, the wind mixes only the uppermost layers up to 5-7 m thick in the east and up to 10 m thick in the western part of the sea.
Strong autumn-winter cooling and intense ice formation cause active, but uneven development of convection from place to place. It starts in the northeast and north, then occurs in the central part, in the south and southeast of the sea. Due to the relatively low degree of stratification and early ice formation, density mixing penetrates most deeply (up to horizons of 90–100 m) in the north of the sea, where its distribution is limited by the density structure of the waters. In the central regions, convection reaches the bottom (40–50 m) by the beginning of winter, and in the southern part, subject to the influence of continental runoff, even at shallow (up to 25 m) depths, it spreads to the bottom only towards the end of winter as a result of a significant increase in salinity during due to winter ice formation, which is explained here by the stratification of water in depth.
The natural features of the Laptev Sea determine the markedly pronounced heterogeneity of its waters. Due to a certain similarity between the considered and the Kara Seas, their hydrological structure and the mechanism of its formation are similar and are shown in the section on the Kara Sea. Thus, in the Laptev Sea (similar to the Kara Sea), arctic surface waters with their characteristic characteristics and seasonal stratification in temperature and salinity predominate. In zones of strong influence of coastal runoff, as a result of the mixing of river and surface Arctic waters, water with a relatively high temperature and low salinity. At their interface (horizon 5-7 m) large gradients of salinity and density are created. In the north, in a deep trench under the surface Arctic water, warm Atlantic waters are common, but their temperature is somewhat lower than in the Kara Sea trenches. They penetrate here 2.5-3 years after the start of their journey near Svalbard. In the deeper Laptev Sea compared to the Kara Sea, the horizons from 800–1000 m to the bottom are occupied by cold bottom water with a temperature of −0.4–0.9° and almost uniform (34.90–34.95‰) salinity. Its formation is associated with the sinking of the chilled waters of the sea along the continental slope to great depths. The decisive role in the hydrological conditions of the Laptev Sea belongs to the processes occurring in the surface Arctic waters and in the zones of their mixing with river waters.
The general circulation of the waters of the Laptev Sea is not yet sufficiently clear in detail, especially with regard to movement in the lower horizons, vertical components, etc. There are quite definite ideas about constant currents on the sea surface. In general, this sea is characterized by cyclonic circulation of surface waters. It is formed by a coastal stream moving along the mainland from west to east, where it is reinforced by the Lena Current. With further movement, most of it deviates to the north and northwest and, in the form of the New Siberian Current, goes beyond the sea, connecting with the Transarctic Current. At the northern tip of Severnaya Zemlya, the East Taimyr Current branches off, which moves south along eastern shores Severnaya Zemlya and and closes the cyclonic ring in the sea. A small part of the waters of the coastal flow goes through the Sannikov Strait into the East Siberian Sea.
sunbathing on the Laptev Sea 
ICE CONDITION
For most of the year (from October to May), the entire Laptev Sea is covered with ice of various thicknesses and ages (see Fig. 28). Ice formation begins at the end of September and takes place simultaneously throughout the sea. In winter, extremely extensive fast ice up to 2 m thick develops in its shallow eastern part. The boundary of fast ice distribution is a depth of 20–25 m, which in this area of the sea runs at a distance of several hundred kilometers from the coast. The fast ice area is approximately 30% of the area of the entire sea. In the western and northwestern parts of the sea, fast ice is small, and in some winters it is completely absent. To the north of the landfast zone there are drifting ice.
With the almost constant removal of ice from the sea to the north in winter, behind the fast ice, significant areas of polynyas and young ice. The width of this zone varies from tens to several hundreds of kilometers. Its individual sections are called the East Severozemelskaya, Taimyr, Lena and Novosibirsk polynyas. The last two, at the beginning of the warm season, reach enormous sizes (thousands of square kilometers) and become centers for the sea to be cleared of ice. The melting of ice begins in June-July, and by August large expanses of the sea are freed from ice. In summer, the ice edge often changes its position under the influence of winds and currents. The western part of the sea is generally more arctic than the eastern part. From the north, a spur of the oceanic Taimyr ice mass descends into the sea, in which heavy multi-year ice. It persists until new ice formation, depending on the prevailing winds, moving now to the north, then to the south. The local Yansky ice massif, formed by landfast ice, usually melts in place by the second half of August or is partially carried away to the north beyond the sea.
Andrey Island Laptev Sea 
Flora and fauna
Flora and fauna are scarce due to the harsh climate. The vegetation of the sea is represented mainly by diatoms, of which there are more than 100 species. For comparison, green, blue-green algae and flagellates - about 10 species of each. The total concentration of phytoplankton is 0.2 mg/l. Also in the sea there are about 30 species of zooplankton with a total concentration of 0.467 mg/l. The flora of the coast consists mainly of mosses, lichens and several species of flowering plants, including the polar poppy, saxifrage, rump and small populations of polar and creeping willows. Vascular plants are rare and are represented mainly by saxifrage and saxifrage. Nonvascular, on the contrary, are very diverse: mosses of the genera Ditrichum, Dicranum, Pogonatum, Sanionia, Bryum, Orthothecium and Tortula, as well as lichens of the genera Cetraria, Thamnolia, Cornicularia, Lecidea, Ochrolechia and Parmelia.
In the sea, 39 species of fish have been recorded, most of them typical of the brackish water environment. The main ones are different kinds graylings and whitefish, such as muksun, whitefish, omul. Sardine, Bering Sea omul, polar smelt, navaga, arctic cod, flounder, arctic char and nelma are also common.
Mammals constantly live here: walrus, sea hare, seal, harp seal, lemming, arctic fox, reindeer, wolf, ermine, polar hare and polar bear. Beluga whales make seasonal migrations to the coast (for flying). Walruses from the Laptev Sea are sometimes classified as a separate subspecies of Odobenus rosmarus laptevi, but this issue remains controversial.
Several dozen species of birds live here. Some of them are sedentary and live here permanently, such as snow bunting, sea sandpiper, snowy owl and black goose. While others roam the polar regions or migrate from the south, creating large colonies on the islands and the coast of the mainland. The latter include auk, common kittiwake, common guillemot, ivory gull, murre, charadriiformes and arctic gull. Also found are skuas, terns, fulmar, glaucous gull, pink gull, long-tailed duck, eiders, loons and ptarmigan.
In 1985, the Ust-Lena Nature Reserve was organized in the delta of the Lena River. In 1993, they were also included in its buffer zone. The territory of the reserve is 14,330 km². It contains numerous species of plants (402 species of vascular plants), fish (32 species), birds (109 species) and mammals (33 species), many of which are listed in the Red Books of the USSR and Russia.
Khatanga Bay Laptev Sea 
History and development
The coast of the Laptev Sea has long been inhabited by aboriginal tribes of northern Siberia, such as the Yukagirs and Chuvans. The traditional occupations of these tribes were fishing, hunting, nomadic reindeer herding, and hunting for wild deer. Starting from the 2nd century, the gradual assimilation of the Yukaghirs by Evens and Evenks began, and from the 9th century by much more numerous Yakuts, and later by Koryaks and Chukchis. Many of these tribes moved north from the territories of Lake Baikal, avoiding clashes with the Mongols. All these tribes practiced shamanism, but the languages were different. In the XVII-XIX centuries, the number of Yukaghirs decreased due to epidemics and civil strife.
Development by Russians
Russians began to explore the coast of the Laptev Sea and nearby islands around the 17th century, rafting down the Siberian rivers. Many early expeditions appear to have been undocumented, as evidenced by graves found on the islands by their official discoverers. In 1629, the Siberian Cossacks sailed through the entire Lena in boats and reached its delta. They left a record that the river flows into the sea. In 1633, another group reached the delta of the Olenyok River.
In 1712, Yakov Permyakov and Mercury Vagin explored eastern part the Laptev Sea and Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island, discovered by them two years earlier. When repeated, they, however, were killed by the rebellious Cossacks of their detachment. In the spring of 1770, the industrialist Ivan Lyakhov succeeded. Having discovered a fossil mammoth bone there, on his return he asked for a monopoly right to collect it and, as a result, received it by a special decree of Catherine II. During his sleigh trip, he described several other islands, including Kotelny, named by him because of the copper cauldron found on it. In 1775 he compiled detailed map Big Lyakhovsky Island.
As part of the Great Northern Expedition, two detachments were engaged in the study of the Laptev Sea:
On June 30, 1735, at the head of the Lena-Yenisei detachment, Vasily Pronchishchev set off from Yakutsk down the Lena on the dubel-boat Yakutsk with a crew of more than 40 people. He explored East Coast Lena delta, putting it on the map, stopped for the winter at the mouth of the Olenyok River. Despite the difficulties, in 1736 he managed to advance by oars to the north beyond the 77th latitude, almost to Cape Chelyuskin, the extreme northern point of the mainland. However, due to poor visibility, travelers were unable to see the land.
On the way back, Pronchishchev himself and his wife, Tatyana Pronchishcheva, died: on August 29, Pronchishchev went on reconnaissance on a boat and broke his leg. Returning to the ship, he lost consciousness and soon died of a fat embolism. The wife (her participation in the expedition was unofficial) survived her husband by only 14 days and died on September 12 (23), 1736. The bay of Maria Pronchishcheva (“Maria” - due to an error made in the preparation of the publication of maps) in the Laptev Sea was named after her.
In December 1737, Khariton Laptev was appointed the new leader of the detachment. Under his leadership, the detachment again reached Taimyr, transferred the wintering to Khatanga, and after the ship was crushed by ice, continued to describe the coast of Taimyr from land. One of the groups of this detachment, under the leadership of Semyon Chelyuskin, managed to get by land to the northern tip of the peninsula, which now bears his name.
At the head of the Lena-Kolyma detachment, Dmitry Laptev (who replaced P. Lassineus, who died during the winter in 1736), on the Irkutsk boat described the sea coast from the Lena delta to the strait into the East Siberian Sea, later named after him.
A detailed mapping of the coast of the Laptev Sea was carried out by Peter Anzhu, who in 1821-1823 traveled about 14,000 km across this territory on sledges and boats, in search of Sannikov Land and thus demonstrating that large-scale coastal exploration can be carried out without ships. The Anjou Islands were named after him ( Northern part Novosibirsk Islands). In 1875, Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld was the first to sail across the entire Laptev Sea on the steamship Vega.
In 1892-1894 and again in 1900-1902, Baron Eduard Toll explored the Laptev Sea on two separate expeditions. He conducted geological and geographical research on the ship "Zarya" on behalf of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. During his second expedition, Toll went missing somewhere on the New Siberian Islands under unclear circumstances. He managed to note large, economically significant accumulations of perfectly preserved mammoth bone on the beaches, in reservoirs, river terraces and riverbeds of the New Siberian Islands. More recent scientific studies have shown that these clusters formed over a period of about 200,000 years.
Name etymology
Historical names: Tatar, Lena (on the maps of the XVI-XVII centuries), Siberian, Arctic (XVIII-XIX centuries). In 1883, the polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen named the sea after the Nordenskjöld.
In 1913, at the suggestion of the oceanographer Yu. M. Shokalsky, the Russian Geographical Society approved the current name - in honor of the cousins \u200b\u200bof Dmitry and Khariton Laptev, but it was officially fixed only by a decision of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of June 27, 1935.
camp in the Olenyok Bay Laptev Sea 
Pyasina, Upper and Lower Taimyr, Khatanga.
The southern shores of Severnaya Zemlya are only 55 kilometers from the northern tip of Asia - Cape Chelyuskin - and on a clear day they are visible. Now it is well known that Russian navigators quite early, at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th century, in the Laptev Sea by the Strait separating Severnaya Zemlya from the mainland. Perhaps these brave sailors had to see a high, bizarre mountainous country, and we owe the first information about it to them. True, in the old geographical maps this country has fantastic outlines. But what's in it! After all, the continents had no less fantastic forms on the world maps of the 15th and 16th centuries; Greenland had no less bizarre outlines on maps of the 16th and even 18th centuries, despite the fact that it became known to Europeans in the 9th, 10th, and especially in the 11th and 12th centuries.
is a Russian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. Administratively, it is part of the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
The area of the archipelago is about 37 thousand km². Uninhabited.
On Severnaya Zemlya there is the northernmost island point of Asia - the Arctic Cape on Komsomolets Island.
Story
The archipelago was discovered on September 4, 1913 by a hydrographic expedition of 1910-1915 by Boris Vilkitsky. First named by the expedition members the word "Taiwai" (according to the first syllables of the expeditionary icebreakers "Taimyr" and "Vaigach"). Official name The "Land of Emperor Nicholas II" in honor of the then reigning Russian emperor, the archipelago received on January 10 (23), 1914, when it was announced by order No. 14 of the naval minister. Disputes continue about who was the initiator of this name. It is known that Boris Vilkitsky was his supporter both before the appearance of Order No. 14 and two decades later. Initially it was assumed that the archipelago is a single island.
January 11, 1926 Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee By his decree, he renamed the Land of Emperor Nicholas II into Severnaya Zemlya. The island of Tsesarevich Alexei was renamed the island of Little Taimyr. Subsequently, in 1931-1933, the islands forming the archipelago were discovered, which received from the Soviet discoverers (Nikolai Urvantsev and Georgy Ushakov) the names Pioneer, Komsomolets, Bolshevik, October Revolution, Schmidt.
December 1, 2006 by the Duma of the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) autonomous region a resolution was adopted that proposed the former name of the Land of Emperor Nicholas II, as well as to rename the island of Little Taimyr to the island of Tsesarevich Alexei, the island of the October Revolution - to the island of St. Alexandra, Bolshevik island - to the island of St. Olga, Komsomolets island - to the island of St. Pioneer - to the island of St. Tatiana and Domashny Island - to the island of St. Anastasia.
However, after the unification of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug, the Legislative Assembly of the Krasnoyarsk Territory did not support this initiative.
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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
Shamraev Yu. I., Shishkina L. A. Oceanology. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980
http://tapemark.narod.ru/more/14.html
Ust-Lensky State Nature Reserve
M. I. Belov In the footsteps of polar expeditions. Part II. On archipelagos and islands
Lyakhov Ivan, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
http://znayuvse.ru/geografiya/zagadka-zemli-sannikova
Dmitry Laptev, Khariton Laptev, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Vize V. Yu. Laptev Sea // Seas of the Soviet Arctic: Essays on the history of research. - 2nd ed. - L .: Publishing House of the Glavsevmorput, 1939. - S. 180-217. — 568 p. - (Polar Library). — 10,000 copies.
History of the discovery and development of the Northern Sea Route: In 4 volumes / Ed. Ya. Ya. Gakkelya, A. P. Okladnikova, M. B. Chernenko. - M.-L., 1956-1969.
Belov M. I. Scientific and economic development of the Soviet North in 1933-1945. - L .: Hydrometeorological Publishing House, 1969. - T. IV. — 617 p. — 2,000 copies.
http://www.photosight.ru/
photo E. Gusev, S. Anisimov, L. Schwartz.
- 12152 views
The Laptev Sea belongs to the group of marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean. It is located between Severnaya Zemlya and the New Siberian Islands. The area of the reservoir is about 678 thousand square meters. km. The volume of water reaches 363 thousand cubic meters. km. The average depth is 578 meters, and the maximum corresponds to 3385 meters. The climate in these places is arctic, the salinity of the water is low, the ice cover lasts most of the year and only partially recedes in late summer and early autumn. The large Siberian river Lena flows into the reservoir.
origin of name
The sea is named after Russian explorers and cousins Khariton and Dmitry Laptev. They mastered this inhospitable region in the first half of the 18th century. Before that, in the 17th and 18th centuries, the reservoir was called the Arctic, the Siberian, the Lena, or the Tatar Sea. In 1883, the well-known Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen proposed another name - the Nordenskiold Sea in honor of the Swedish geographer and geologist Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld.
This name lasted until the beginning of the 20th century, when the Russian Geographical Society approved modern name, and in honor of the famous Swede they named the archipelago in the Kara Sea. The official decision on this issue was made by the Soviet government in the summer of 1935.
Laptev Sea on the map
Borders of the Laptev Sea
In the west, the reservoir is limited by the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. most northern point Cape Arctic is considered to be on Komsomolets Island. The Novosibirsk Islands are considered to be the eastern border, with the northernmost point on Kotelny Island, Cape Anisii. The eastern border ends at Cape Svyatoy Nos and further west along the coast of the mainland to the Taimyr Peninsula.
Coastline
The Lena River flows into the Laptev Sea and forms a vast delta. In addition, such rivers as Yana, Khatanga, Olenyok, Anabar flow into the reservoir. The coastline is indented with a length of 1300 km. It has many bays and coves. The easternmost is the Ebellakh Bay (the bay is a bay that flows far into the land, into which, as a rule, a river flows). Further to the west are the Sellyakh Bay, Yansky Bay, Buor-Khaya Bay, Oleneksky Bay, Anabarsky Bay, Nordvik Bay, and the westernmost is Khatanga Bay.
Near southwest coast there are such islands as Maly and Bolshoi Begichev, Preobrazhensky Island, Sandy Island, Psov Island, and the Peter Islands. All in all close coastline there are several dozen islands, and their total area equal to 3.8 thousand square meters. km. As a result of erosion, some islands are destroyed and disappear.
Sea bottom
More than half seabed is a continental shelf with a depth of no more than 60 meters. In the southern regions there are places where the depth corresponds to 25-30 meters. In the northern part of the reservoir, the bottom abruptly breaks down and the depth reaches 1 km or more. The maximum depth of 3385 meters was recorded in the northern part of the sea in the Nansen Basin, where the water column averages 2 km.
The Laptev Sea is characterized by low temperature regimes. They range from -1.8 degrees Celsius in the north to -0.8 degrees Celsius in the southeastern part. The temperature of the middle layers of water is 1.5 degrees Celsius. At depth, the temperature regime is colder and reaches -0.8 degrees Celsius. In the summer months, the water warms up by the sun in the bays up to 8-10 degrees Celsius and up to 2-3 degrees Celsius in the open sea.
The salinity of sea water is largely affected by ice melt and river runoff. In winter, salinity in the southern regions is 20-25 ppm, and in the north it reaches 34 ppm. In summer, respectively, it decreases by 10% and 32%.
70% of the total river runoff (515 thousand cubic km) comes from the Lena River. And the river runoff of all rivers flowing into the reservoir under consideration reaches 730 thousand cubic meters. km. Due to the melting of ice, 90% of the runoff occurs in June-September, and in January this figure is only 5%.
The tides are semidiurnal with an average amplitude of 0.5 meters. In the Khatanga Bay, they reach 2 meters. Seasonal fluctuations in the water level are 40 cm. The winds are weak, so the height of the waves usually does not exceed 1 meter. In summer, in the central regions of the sea, there are waves 4-5 meters high, and in autumn they can reach 6 meters in height.
Climate
The Laptev Sea is remote from both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, so an arctic climate prevails. The polar night lasts 3 months a year in the south and 5 months in the north. The air temperature is below 0 degrees 11 months a year in the north and 9 months in the south. The average January temperature is -32 degrees Celsius and the minimum is -50 degrees Celsius.
In summer, the temperature in the south rises to 10 degrees Celsius. On the coast, it can rise to 24 degrees Celsius. The maximum summer temperature regime recorded in Tiksi was 32 degrees Celsius. However, in foggy weather, snow can fall in summer, and snowstorms and storms are characteristic of winter.
At sea, although weakly, shipping is developed, and the main seaport is Tiksi. In the 30s of the last century, the Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Routes was created, which was in charge of the ships cruising the Laptev Sea. The ships moved in a caravan behind the icebreaker. They transported timber, furs, and various building materials. Today, the northern route is used to deliver goods to the northern regions of Russia.
Ecology
The reservoir under consideration is considered slightly polluted. The negative impact is exerted by enterprises located on the banks of the Lena, Anabar, Yana rivers. It is from them in sea water phenols, zinc, copper get. The administrative center of Tiksi also contributes to the pollution. A source of pollution is also rotting wood that enters the sea as a result of timber rafting. All this causes high concentration phenol.
