Aircraft landing and takeoff speed are parameters calculated individually for each airliner. There is no standard value that all pilots must adhere to, because aircraft have different weights, dimensions, and aerodynamic characteristics. However, the value of speed at is important, and non-compliance with the speed limit can turn into a tragedy for the crew and passengers.

How is the takeoff?

The aerodynamics of any airliner is provided by the configuration of the wing or wings. This configuration is the same for almost all aircraft except for small details. The lower part of the wing is always flat, the upper one is convex. Moreover, it does not depend on it.

The air that passes under the wing when accelerating does not change its properties. However, the air, which at the same time passes through the top of the wing, narrows. Consequently, less air flows through the top. This results in a pressure difference under and over the wings of the aircraft. As a result, the pressure above the wing decreases, and under the wing it increases. And it is precisely due to the pressure difference that a lifting force is formed that pushes the wing up, and together with the wing, the aircraft itself. At the moment when the lifting force exceeds the weight of the liner, the aircraft lifts off the ground. This happens with an increase in the speed of the liner (with an increase in speed, the lifting force also increases). The pilot also has the ability to control the flaps on the wing. If the flaps are lowered, the lift under the wing changes vector, and the aircraft rapidly gains altitude.

It is interesting that a smooth horizontal flight of the liner will be ensured if the lifting force is equal to the weight of the aircraft.

So, the lift determines at what speed the plane will take off the ground and start flying. The weight of the liner, its aerodynamic characteristics, and the thrust force of the engines also play a role.

during takeoff and landing

In order for a passenger plane to take off, the pilot needs to develop a speed that will provide the required lift. The higher the acceleration speed, the higher the lifting force will be. Consequently, at a high acceleration speed, the aircraft will take off faster than if it were moving at a low speed. However, the specific speed value is calculated for each liner individually, taking into account its actual weight, degree of loading, weather conditions, length runway etc.

Generally speaking, the well-known passenger liner The Boeing 737 lifts off the ground as its speed rises to 220 km/h. Another well-known and huge "Boeing-747" with a lot of weight off the ground at a speed of 270 kilometers per hour. But the smaller Yak-40 liner is capable of taking off at a speed of 180 kilometers per hour due to its low weight.

Takeoff types

There are various factors that determine the take-off speed of an airliner:

1. Weather conditions (wind speed and direction, rain, snow).
2. Length runway.
3. Strip cover.

Depending on the conditions, takeoff can be carried out in different ways:

1. Classic speed dial.
2. From the brakes.
3. Takeoff with the help of special means.
4. Vertical climb.

The first method (classic) is used most often. When the runway is long enough, the aircraft can confidently gain the required speed necessary to provide high lift. However, in the case when the runway length is limited, the aircraft may not have enough distance to reach the required speed. Therefore, it stands for some time on the brakes, and the engines gradually gain traction. When the thrust becomes strong, the brakes are released and the aircraft abruptly takes off, quickly picking up speed. Thus, it is possible to shorten the take-off path of the liner.

There is no need to talk about vertical takeoff. It is possible in the presence of special engines. And takeoff with the help of special means is practiced on military aircraft carriers.

What is the landing speed of the aircraft?

The liner is landing on runway not right away. First of all, there is a decrease in the speed of the liner, a decrease in altitude. First, the aircraft touches the runway with the landing gear wheels, then it moves at high speed already on the ground, and only then does it slow down. The moment of contact with the GDP is almost always accompanied by shaking in the cabin, which can cause anxiety among passengers. But there is nothing wrong with that.

Aircraft landing speeds are practically only slightly slower than takeoff speeds. A large Boeing 747, when approaching the runway, has an average speed of 260 kilometers per hour. This speed should be at the liner in the air. But, again, the specific speed value is calculated individually for all liners, taking into account their weight, workload, weather conditions. If the aircraft is very large and heavy, then the landing speed should be higher, because during landing it is also necessary to "keep" the required lift. Already after contact with the runway and when moving on the ground, the pilot can slow down by means of the landing gear and flaps on the wings of the aircraft.

Airspeed

The speed during landing of an aircraft and during takeoff is very different from the speed at which an aircraft is moving at an altitude of 10 km. Most often, aircraft fly at a speed that is 80% of the maximum. So the maximum speed of the popular Airbus A380 is 1020 km/h. In fact, flying at cruising speed is 850-900 km/h. The popular "Boeing 747" can fly at a speed of 988 km / h, but in fact its speed is also 850-900 km / h. As you can see, the flight speed is fundamentally different from the speed when the aircraft is landing.

Note that today the Boeing company is developing a liner that will be able to gain flight speed at high altitudes up to 5000 kilometers per hour.

Finally

Of course, the landing speed of an aircraft is an extremely important parameter, which is calculated strictly for each airliner. But it is impossible to name a specific value at which all planes take off. Even identical models (for example, Boeing 747s) will take off and land at different speeds due to various circumstances: workload, amount of fuel filled, runway length, runway coverage, presence or absence of wind, etc.

Now you know what is the speed of the aircraft when landing and when it takes off. Everyone knows the averages.

The question of what speed an airplane develops during takeoff is of interest to many passengers. Non-professional opinions always differ - someone mistakenly assumes that the speed is always the same for all types of given aircraft, others correctly believe that it is different, but cannot explain why. Let's try to understand this topic.

Takeoff

Takeoff is a process that occupies the time scale from the beginning of the aircraft movement to its complete separation from the runway. Takeoff is possible only if one condition is met: the lifting force must acquire a value greater than the mass of the object taking off.

Takeoff types

Various "interfering" factors that have to be overcome to get the aircraft into the air (weather conditions, wind direction, limited runway, limited engine power, etc.) prompted aircraft designers to create many ways to bypass them. Improved not only the design of aircraft, but also the process of their takeoff. Thus, several types of takeoff have been developed:

• From the brakes. The acceleration of the aircraft begins only after the engines have reached the set thrust mode, and until then the device is held in place with the help of brakes;
• A simple classic takeoff, involving a gradual increase in engine thrust while the aircraft is moving along the runway;
• Takeoff using assistive devices. It is typical for aircraft carrying combat service on aircraft carriers. The limited distance of the runway is compensated by the use of springboards, ejection devices, or even additional rocket engines installed on the aircraft;
• Vertical takeoff. It is possible if the aircraft has engines with vertical thrust (for example, the domestic Yak-38). Such devices, like helicopters, first gain altitude from a standstill vertically or when accelerating from a very short distance, and then smoothly transition to horizontal flight.

Consider as an example the phases of the rises jet aircraft Boeing 737.

Takeoff Boeing 737-800

Takeoff passenger Boeing 737

Almost every civil jet aircraft takes to the air according to the classical scheme, i.e. the engine gains the necessary thrust directly in the process of takeoff. It looks like this:

• The movement of the aircraft begins after the engine reaches about 800 rpm. The pilot gradually releases the brakes while keeping the control stick neutral. The run begins on three wheels;
• To start taking off from the ground, the Boeing must acquire a speed of about 180 km / h. When this value is reached, the pilot smoothly pulls the stick, which leads to the deflection of the flaps and, as a result, the rise of the nose of the device. Further, the plane accelerates already on two wheels;
• With the nose up on two wheels, the aircraft continues to accelerate until the speed reaches 220 km/h. When this value is reached, the aircraft lifts off the ground.

Takeoff speed of other typical aircraft

• Airbus A380 - 269 km / h;
• Boeing 747 - 270 km / h;
• IL 96 - 250 km / h;
• Tu 154M - 210 km / h;
• Yak 40 - 180 km / h.

The given speed is not always enough for a breakaway. In situations where a strong wind blows in the direction of takeoff, a high ground speed is required. Or, on the contrary, with a headwind, a lower speed is sufficient.

According to techcult

IN technical specifications aircraft everything matters. Indeed, the viability of the liners and the safety of the people on board depend on literally every little thing. However, there are parameters that can be called basic. An example of this is the takeoff and landing speed of an aircraft.

For the operation of aircraft and their operation, it is extremely important to know what exactly the speed of the aircraft can be during takeoff, namely at the moment when it takes off from the ground. For different models of liners, this parameter will be different: for heavier cars, the indicators are larger, for lighter cars, the indicators are smaller.

Takeoff speed is important because designers and engineers involved in the manufacture and calculation of all aircraft characteristics need this data to understand how much lift will be.

Different models have different takeoff and takeoff speed parameters. For example, the Airbus A380, which today is considered one of the most modern aircraft, accelerates on the runway to 268 km per hour. The Boeing 747 will need a run of 270 km per hour. The Russian representative of the aviation industry Il 96 has a takeoff speed of 250 km per hour. For Tu 154, it is equal to 210 km per hour.

But these figures are presented as an average. After all, a number of factors affect the final acceleration speed of the liner along the strip, including:

• Wind speed
• Direction of the wind
• Runway length
• Atmosphere pressure
• Humidity of air masses
• Runway condition

All this has its effect and can both slow down the liner and give it a slight acceleration.

How exactly does takeoff happen?

As experts note, the aerodynamics of any air liner is characterized by the configuration of the aircraft's wings. As a rule, it is standard and the same for different types of aircraft - the lower part of the wing will always be flat, the upper - convex. The difference is only in small details, and does not depend on the type of aircraft.

The air passing under the wing does not change its properties. But the air that is on top begins to narrow. This means that less air flows from the top. This ratio causes a pressure difference around the wings of the liner. And it is she who forms the same lifting force that pushes the wing up, and with it lifts the plane.

The lift off of the aircraft from the ground occurs at the moment when the lifting force begins to exceed the weight of the liner itself. And this can only happen with an increase in the speed of the aircraft itself - the higher it is, the more the pressure difference around the wings increases.

The pilot also has the opportunity to work with lift - for this, flaps are provided in the wing configuration. So, if he lowers them, then they will change the lift vector to a sharp climb mode.

The smooth flight of the liner is ensured when a balance is maintained between the weight of the liner and the lifting force.

What are the types of takeoff

For overclocking passenger aircraft pilots are required to select a special engine mode called takeoff. It only lasts a few minutes. But there are exceptions, when there is some kind of locality, the aircraft in this case can take off in the normal mode, which reduces the noise load, because. during takeoff, the aircraft engines roar very loudly.

Experts distinguish two types of take-off of passenger liners:

1. takeoff with brakes: it means that at first the aircraft is held on the brakes, the engines switch to maximum thrust, after which the liner is removed from the brakes and the takeoff begins
2. Takeoff with a short stop on the runway: in this situation, the liner begins to run along the runway immediately without any preliminary rearrangement of the engines to the required mode. After the speed increases and reaches the required hundreds of kilometers per hour

Landing nuances

By landing, pilots understand the final stage of the flight, which is the descent from the sky to the ground, the slowdown of the liner and its complete stop on the runway near the airport. The descent of the aircraft starts from 25 meters. And in fact landing in the air takes only a few seconds.

When landing, pilots face a whole range of tasks, because. It happens in fact in 4 different stages:

1. Leveling - in this case, the vertical rate of descent of the liner goes to zero. This stage starts 8-10 meters above the ground and ends at 1 meter
2. Soak: in this case, the liner's speed continues to decrease, and the descent remains smooth and continuous
3. Parachuting: during this stage, there is a decrease in the lift of the wings and an increase in the vertical speed of the aircraft
4. Landing: it is understood as direct contact with a hard surface of the chassis

It is at the landing stage that the pilots record the landing speed of the aircraft. Again, depending on the model, the speed also varies. For example, for a Boeing 737, it will be 250-270 km per hour. Airbus A380 sits down with the same parameters. If the plane is smaller and lighter, 200 km per hour will be enough for it.

It is important to understand that landing speed is directly affected by exactly the same factors that affect takeoff.

The time intervals here are very small, and the speeds are huge, which causes the most frequent disasters at these stages. After all, pilots have very little time to make strategically important decisions, and every mistake can be fatal. Therefore, a lot of time is devoted to practicing landing and takeoff in the process of pilot training.

Otherwise, the rate of climb. Depends on the model and the glide path (trajectory) set by the controller, depending on the flight conditions. On average, a jet liner climbs a kilometer in about a minute (about 15 m / s), and in the rules of use airspace The Russian Federation states that this value should be “…10 m/s and more”. If you are interested in how high a passenger liner can rise, we suggest reading this article.

Features of military aircraft

Fighters, attack aircraft, interceptors do not always rise from the runway. The conditions for their takeoff are often extreme. For example, it can occur from the deck of a ship, where there is no way to accelerate to the required performance.

Therefore, the military often uses additional devices, namely:

• An ejection device that launches an aircraft and gives it acceleration. When landing in a confined space, hooks are used, with which the vehicles cling to a steel brake cable stretched across the deck.
• Additional devices that create vertical traction. For example, these can be fan-type devices that form a powerful directional oncoming air movement above the deck. The result is lift.
  

  Note: The same airflow is used for landing.

The video shows the process of takeoff and landing through the eyes of pilots.

The flight of a colossus weighing several tens or hundreds of tons is a complex process. It depends on many factors, determined by the speed of the aircraft. The greater the mass and the more difficult the conditions, the greater the speed required for separation and movement. In particularly difficult conditions, auxiliary mechanisms are used. Maintaining speed is one of the factors of safe flight.

The take-off phase of an aircraft is the most complex and time-consuming process among all aircraft that exist. The take-off process begins immediately from the moment the aircraft moves along the runway, after which the aircraft takes off and takes off from the canvas. All this ends with the height of the transition to the flight itself.

Due to the huge number of types of aircraft and their flight characteristics, the speed of aircraft during takeoff varies significantly. It is logical that a light pleasure aircraft with one engine will take off much faster and at a lower speed than a huge passenger liner, in addition, they require different take-off run times.

Types of aircraft takeoff:

• One of the most common types of takeoffs is taking off the brakes. In this form, the aircraft is on the brakes, then the engines are accelerated to the desired mode. The field of a set of the necessary revolutions of the engines releases the brakes, and the run begins.
• They also take off with a short stop of the liner on the runway, while the brakes are not used, and the car picks up the required engine speed directly during the takeoff run. Using this takeoff method, a longer runway is needed.
• Takeoff is used when accelerating the aircraft engines while still in the process of taxiing out onto the runway. At the same time, the aircraft does not stop and begins to lift off the runway immediately. This option of engine acceleration is necessary at airfields with a high load, which significantly reduces the time for takeoff and clearing the runway.

• There are takeoffs of aircraft with the use of special equipment. This method is usually used to take off military aircraft from the decks of aircraft carriers, which have a fairly short runway. In this case, catapult systems, springboards or systems for holding the wheels are used. Sometimes, for takeoffs from aircraft carriers, attack aircraft are equipped with additional rocket engines that run on solid fuel and give additional thrust.
• More recently, military aircraft may have vertical takeoff, which reduces the aircraft's takeoff speed to zero. At the same time, they can be used even on small take-off areas. The disadvantage of this machine is that a huge number

• fuel is consumed during takeoff.
• Due to the existence of seaplanes, it is also possible to take off from the water areas of various water bodies.

The speed of an aircraft during takeoff is a very important factor in a reliable and safe flight. First of all, it should be noted that during takeoff, the engines gain enormous speed in order to provide the necessary thrust. It is the take-off mode that is the most difficult and difficult for power plant, and that is why engines break down most often in these modes. It is not strange that the biggest plane crash in the history of aviation occurred precisely during the takeoff of an aircraft.

Due to all this, each aircraft has specific recommendations and rules for taking off the device. Such manuals can be both general for all aircraft, and more specialized for each individual type of liner. They contain takeoff speed, maximum takeoff weight, noise level and many other factors.

When the aircraft takes off, it is necessary to calculate such an indicator as (V1). This indicator shows at what stage of the run it is still possible to stop the aircraft within the runway. It is calculated by the co-pilot or navigator, taking into account a huge number of factors such as the type of runway coverage, its slope, climatic conditions, aircraft load, etc. Sometimes it happens that during takeoff the engine may fail after passing the point (V1), in this case it is necessary to continue the takeoff on working engines, then make a circle and land.

But still, how to answer the question, what is the speed of the aircraft during takeoff, is impossible, since each machine, even of the same class, differs in the speed at which it can take off from the runway. Everyone understands that a small sports aircraft will take off at much lower speeds than a huge passenger airliner.

Airplane takeoff speed:

• Yak 40 - 180 km / h.
• Tu 154M - 210 km / h.
• Boeing 737 - 220 km / h.
• IL 96 - 250 km / h.
• Airbus A380 - 268 km / h.
• Boeing 747 - 270 km / h.

The liftoff figures given for these aircraft are approximate as takeoff speed can be affected by a myriad of factors.

Factors that affect the speed of an aircraft during takeoff:

• The most important factor is the direction and strength of the wind during takeoff. A headwind helps aircraft lift off much faster as it provides additional lift.
• The second important factor can be called meteorological conditions, namely air humidity and the presence of precipitation, which complicates the acceleration of the car.
• The last is the human factor, namely the decision of the pilots at what speed of the aircraft to take off.

All of the above determines what the speed of the aircraft during takeoff will be for different models of airliners.