Crimea is a place where there are many miraculous objects that have an unusual shape or content and are of value to the ecosystem and, in general, to all mankind.
These non-man-made objects are called landscape monuments. Landscape monuments include mountains, nature reserves, forests, rocks, caves, trails, etc. feature of the Crimean landscapes is also unusual that ordinary European plants grow next to typical Mediterranean and Asian ones.
Our peninsula is a territory where plants that grow here in the pre-glacial period are still found - this is a small-fruited strawberry, a high juniper, an orchid Comperia Compera. Scientists have identified 142 species of plants that are not found anywhere except the Crimea.
Landscape The peninsulas can be divided into the northern part, which is occupied by a plain in size, which is about three-quarters of the entire area of Crimea, and into the southern part, which accounts for ¼, where the main ridge of the Crimean Mountains (external) passes.
The Crimean ridge can be divided into internal (northern) and external (southern). The inner ridge, 125 kilometers long, starts from the Meckenzian Mountains, near Sevastopol, and runs in the Belogorsk region, to Mount Agarmysh, in Stary Krym.
The inner and outer parts of the Crimean Mountains are separated by flat areas, natural basins - these are the Baidar valley, the Kyzyl-Koba valley and others. These valleys surrounded by mountains create a unique natural landscape. The Crimean mountains are rich in vegetation and form beautiful mountain forest landscapes with their slopes.
2. Landscapes of the southern coast of Crimea
Waterfall and cave in the valley near the Red Cave Perhaps the most famous and one of the most beautiful landscape monuments is Big Yalta, which represents 80 kilometers of the Black Sea coast. The winding shore, approaching close to the sea, as well as the unique main ridge of the Crimean Mountains, plus a dry warm climate, attract many connoisseurs of natural earthly beauty with their landscape.
There are many of the most unique and unusual extreme places. Crimea and even Ukraine. Cape Sarych is located on this territory - this is the southernmost point of the country, Alupka is the warmest place in Ukraine, here, according to scientists, the most a large number of sunny days a year, and Mount Ai-Petri is considered the most windy mountain, there are the most winds here. The most high mountain Crimea is also located here - this is Mount Roman-Kosh.
And not only big Yalta, for long millions of years the entire coast of the Black Sea took on such bizarre shapes, stunning in their beauty in the form of rocky cliffs, pebble and sandy beaches, cozy bays.
The fabulous landscape changes along the entire coast of Crimea, washed first by the Black Sea, then by the Sea of Azov, and then by Lake Sivash. Palm trees, laurels and cypresses, brought to the Crimea much later and giving harmony and beauty Crimean landscape.
The main ridge of the Crimean mountains stretches along the Crimean coast from the southwest to the east, and has a length of about 160 km and a width of 40 - 50 km. The mountains descend like an amphitheater to the sea, forming beautiful "yayla" - this is the Yalta yayla reaching a height of 1406m, where the city of Yalta is located.
Ai-Petri Yayla reaches a height of 1320 m, Alupka and Simeiz are picturesquely spread here. Gurzuf Yayla has a height of 1540 m - Gurzuf is located, Nikitskaya Yayla has a height of 1470 m, here is located, famous far beyond the Crimea, Nikitsky Botanical garden.
Babugan-yayla has the highest point of the Crimea 1545m, located on Mount Roman-kosh. The amphitheaters of these yayls have been inhabited by people since ancient times; ancient human sites have been discovered here.
Crimean pine On the southern side of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains, two belts of vegetation are distinguished: at the top, Scotch pine is more common, and below - at an altitude of 300-400 m above the sea, there are forests of Crimean pine. Then, going down towards the sea, there is the so-called shilyak belt.
Here the vegetation is of the Mediterranean type - high juniper, downy oak, needle, strawberry tree, wild pistachio, etc.
In the forests of the southern coast of Crimea, relic coniferous plants have been preserved - yew berry and high juniper, Juniperus excelsa, individual specimens reach 3-5 meters in volume.
Some copies of these relics reach 1000 years. They can be found in the Laspi tract, on Cape Sarych, Ai-Todor, Martyan, Montedor, in the Kanak gully. Thanks to the relief, in the Crimea you can see a wide variety of landscapes and various vegetation.
3. Landscape of the inner ridge of the Crimean mountains
The northern part, the inner, main ridge of the Crimean mountains descends to Bakhchisarai, and is called the Crimean foothills. Her landscape cut by amazing canyons, mountain ranges and table-like mountain plateaus, as if by nature intended for human settlements. This is evidenced by the ancient cave cities.
The Crimean mountains were formed for millions of years, being understood from the bottom ancient sea, where such sedimentary rocks as limestones, sandstones, marls, clays and clay shales accumulated. Rising from the day of the sea, the mountains were exposed to wind, water and different temperatures.
In places of geological faults, under the influence of water, river valleys, canyons and mountain ranges appeared. A characteristic feature of the inner part of the Crimean Mountains is gentle slopes called cuesta (slope). From the dense limestones of the upper layers of the cuesta, ledges-cornices were obtained. In the process of erosion of rocks, the most bizarre figures appeared on the inner ridge: "sphinxes", "mushrooms", "ribs", grottoes, mountains - remnants.
4.Landscapes of the steppe part of Crimea
Landscape The plain part of the Crimea is relatively monotonous, a steppe plain stretches to the north, sometimes there are small hills. In the west is the Tarkankhut peninsula, it is also treeless, and in spring and early summer it is covered with green vegetation and beautiful flowers that fade under the hot Crimean sun by the middle of summer.
The seashore is steep, high, there are caves, grottoes. Moving inland from the Crimean mountains and the sea, you find yourself in the steppe zone, where unusual and fast rivers, become calm, large arrays of orchards and vineyards appear, there are large strips of meadows with bright poppies and other vegetation.
The plains gradually decrease from south to north, occupying the northern and central part. The nature of Crimea is unique in its combination of flat landscapes and mountain ranges. In this part of the Crimea, there are many garden and park complexes built after the annexation of the Crimea to Russia, natural landscapes, as it were, are decorated and exalted by the landscapes of parks created by human hands. I wrote about one such park complex here.
5. Seas washing Crimea
From the south, Crimea is washed by the Black Sea, and from the east, the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov is located. Between these two seas is the Kerch Strait, with a width of 5 to 15 km. The depth of the Black Sea in some places reaches 2200 meters and has no noticeable tides or low tides. The depth of the Sea of Azov is about 13.5 meters.
6. Rivers of the Crimean Peninsula
Crimean rivers, as a rule, are not large and full-flowing, they are winding and fast. Most of the rivers, under the scorching rays of the summer sun, almost dry up, or go underground, into karst cavities. The largest Crimean river is Salgir, and the most full-flowing is Belbek.
Crimean rivers, passing through constantly changing mountainous reliefs, canyons and gorges, either falling, or rising, or spreading across the plain, often form whole cascades of waterfalls, attracting numerous groups of tourists.
Crimean rivers are small mountain streams resembling streams. In summer, most often, drying up rivers expose their channel, which is littered with boulders, stones of various sizes and shapes. Sometimes a thin trickle of a stream breaks through these boulders, then hides under the ground and suddenly reappears on the surface of the earth.
But if heavy rain falls in the mountains, the rivers instantly fill with water, overflow their banks, breaking into numerous streams, rapidly rushing down, then uniting into one stream, they capture both large stones and uprooted ones. trees.
Tourists need to know this when choosing a place to stay and place their tourist equipment away from seemingly harmless streams. Crimea is also rich in salt lakes.
7. Caves of the peninsula
caves Crimean peninsula
In Crimea many karst caves have been discovered, which, in their beauty, are attractive to speleologists from all over the world. On Mount Chatyr-Dag, a cave called "Marble" is open and equipped for tourists to visit. This name was given to her because of her unique beauty, resembling a complex pattern of marble.
The cave has several, equipped for visitors, halls and galleries, with a length of about one and a half kilometers. The depth of the cave is 60 meters, and the explored length is more than two kilometers. Unique marble cave ranks fifth in the world among the most beautiful caves on the planet.
Well, the longest karst cave Crimea is Red, its length is 16 thousand meters. The record for depth is set by the Soldatskaya Cave, which goes 517 meters deep. Also, one of the unique in Europe for its unusual underground coloring is the Emine-Bair-_Khosar cave, which is located near the Marble Cave.
You can completely organize a visit to many landscape monuments of the Crimea on your own, since the infrastructure in the Crimea is developed and can be reached everywhere by public transport the roads are not bad.
visit llandscape monuments It can be paid and free, as a rule, visiting the monuments is available from April to October, but there are also winter visits. Many landscape monuments are protected by the state or a great deal of assistance is provided to private individuals who make the Crimean landscape unique, such as .
Categories:/ from 12.02.2013The Eastern Coast of Crimea is a huge tourist region, covering the coast of the Sea of Azov from the steppe shores of the Dzhankoy region to the Kerch Strait, a wide strip Black Sea coast- from Cape Opuk on the Kerch Peninsula to the village of Morskoye on the southern outskirts of Sudak. Length coastline is 160 km. The eastern coast of Crimea unites large resort cities - Kerch, Feodosia and Sudak, small resort villages interconnected by transport infrastructure.
Climate
The territory of the region covers several climatic zones. In the region of the Kerch Peninsula, a moderately warm climate of the steppe zone reigns - the air is drier here, there is very little precipitation, summers are hot and sunny, and winters are relatively cold for Crimea. To the south, towards Koktebel and Sudak, the climate is increasingly becoming Mediterranean. The air is more humid, the summer heat is softened by sea breezes, and the winter is warm.
seasonality
Beach season on the Eastern coast of Crimea, from May to September - on the Sea of Azov, from May to October - on the Black Sea. At that time sea waters warm up to 18-26°C, and the average air temperature is 24°C. Summer is time active rest Most excursions take place at this time of the year. The "velvet season" in Crimea has its fans - the beginning of autumn, when the sea is still warm in summer, and daytime temperatures are more comfortable. Everything for year-round recreation is available in large resorts Eastern Crimea- Kerch, Feodosia and Sudak. In the off-season, there are a number of hotels, boarding houses with treatment and sanatoriums. Music and dance festivals, holidays, a large number of attractions and excursion programs make the Eastern Coast of Crimea an increasingly popular holiday destination in autumn, winter and even early spring. Small resorts focused on beach holiday only open during high season.
Landscape
Eastern Coast of Crimea - the rivalry of mountains and steppes. The north of the region is represented by a plain overgrown with fescue and feather grass, cut through by gullies and ravines. There is a chain of hills in the Kerch region. The shores here in some places form picturesque sandy cliffs, and in some places they gently go under water. From Koktebel to the south along the coast, the nature of the relief changes dramatically - the ridge of the Crimean Mountains begins. Above resort villages and cities rise Mountain peaks, rocky capes cut into the sea, the coast becomes rocky, indented by numerous bays. The Mediterranean flora dominates here, it is enough to climb the mountains a little to see relic juniper groves, Crimean pine on the rocky ledges of the mountains, vineyards.
The exceptionally high landscape and biological diversity of Crimea, despite its insignificant latitudinal extent (324 km in latitude and 207 km in meridian), is its main resource in the context of providing a landscape background for various kinds health-improving, sports, educational and entertainment activities and the organization of special visits to landscape objects for sightseeing shows and eco-tourism promotions.
Crimea is a unique territory in terms of the combination of landscapes in a small area (26 thousand sq. km): flat semi-desert, typical steppe; foothill forest-steppe and forest; mountain forest (oak, hornbeam, pine, beech) forests and semi-subtropical endemic and relict juniper-pistachio forests (Fig. 2.21). The unique landscape diversity has a high aesthetic value and attractiveness for tourist and recreational activities. Landscape diversity is enhanced by a combination of plain and mountain landscapes, land and sea, and is complemented by underground cave landscapes 1 .
Pozachenyuk E., Karpenko S. Landscape and recreational microzoningas a basis for creation of new recreational/tourism obiects evidence from Crimea, Ukraine 2013. No. 20. P. 26-33.
Rice. 2.21.
Zone of low-lying undrained and poorly drained accumulative and denudation plains with fescue-feather grass, sagebrush-fescue, sagebrush-wheatgrass steppes
in complex with halophytic meadows and steppes Hydromorphic belts:
coastal undrained lowlands, beaches and spits with halophyte meadows, salt marshes and psammophyte communities; accumulative and denudation undrained and poorly drained lowlands with sagebrush-fescue, sagebrush-wheatgrass and feather-grass-fescue steppes;
accumulative and denudation poorly drained plains with feather grass-fescue and sagebrush-fescue steppes;
| accumulative drained and poorly drained lowlands with feather grass-fescue steppes in combination with feather grass-forb steppes.
Zone of typical feather-grass-fescue and poor-forb-feather-grass-fescue steppes in combination with petrophytic
and shrub steppes
landscape tiers:
I I denudation layer of feather grass-fescue, petrophytic and shrub steppes;
1 denudation-accumulative layer with feather grass-fescue, shrub-forb and petrophyte steppes.
Zone of foothill accumulative, remnant-denudation and structural denudation plains and cuesta uplands with forb steppes, shrub thickets, forest-steppe and undersized oak forests Landscape belts of the northern macroslope:
forb-bearded and forb-asphodeline steppes on accumulative and denudation plains; e forest-steppe on denudation-remnant, structural denudation and accumulative plains, kuesta uplands;
| oak forests and shrub thickets on denudation-remnant and inclined structural denudation plains and cuesta uplands.
Landscape belts in the low-mountain zone of the southern coast of Crimea:
| | oak-pistachio, juniper-pine forests and shilyakovy
thickets;
| pine, oak and mixed broad-leaved forests and shiblyak thickets.
Zone of the northern macroslope of mountains, beech, oak and mixed broad-leaved forests
landscape belts:
|-1 hollows and erosional low mountains, oak, mixed widely
deciduous and pine forests;
I mid-mountain-slope, oak, juniper-oak and mixed broad-leaved forests;
| mid-mountain-slope, beech, beech-hornbeam, mixed broad-leaved forests.
Zone of the southern macroslope of mountains, oak, pine and mixed
deciduous forests
landscape belts:
| | low-mountain-slope, oak and mixed
deciduous forests;
| mid-mountain-slope, oak, pine and mixed broad-leaved forests;
beech and mixed broad-leaved forests.
Zone of Yaylin plateaus, mountain meadows and mountain forest-steppe landscape belts:
| | forest and meadow-forest-steppe plateaus;
meadow and meadow-forest plateaus.
The assessment of the landscape as a recreational resource can be carried out based on its properties such as landscape diversity; landscape diversity of the territory and the perception of the landscape by others; area of natural landscapes close to zonal; the ratio of natural landscapes and transformed (anthropogenic), etc.
Among the factors that determine the landscape diversity of the territory, the following can be distinguished:
Positional relations of the territory - form special landscapes in the zone of contact between land and sea, at the junction of tectonic structures, plains and mountains, forests and steppes, on the boundary
climatic zones, areas of flora and fauna, etc. ;
- the history of landscape formation, which determined the connections (or, conversely, isolation) with other landscapes, the nature and frequency of regime changes (climatic, tectonic, etc.);
- lithological diversity of rocks, contributing to the creation of various forms of relief and, accordingly, the diversity of ecological niches of living organisms, etc.;
- the degree of dissection of the relief, which affects the lower landscape level on the diversity of relief forms, exposures, ongoing natural processes, etc.;
- anthropogenic impact on the environment and the formation of unique anthropogenic landscapes.
Crimean landscapes develop depending on the position relative to the Black and Seas of Azov, as well as the Scythian platform and geosynclinal structures of the Crimean mountains. As a result, they are subdivided into two parts contrasting in natural qualities: plain steppe (about 16,000 sq. km) and mountainous, predominantly forested (about 10,000 sq. km). The spatial combination of the platform and geosynclinal structures of the Crimea led to the formation of landscape levels: hydromorphic, upland, low-mountain, and mid-mountain (see Fig. 2.21). Landscape level - these are planetary geomorphological levels, relatively uniform in relief and soil moisture.
In Crimea, there are fragments of hydromorphic (28.4% of the peninsula area), upland (35.4%), foothill (25.9%) and mid-mountain (10.3%) landscape levels (Fig. 2.22). Each landscape level has its own set of natural zones and other units of landscape spatial differentiation.
Grishankov G.E.., Pashchenko V.A., Pozachenyuk E.A. Positioning in landscapes and landscape science // Physical geography and geomorphology. Republican Interdepartmental Collection. Kyiv, 1991. S. 11-20.
Grishaikov G.E. Landscape levels of the continents and geographical zoning // Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1972. No. 4. S. 4-12. (Series: Geography).
due to a different combination of factors. At the hydromorphic level, intrazonal differentiation is associated primarily with a change in the level of groundwater, at the upland level, with the presence of high-altitude steps, at the foothill and mid-mountain levels, with height above sea level and position in relation to radiation and circulation flows.
LANDSCAPE LEVELS OF THE CRIMEA
Gndromorphny Plakorny Piedmont Middle Mountain
Row2? RyadZ
Rice. 2.22.Areal (row 2) and height (row 3) ratios of the landscape levels of the Crimea
The position of Crimea in the south of the temperate zone, combined with positional effects, forms Various types landscapes of a temperate climate within the plains of Crimea and the northern macroslope of the Crimean Mountains, and on the southern macroslope - semi-subtropical south coast.
The natural spatial conjugation of landscape levels, combined with the type of climate, led to the formation in the Crimea of an integral system of landscape zones, landscape belts and other landscape units.
In the north of the peninsula, the landscapes of the North Crimean lowland extend, which are now heavily cultivated. But the combination of coastal sea and flat territories makes this part of Crimea quite attractive in terms of tourism and recreation. This resource is acceptable for the development of rural tourism.
The southern part of the Crimean peninsula is occupied by mountains: the main ridge of the Crimean mountains and the foothills surrounding it. The specificity of the landscapes of the Main Ridge is that it has flat peaks - yayls with mountain meadows and forest landscapes. The development of karst in the Upper Jurassic limestones forms surface and underground karst landscapes. There are several equipped caves in Crimea - Marble, Emine-Bair-Khosar, Krasnaya, which have become the center of attraction for tourism and the development of a whole tourist complex around them. Underworld Crimea has a high recreational resource and deserves further recreational development. Considering that the yayls of Crimea are the largest catchment area and reservoir of fresh waters, the recreational use of the yayls should be strictly regulated.
A special picturesque landscape of the Southern Coast of Crimea (SCC), as a geoecotone (transitional zone), combining land and sea landscapes; semi-subtropical forest, steppe and shrublands, has a high health-improving function. Phytoncides of the Crimean pine and pine-juniper forests are a good environment for healing and treating pulmonary diseases. A special role belongs to the high juniper forests: 4 g of essential oil can improve the health of the population small town. Landscapes of the South Coast - a resource for development elite vacation, climate therapy, cruise, festival and other types of tourism.
The combination of tectonic structures of a lower order (synclines and anticlines) leads to a variety of geological and geomorphological bases and the formation of unique Crimean landscapes, such as cuesta landscapes 1 . Kuesto landscapes are one of the most attractive landscapes of the Crimea, and in combination with ancient settlements - a resource for the development of educational, hiking, speleotourism, etc. These are centers of attraction for tourists and pilgrims.
The history of the Crimean landscapes formation determined the presence in the Crimea of unique relic landscapes, which are an indispensable resource for educational and scientific tourism. The core of the Crimean flora forms the ancient Mediterranean geographical element (Fig. 2.23). The number of Mediterranean species with the inclusion of transitional European-Mediterranean species reaches 50% 2 . This fact testifies to the close connection of the Crimea with the ancient Mediterranean.
Rice. 2.23.
The lithological diversity of rocks determines the formation of landscape diversity and unique landscapes. The forest-steppe landscapes of the foothills of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains with steep limestone massifs have attracted residents since ancient times. Mountain and foothill landscapes are a good resource for the development of mountain sports tourism,
Grishankov G.E., Pozachenyuk E.A. Genesis of the cuest relief of the Piedmont Crimea // Physical geography and geomorphology: Respub. interdepartmental scientific Sat. (Siev: High school, 1984. Issue 31. P. 108-115.
Pozachenyuk E.A. Floristic connections of the Crimea from the point of view of positional relations // Ecosystems, their optimization and protection. Simferopol TNU publishing house, 2012. Issue. 7. S. 11-21.
Compiled by Dr. Geogr. sciences, prof. E.A. Pozachenyuk.
ethnographic, rural, military-historical, equestrian, educational. Past tectonic activity has led to the unique landscapes of laccoliths (Ayu-Dag, Kastel) and extinct volcanoes- Karadag.
Within the limits of the Crimean peninsula, 128 geological monuments are distinguished with the originality of the formation of landscape complexes. Geological monuments of the Crimea are divided into geomorphological, stratigraphic, tectonic, paleontological, mineralogical-petrographic, geocultural. Geological monuments are concentrated mainly in the mountainous part of the Crimea, as well as on the Kerch Peninsula, and to a lesser extent - in the flat part. Landscapes of geological monuments are a resource for the formation of geoparks that are actively developing in Europe.
The whole set of factors that determine the landscape diversity of Crimea leads to the formation of a unique landscape environment for the development of recreation and tourism.
Landscape diversity can be assessed depending on its types: traditional-landscape or classical; biocentric; anthropogenic; humanitarian. These concepts do not contradict one another, but are interconnected and complement each other. Based on each of them, recreational resources can be evaluated.
Classical landscape diversity comes from the traditional understanding of the landscape as natural object. The indicators currently used to characterize landscape diversity are very diverse, very subjective and difficult to apply in practice, in particular in the tourism sector. If we consider landscape diversity as a recreational resource along with resources, for example, beach, balneological, climatological and others, then for the organizers of the tourism industry, the following indicators are of interest: qualitative properties of the resource, its quantity (area, volume, reserves), seasonality, duration of the period of use , stability of the landscape to recreational loads. The analysis of landscape maps makes it possible to propose the following characteristics: the ratio of the number of landscape contours and the areas they occupy, location (landscape contrast), configuration features, frequency of occurrence of landscape complexes (dominant, rare, unique).
On the basis of landscape maps of the Crimea, an assessment of landscape diversity was carried out (Fig. 2.24).
Rice. 2.24.
areas
The maximum diversity or a sharp increase in the intensity of its manifestation is characteristic of the Crimean geoecotones - transitional zones between the foothill and the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains, southern coastal and mountainous landscapes. The maximum landscape diversity is manifested in the southwestern Mountainous Crimea and, in particular, is typical for the South Coast from Cape Ai-Todor to Cape Satera. This territory, as a landscape environment, is the most valuable in terms of recreation.
An analysis of the areas of Crimean landscapes showed that the maximum area is occupied by upland landscapes of typical steppes in combination with savannoid and phryganoid semi-subtropical steppes, then it decreases to phryganoid steppes and landscapes of hydromorphic plains. The minimum area is occupied by landscapes of mountain meadows and forest-steppe, as well as landscapes of the belt of mixed broad-leaved and pine forests, landscapes of the belt of pine and beech forests of the southern macroslope, and landscapes of mixed broad-leaved and pine forests of the northern macroslope.
Analysis of the areas of the middle contour of the landscapes of zones and belts practically correlates with the area of the zones and belts themselves. The minimum average area of the landscape contour belongs to the southern coastal landscapes of pistachio-oak and oak-juniper forests, shrub thickets, savanna and friganoid steppes (Fig. 2.25). The areas of landscape units, especially those landscapes that are characterized by minimum values, must be taken into account when calculating recreational loads and planning tourist and recreational activities.
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 19 14 1$ 16 17 18
- 2 7000 2 6000
- 3 boooo
- ? 4000 s 3000 2000 1000 o
- 70 І 60 s 60 \u003d 40?
)° 5 20 « 10 ?
Rice. 2.25.Landscape diversity of Crimea at the level of belts
and tiers:
row 1 - area of landscapes; row 2 - the number of landscape contours; row 3 - the number of typological landscape contours; landscape belts and tiers: 1-3 - landscape hydromorphic belts; 4-5 - landscape tiers of the Crimean plains; 6-8 - landscape belts of the foothills; 9-10 - landscape belts of the South Coast; 11-16 - landscape belts of mid-mountain slopes; 17-18 - landscape belts yail
The number of all landscape contours and the number of typological contours by landscape zones and belts (see Fig. 2.25) reflects their high degree of correlation. The landscapes of the semi-subtropical forest-steppe of the foothills of the northern macroslope stand out with the highest landscape diversity (71 contours and 10 typological contours with an area of 1.8 thousand sq. km). The landscapes of the South Coast (9, 10) are distinguished by a certain “anomaly”, they have a minimum average area of the landscape contour of the southern coastal landscapes of pistachio-oak and oak-juniper forests, shrubs, savanna and phryganoid steppes (9). There is an inverse relationship between the area of landscapes and the total and typological number of their contours. The area is minimal, and the number of contours is maximum. In all other landscapes of the Crimea, there is a directly proportional relationship between the area and the number of contours.
The highest coefficient of landscape diversity (Fig. 2.26) is found in the southern coastal landscapes - pistachio-oak and oak-juniper forests, shrub thickets, savannoid and phryganoid steppes (K l. n = 2.0). The coefficient of landscape diversity of mountain landscapes (K l.n = 0.3-0.6) differs sharply from the plains (0.04-0.15). Moreover, among the flat landscapes, hydromorphic solonchak and halophytic meadows in combination with sagebrush-fescue steppes have the greatest variety. Among the mountain landscapes, mixed broad-leaved and pine forests are distinguished by landscape diversity (K l n = 0.6). The Yaylin landscapes of mountain meadows and forest-steppe are distinguished by a high diversity (K l p = 0.7).
Landshoe roemoorosi coefficient
LANDSCAPE P01SAII 1ty
Rice. 2.26. The coefficient of diversity of Crimean landscapes (K l. r) on
level of belts and tiers:
1-3 - landscape hydromorphic belts; 4-5 - landscape tiers of the Crimean plains; 6-8 - landscape belts of the foothills; 9-10 - landscape belts of the South Coast; 11-16 - landscape belts of mid-mountain slopes; 17-18 - landscape belts yail
All Crimean landscapes are characterized by seasonal dynamism, four seasons are well expressed, which makes them attractive for recreants, with the possibility of developing both summer and winter types of tourism and recreation.
Biocenotic landscape diversity is associated with the value of the biotic component of the landscape and is based in most cases on the Crimean ecological network system (ecocentres and ecocorridors), the most valuable elements of which are objects of the nature reserve fund (see section 2.1.6).
Anthropogenic landscape diversity reflects the diversity of land uses, both existing and historical. As a resource, this type of landscape diversity manifests itself in several properties. The assessment of recreational resources of this type of diversity is based not only on indicators of the diversity of types of nature management, the contour of territorial structures, but also on the degree of their “culturality”, aesthetics, originality (ethnicity), aesthetic and cultural and historical value.
The Crimean region is characterized by a high proportion of anthropogenic landscapes (71% of the territory is agricultural land, 47% is arable land). The territories directly used for organizing recreation and tourism are 10.2 thousand hectares, including land for recreational purposes - 1.6 thousand hectares, recreational purposes - 4.3 thousand hectares, historical and cultural purposes - 4.3 thousand ha. Territories of agricultural use can serve as a resource for the development of green tourism, especially attractive in this regard are the landscapes of the foothills of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains, which have high aesthetics. The landscapes of the flat Crimea are promising for use.
Currently underused is resource of sacred objects, which is so rich in Crimea. In Crimea, with its rich ethnic and religious history of ethnic groups and ethnic groups, these include buildings of 111-11 millennia BC. - menhirs (from the Greek. megas- big, cast - stone), cromlechs, dolmens. These are little studied objects. Until now, some issues of their construction and purpose remain controversial. Undoubtedly, they are of great educational value, but only a few objects are sightseeing, most can become promising display objects when arranging new excursion routes. The most prominent of them are the Skelsky Menhirs in the Baidarskaya Valley, the menhir in the Bogaz-Sala tract near Bakhchisaray, as well as the cromlechs near Alushta and in the area of the Karasu-Bashi Polyana (Belogorsky district). Menhirs in the village Rodnikovskoe - the most ancient in the Crimea stone monuments that were created by man. Initially, there were three menhirs, they were placed in a certain order, and the whole structure looked like a right-angled triangle. The surviving menhirs have the following parameters: the highest (Fig. 2.27) is inclined up to 10°, but its height is 2.7 m, diameter - up to 0.8 m; the second menhir is located on the site of the monument to those who died during the Second World War, has a height of 1.5 m, a length of 0.5 m and a width of 1.2 m; the third menhir was moved during the construction of a local club and lies in a ravine (dimensions: height 2.1 m, length 0.4 m and width 0.6 m).
Rice. 2.27.
All menhirs are made of the same material - pink marble-like limestone. Skelsky menhirs are the largest known in South-Eastern Europe. European tourists come to see these menhirs. However, many Crimean sacral objects are not only underused in the recreational and tourist industry, but also experience a negative impact during economic activities and are exposed to acts of vandalism.
Humanitarian interpretation of landscape diversity is reduced to a holistic human perception of the landscape as a natural and cultural entity. From the point of view of humanitarian perception, three environments can be distinguished: natural, cultural and ethnic. Natural - assessment of the landscape from the point of view of its perception by a person (assessment of the degree of aesthetics and the level of diversity); cultural environment (architecture, traditional forms of housing, forms of land use, etc.) - a person feels comfortable if he is in his cultural environment or has access to it; ethnic diversity - a variety of traditions, lifestyles, etc. Humanitarian diversity is a direct recreational resource, and its assessment depends on the historical value of objects, the degree of their aesthetics, etc.
Preservation and renewal of landscape diversity acts as an environmental and socio-psychological function. A comfortable state of a person is possible in the landscape that gives him a variety of values and access to them. A person should not feel alienated from the landscape, from its natural wealth(a component of the historical past, ethnic traditions that have formed here).
Indicators of landscape diversity, which are based on its humanitarian understanding, are specific. An important indicator is how a person perceives the landscape. The system of environmental indicators includes not only objectively measurable characteristics of the landscape, but also some psychological characteristics. These include the following factors:
- beauty, mystery, bright feature (cliff, waterfall). These characteristics are perceived by people as a feature, for which they perceive the landscape;
- human perception of the landscape, when it has a variety of vegetation cover, the presence of water bodies in the landscape, etc.;
- the optimal level of diversity of the landscape, in which a person feels more comfortable, in which he better restores himself after stress.
Despite the fact that beauty is an objective property of the surrounding world and an objective human need when planning recreational species recreation, including health-improving ones, it is necessary to take into account the subjective need of the vacationer in the form of a landscape. It is uncomfortable for recreants permanently residing in the steppe regions to rest in the mountains, while mountaineers, on the contrary, in the plains. In this regard, the flat Crimea is not in demand as a landscape recreational resource.
Monuments of landscape gardening art of the Crimea have great attractiveness, many of which serve as objects of a targeted excursion display. Among them are the Karasan Park (founded in the 19th century; it has 220 different species and garden forms of dendroflora on 18 hectares); park of the sanatorium "Utes" (about 150 species and forms of plants per 5 hectares); a park in the Aivazovskoye rest house in Partenit; Arboretum of the Crimean Nature Reserve (more than 100 species of plants on an area of 6 hectares), Miskhorsky, Livadia, Massandrovsky and Vorontsovsky parks.
In modern tourist-excursion practice, many landscape objects are actively used, which are of great image-forming importance for the Crimea as a whole and its recreational areas.
Southern recreational area:
- Ayu-Dag (Bear Mountain) - a symbol of the South Coast; landscape reserve since 1974. It is an intrusive massif composed of gabbrodiabases, interesting for lovers of geological collections and studying Crimean endemics (44 species of Red Book plants);
- caves of the Chatyr-Dag massif;
- Demerdzhi mountain range. It is composed of Upper Jurassic conglomerates, and individual inclusions are represented by rocks whose age reaches 1.1 billion years. On the southwestern slope there is a Big Stone Chaos, on the southern slope bizarre forms of weathering have formed, known as the Valley of Ghosts - a popular object of natural and educational tourism;
- Khapkhal tract - a gorge on the Ulu-Uzen river. It is located in a hard-to-reach place at the foot of the Tyr-ke mountain range. On the river Ulu-Uzen near the village. Generalskoe is located the Dzhur-Dzhur waterfall - the most powerful waterfall in the Crimea, which does not dry out even in dry years;
- the valley of the river Sotera has been a protected area since 1980 (area - 10 ha). A unique monument of nature is located in the water of the beams - Stone Mushrooms of Sotera - an example of the original development of the relief in conditions of insufficient afforestation of the slopes and the influence of water erosion;
- Kuchuk-Lambatsky stone chaos - stretched for 1 km along a slope 200 m high to the seashore near the village. Cypress. Formed by the collapse of the Upper Jurassic limestones. Separate blocks reach the size of a two-story house;
- The Kanaka tract has been a botanical reserve since 1987 (area - 160 ha). The object of ecological tourism is a grove of high juniper 500-600 years old;
- Wuchang-Su waterfall;
- Yaman-Dere gorge and Golovkinsky waterfall.
Southeast region:
Novy Svet is a landscape reserve with groves of relict Sudak pine and tree-like juniper and picturesque coastal-aquatic complexes of Goluboy bays,
Blue, Green, Rogue. The famous Golitsyn trail passes here;
- Karadag is an ancient volcanic massif, a kind of mineralogical natural museum, whose age is about 150 million years. Only the Great Ecological Trail is open here for mountain hiking;
- Uzun-Syrt plateau with unique ascending air currents.
Southwest region:
- Cossack Bay - a general zoological, hydrological reserve of national importance;
- Cape Aya - landscape reserve of national importance;
- Cape Fiolent - a landscape reserve of national importance with a coastal aquatic complex;
- the rocks of Laspi - a reserved tract;
- Baydarsky reserve - a landscape reserve of national importance;
- Chernorechensky canyon.
Western region:
Lakes Moinaki, Sasyk-Sivash, Saki and others.
Northwestern region:
- Swan Islands - a reserve of international importance;
- Big and Small Atlesh - coastal-aquatic complexes;
- Dzhangulskoe landslide coast with numerous forms of coastal destruction.
Eastern region:
- Kazantip nature reserve- with virgin areas of feather grass, petrophilic, shrub and meadow steppe. Of the 617 species of vascular plants, 25 species are listed in the Red Book of Crimea, 12 plant species are endemic and relics, eight species are listed in the Red Book of Europe and six are protected. International Union nature conservation. Animal world represented by 188 species of vertebrates and 450 species of invertebrates, 35 species are protected;
- Astana plavni is a state ornithological reserve. The lands attract numerous migratory and nesting waterfowl in the Crimea, more than 120 species have been registered;
- Bulganak mud volcanic massif (area about 4 sq. km), located 9 km north of Kerch, near the village. Bondarenkovo. The most famous are the Andrusov, Vernadsky and Obruchev hills, the Abikh cone;
- regional park "Karalarsky" (Chagany area, 6806 ha; Leninsky district). In the conditions of the former military training ground, large areas of virgin feather grass, forb and shrub steppe with great floristic diversity are well preserved;
- Mount Opuk - height 185 m; area 1592.3 ha; reserve since 1998, an example of a ridge-hilly steppe landscape.
Central District:
- Mangup-Kale - a complex natural monument of national importance;
- grand canyon Crimea - a picturesque canyon near the village. Sokolinoe, landscape reserve of national importance;
- Bakla - a tract with interesting rock outcrops;
- Karabi-yayla - karst massif;
- Ak-Kaya is a rock in the Belogorsk region, a complex natural monument of national importance.
Northern region:
Aquatic complexes of the Sivash Bay.
Crimea is distinguished by a wide variety of soil and vegetation cover, which is directly dependent on the features of the geological structure, diversity of parent rocks, topography and climate. A characteristic feature of the distribution of the soil and vegetation cover of the Crimea is a combination of latitudinal and vertical zonality.
Most of the Steppe Crimea is covered southern low humus and carbonate(Priazovsky type) chernozems, which are constantly changing chestnut soils. Near the Sivash and the Karkinitsky Gulf, salt licks And salt marshes.
In the central part of the Crimean plains and in the northeastern part of the Kerch Peninsula, heavy loamy and clayey southern chernozems are widespread. These soils were formed on loess-like rocks under sparse grass vegetation and contain little humus (3-4%). Due to the peculiarities of their mechanical composition, the southern chernozems float during rain, and when dried, they become covered with a crust, however, despite this, they are still the best soils of the Crimean plains. With proper agricultural technology, southern chernozems can provide good yields of grain and industrial crops, grapes. The southern part of the flat Crimea adjacent to the mountains and partly the northeastern region of the Kerch Peninsula.
The belt of southern chernozems to the north is gradually replaced by a belt of heavy loamy dark chestnut and chestnut solonetsous soils, formed under conditions of a high standing of saline groundwater on loess-like rocks. The content of humus in these soils is only 2.5-3%. Soils of the chestnut type are also characteristic of the southwestern region of the Kerch Peninsula, where they were formed on saline Maikop clays. With proper agricultural practices, chestnut soils can provide fairly high yields of various crops.
On the low-lying coast of the Sivash and the Karkinit Bay, where groundwater occurs very close to the surface and is highly saline, solonetzes and solonchaks are developed. Similar soils are also found in the southwestern region of the Kerch Peninsula.
The natural vegetation cover of the flat Crimea was a typical steppe. In the herbage, the main background was turf grasses: various feathery feather grasses, hairy feather grass (tyrsa), fescue (or steppe fescue), thin-legged, steppe keleria (or kipets), wheatgrass. The forbs were represented by sage (drooping and Ethiopian), kermek (Tatar and Sarepta), yellow alfalfa, spring adonis, steppe katran, yarrow, etc. A characteristic element was plants of a short spring vegetation period - ephemera (annual species of fires, hare and mouse barley and etc.) and ephemeroids (tulips, steppe irises, etc.). Significant areas were occupied by the so-called desert steppe on chestnut-type soils. Along with the predominant cereals (fescue, wheatgrass, tyrsa, etc.), Crimean wormwood was very common there as a result of increased grazing. Ephemera and ephemeroids were also quite characteristic.
On the stony-gravelly slopes of ridges and hills of the Tapkhankut and Kerch peninsulas, a petrophytic (stony) steppe is located. Here, along with grasses (feather grass, fescue, wheatgrass, etc.), xerophytic semi-shrubs (wormwood, dubrovnik, thyme) are common. There are shrub thickets of wild rose, hawthorn, blackthorn, etc.
On the saline soils of the coast of the Karkinitsky Gulf, Sivash and the southwestern part of the Kerch Peninsula, solonchak vegetation (sarsazan, soleros, sveda) is common. On drier and less saline soils, cereals grow there (volosnets, beskilnitsa, coastal).
At present, the Crimean steppe has lost its natural appearance. It is almost completely plowed and occupied by fields of wheat, corn, various vegetables, as well as vineyards and orchards. Recently, rice has become more and more widespread in the Crimea. A characteristic element of the cultural landscape of the Crimean plains are field-protective forest strips of white locust, birch bark, ash maple, ash and apricot.
The spaces of the Steppe Crimea with chernozem and chestnut soils are almost completely plowed up, the steppe vegetation is preserved only in small spots on the slopes of the hills and near the roads. Dry feather grass-fescue-sagebrush and fescue-sagebrush steppes dominate in the northern and northeastern, near the Sivash, parts, in some places turning into sagebrush and saltwort semi-desert. The most typical Crimean wormwood. The association of Crimean wormwood with bulbous bluegrass ephemera in the Sivash region, according to the botanist M.S. Shalyt, is secondary. This is evidenced by the protected virgin areas of the steppe with a predominance of cereals (wheat grass, feather grass, fescue) and an admixture of wormwood. With increased grazing, cereals disappear.
Hilly-steppe landscapes are presented on the Kerch and Tarkhankut peninsulas.
Dry-steppe landscapes with fragments of semi-deserts are common in the Sivash part of Crimea. The presence of fragments of a semi-desert in the Sivash region is obviously not associated with zonal climatic conditions, but with purely local natural features, with the influence of the Sivash on the salinity of groundwater and soils. The lowland areas of the Sivash coast are characterized by soleros - an annual saltwort, the thickets of which stand out with red spots, and sarsazan, growing in the form of green squat pillows.
The bad smell of Sivash is associated with hydrogen sulfide, which is formed during the rotting of seaweed thrown ashore by water - threads. At present, the landscapes of the Steppe Crimea have been developed for agriculture.
The steppe Crimea is inhabited mainly by the same fauna as the steppes of the Russian Plain.
Mountain Crimea. In the Crimean mountains, landscape altitudinal zoning is clearly manifested. On the southern slope of Yayla, the southern coast of Crimea corresponds to the lower altitudinal zone. By climatic conditions it can be attributed to the region of the northeastern margin of the Mediterranean climate.
On south coast Crimea developed red-brown(transitional from mountain forest brown to red earth) and brown soils.
Often the soil is skeletal - its main mass is small weathered gravel of slate. There are vineyards on such "slate" soils. There are areas of relic red earth soils.
The flora of the southern coast of Crimea is distinguished by a large species richness. Almost 1,500 species of plants grow in a small area of the South Bank and the southern slope of Yayla, out of 3,500 species known throughout the entire area of the European part of Russia. The vegetation of the southern coast is close to the Mediterranean.
Up to a height of about 300 m, a xerophytic oak-juniper low-stem forest rises with an undergrowth of evergreen and deciduous shrubs, with a rich and varied grass cover. The main forest-forming species are tree-like juniper, fluffy oak, turpentine tree, or wild pistachio, in the second tier and undergrowth are evergreens: strawberry tree, cistus, needle, ivy from vines, a lot of deciduous vines - clematis. In some places there is a pine close to Pitsunda.
Oak-juniper forests are interspersed with shrubby thickets of the shilyak type, formed by shrubbery of downy oak, hornbeam, and hold-tree.
Vineyards, tobacco plantations, horticultural and park vegetation have replaced natural vegetation on the South Shore in large areas. Many Mediterranean, East Asian, American and other foreign plants have perfectly taken root here: cypress, laurel, cherry laurel, magnolia, fan palm, Lankaran acacia (incorrectly called "mimosa"), holly, boxwood, eucalyptus.
A particularly rich collection of plants various countries The world is represented by the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, located on the slope of the Nikitskaya Yayla between Yalta and Gurzuf.
To the east of Alushta, due to the increase in the dryness of the climate, the nature of natural vegetation changes: evergreens disappear, the species composition of the forest becomes poorer, and the forest is gradually replaced by shrub thickets such as shilyak. On the dry shale slopes, there are widespread sparse thickets of dry-loving grasses and shrubs, mostly hard, prickly or pubescent, reminiscent of the Eastern Mediterranean frigana in their appearance. Further to the east, the vegetation acquires a steppe character.
Fauna the southern, mountainous part of the Crimean peninsula, according to I. I. Puzanov, belongs to the Mediterranean subregion and is its northeastern outpost. At the same time, it bears the features of the island fauna, expressed in the presence of endemics and in the incompleteness of many groups of animals. On the South Coast, among the lizards, the endemic Crimean gecko is known. The fauna of invertebrates of the southern Mediterranean type is richly represented; cicadas, praying mantises, skolopendra, Crimean scorpion, phalanx are common, mosquitoes are typical of small Diptera.
As you move from the South Bank up the slope of Yayla, the climate gradually becomes cooler, the amount of precipitation increases, the soils acquire the features of typical mountain forest brown, oak-juniper forests of the lower zone are replaced by broad-leaved forests with a predominance of downy oak, sessile oak on limestones and forests of Crimean pine; both grow approximately within 300-900 m.
The upper part of the Yaila slope is occupied by a belt of beech forests. Crimean pine and mainly hooked pine, hornbeam, maple are mixed with beech. Usually, beech forests rise to the very edge of the slope (more than 1000 m) and abruptly break off at the edge of the summit plateau, where they are found only in separate areas.
The vegetation of the top surface of Yayla belongs to the uppermost landscape belt - stony mountain meadows, meadow steppes and juniper elfin on the karst surface of limestones.
Soils on the treeless summit surface of Yayla mountain meadow chernozem, in the east passing into mountain black soils. The nature of the soils refutes the widespread opinion about the secondary treelessness of the Yaylin plateaus. Obviously, forests, parts of which have survived to this day, were previously more widespread, but significant areas of the Yayla karst plateau should be considered treeless since ancient times.
On the treeless expanses of the Yaylin plateaus, the grass vegetation includes fescue, thin-legged, bonfire, feather grass-hairy, steppe sedge, creeping clover are widespread, from herbs there are bedstraw, cuff, Crimean "edelweiss" - an endemic species from the clove family). There are alpine plants - fluffy prolomnik, krupka, alpine violet. At the same time, in the driest areas, meadow-steppe associations. For the most high areas tree and shrub vegetation is absent, but below (at an altitude of up to 1200 m) trees and shrubs are found under the protection of rocks and in the recesses of karst funnels and wells, and sometimes form small forests on the plateau itself. Such vegetation can be called forest-meadow-steppe.
The grassy vegetation of the eastern karst plateaus is steppe, stronger than that of the western ones. In open treeless spaces dominate here steppe meadows And meadow steppes, which at lower altitudes become mountain steppe. Some researchers consider the vegetation of the eastern plateaus to be mountain forest-steppe.
The northern slope of Yayla, like the southern one, is covered with forests with mountain forest brown soils. In the upper part of the slope, the forests are dominated by beech, hornbeam, in some places oak (on the slopes of the southern exposure), hook pine. Below 700-600 m, they are replaced mainly by oak forests. Mountain forest brown soils here gradually turn into brown. Even lower, on the spurs of the Yayla and in the cuesta strip, a short, fluffy oak begins to dominate. Further to the north and northwest, there is a transition to the southern forest-steppe, where thickets of low-growing oaks, hornbeam, hold-tree and other tree and shrub species alternate with areas of steppe vegetation.
mountain forest fauna Crimea is richest on the northern slope of the Yayla, especially in the dense forests of the Crimean Reserve (at the headwaters of the Kacha and Alma). The Crimean deer (endemic subspecies), roe deer, badger, marten, fox, water shrew, forest mouse, bats are characteristic; birds - black-headed jay, woodpeckers, tits, blackbird, wild pigeons, black vultures, eagles, owls.
As can be seen from the description of the landscape features of the northern slope of the Crimean Mountains, there are no Mediterranean landscapes here. In the lower altitudinal zone, the southern forest-steppe is developed, and in the middle zone there are no forests of the Crimean pine characteristic of the southern slope. Greater similarity is observed, as is usually the case in the mountains, in the landscapes of the upper parts of the slopes. Nevertheless, in general, one can speak of a different structure of the altitudinal zonality of the landscapes of the northern and southern slopes of the Crimean Mountains. The existing differences are due to the climatic barrier role of Yayla.
LANDSCAPE TYPES (option 2)
Brown and partly brown forest soils are developed on the southern coast. Brown soils are common under dry sparse forests and shrubs and are formed on clayey shales of the Taurian series and red-colored limestone weathering products, brown forest soils are typical for less dry places.
Special landscapes of the Crimea are the south coast - Mediterranean and cultivated (with vineyards and tobacco plantations, gardens, parks, resorts).
In this part of the Crimea, Mediterranean features are most clearly manifested in the soil and vegetation cover. Altitudinal zoning is well developed on the slopes of the Crimean Mountains. Subtropical plants are numerous here (up to 50% of the species composition), which makes it possible to attribute the plant formations of the region to the sub-Mediterranean type, similar to the vegetation of the northern part of the Balkan Peninsula. For the southern regions Mountain Crimea exceptionally high biodiversity is characteristic - in this small area there are almost 1500 species of plants, including endemic (Crimean edelweiss) and relic (Stankevich's pine).
At the southern foot of the Crimean Yayla, low-stemmed oak-juniper forests grow with an undergrowth of deciduous and evergreen shrubs - strawberry tree (Arbutus andrachne), cistus (Cistus tauricus), needles (Ruscus ponticus), intertwined with ivy and clematis. To the east, the forests are replaced by shrub thickets such as shibleak made of fluffy oak, hornbeam and hold-tree (Paliurus spina christi), which in the driest areas are replaced by thickets of xerophytic grasses and semi-shrubs. Massifs of relic pine have been preserved in the vicinity of Sudak and in the extreme west of the coast. The soil cover is represented by red-brown and brown soils of the subtropics; there are areas of relic red earth soils. In large areas, the natural vegetation of the coast has been replaced by vineyards, plantations of tobacco and fruit crops. Numerous resort areas have garden and park vegetation, which includes many introduced species: laurel, cypress, magnolia, fan palm, boxwood, holly, etc. A huge collection of plants from all over the world is collected in the unique Nikitsky Botanical Garden, located not far from Yalta on the slopes of Nikitskaya Yayla. Typical forest and shrub communities are protected in the reserves of Yalta and Cape Martyan.
On the southern slopes, oak-juniper forests are replaced by broad-leaved (mainly oak) and pine forests from Crimean pine on mountain-forest brown soils. Above 900 m, beech forests appear, in which, in addition to beech, there are pines, hornbeam, and maple. The summit surfaces of the Yayla are occupied by stony mountain meadows, meadow steppes and thickets of juniper elfin, mainly on mountain meadow chernozem-like soils. The northern slopes of Yayla and the adjacent cuesta ridges are covered mainly with oak forests. In the middle part of the slopes, sessile oak predominates in their composition, below dominance passes to a more xerophilic downy oak. Shibliak thickets are widespread in the foothills.
The vegetation of the South Shore is distinguished by its xerophytic character, saturation with Mediterranean forms and many alien cultural forms. The most common are forest formations, shrub thickets and thickets of dry-loving grasses and semi-shrubs. The forests are undersized and are formed by fluffy oak, juniper tree, wild pistachio, Crimean pine, hornbeam, and strawberry. Shrub thickets, which are an analogue of the Eastern Mediterranean shibleyak, consist of shrubby forms of fluffy oak, hornbeam, hold-tree, skumpia, sumac, shaggy pear, dogwood, iris, cistus, etc. Open, dry and stony areas are covered with dry-loving herbs and shrubs - Crimean analogue of the Eastern Mediterranean frigana. Cypresses, cedars, spruces, pines, sequoias, firs, laurels, magnolias, palm trees, cork oaks, plane trees, Lankaran acacias grow in the parks. Vineyards, orchards and tobacco plantations are also characteristic elements of the landscape of the South Coast.
Orographic and climatic differences in individual parts of the Main Ridge determine the diversity of their soil and vegetation cover. The western part of the ridge is characterized by brown mountain forest soils, mountain brown soils of dry forests and shrubs, and alluvial meadow soils of river valleys and gullies. Due to the low-mountain relief and its large fragmentation, the vertical zonality of the soil and vegetation cover is weakly expressed here. Forests consisting of downy oak, arborescent juniper, wild pistachio (kev tree) with an undergrowth of hornbeam, dogwood, hold-tree and blackthorn predominate. On stony soils and rocky areas, low-growing juniper forests grow. Higher up the slopes grow taller mixed deciduous forests of beech, oak, hornbeam, and ash. Lots of wild grapes and ivy. The valleys and depressions are characterized by herbaceous meadow-steppe vegetation. To a greater extent, the hollows have been developed for fields, vineyards, orchards, and tobacco plantations.
The slopes of the middle part of the Main Ridge are occupied by brown mountain forest soils and their podzolized varieties. The vertical vegetation zonality is quite well expressed here.
The lower part of the northern slope of the Main Ridge is occupied by a low-stemmed coppice oak forest, which is very sparse. The forest is formed mainly by downy and sessile oak and partly by pedunculate oak. Dogwood and hornbeam in the undergrowth. Occasionally there are small patches of pine, oak-pine and juniper forests. The open areas of the slope are occupied by forest and partly steppe herbaceous vegetation (siler, kupena, bluegrass, woodruff, feather grass, fescue, wheatgrass, etc.). Higher up the slope (up to 600 m), a tall oak forest grows with an admixture of ash, field maple, aspen, large-fruited mountain ash. In the undergrowth there are hornbeam, dogwood, hazel, buckthorn, hawthorn, skumpia. Even higher (from 600 to 1000 m), a tall beech forest dominates with an admixture of hornbeam, there are rare areas of Crimean pine, and on the slopes of the southern exposure there are groves of juniper trees and single yews. At altitudes above 1000 m, an already undersized beech forest grows with rare patches of Scots pine.
On the southern slope of the Main Ridge, above the dry forests and shrubs of the Southern Birch, at an altitude of 400 to 800-1000 m, there is a forest of Crimean pine. As an admixture, there are fluffy oak and tree-like and shrubby juniper. To the east of Gurzuf, the distribution of the Crimean pine is already of an island character, and to the east of Alushta, only individual specimens of this tree are found. pine forests are replaced here by forests of fluffy oak, hornbeam, tree-like juniper, wild pistachio and dogwood. Above 1000 m, a forest of beech, Scotch pine and partly Crimean pine, oak, maple, linden, and hornbeam grows.
Yayla, as a rule, are treeless and covered with grassy meadow-steppe vegetation on mountain chernozems and mountain-meadow chernozem-like soils. The eastern part of the Main Ridge is characterized by low-stemmed woodlands of oak, beech, ash, hornbeam and shrub thickets of dogwood, hawthorn, hold-tree, skumpia on brown mountain forest soils and steppe varieties of mountain brown soils.
The foothills are occupied by forest-steppe with a mosaic alternation of treeless (steppe) and forest areas. The soils are calcareous chernozems, gravelly sod-calcareous and brown. Woodless areas are characterized by herbaceous cereal-forb vegetation: feather grass, fescue, wheatgrass, wheatgrass, saffron, adonis or spring adonis, sage, peon, yarrow, immortelle, etc. They are mostly plowed and developed for fields, vineyards, tobacco plantations and plantations of ether. - oilseed plants. Orchards and vineyards are common in the river valleys. Forest areas consist of low-growing trees, forest shrubs (fluffy oak, sessile and pedunculate oak, field maple, ash, elm, hazel and dogwood). Of the shrubs, skumpia, hawthorn, blackthorn, wild rose, buckthorn, etc. are common.
"Landscapes of all planets, ruins of all empires"
Igor Rusanov
The landscape diversity of the Crimean peninsula is comparable to an entire country in Central Europe or the Mediterranean. This also applies to the complex geological structure, diverse in outline landforms. Incredibly rich vegetable world Crimea, for example, only on one Bear Mountain there are about 900 species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants - this corresponds to the floristic richness of large areas of Central Russia. The altitudinal zonality of the Crimean Mountains forms landscapes very similar to the tundra, and even with arctic plant species. There are no glaciers and highlands on the peninsula. But there is such a phenomenon as aspects - short-term states of natural communities. This is, for example, the mass flowering of wild tulips in the Opuksky Reserve, or the drying of estuaries to a bright pink color with rich burgundy-colored banks due to salt-tolerant plants. Such landscapes appear more than once in Soviet science fiction. Steppes and deserts are also Crimea. But like everything and always on the peninsula with a fertile and peaceful nature.
It is quite clear that the main part of the Crimean peninsula is located in the temperate climate zone, so birch grove, pine forest and all kinds of favorite Russian classics are not uncommon in Crimea. The southern coast of Crimea (SCC) is the Sub-Mediterranean region with an abundance of evergreen vegetation. The foothills surprise with the expanses of the American Chalk Prairie, familiar to everyone from westerns. And in the mountains it is not difficult to find classic alpine landscapes.
The first journey through the "world in miniature" we recommend the circular route Golden Ring of Crimea and we recommend a mandatory long stop in Alupka. Most of the Crimean attractions are located in the southwest, on the ring Simferopol - Bakhchisaray - Inkerman - Sevastopol - Balaklava - Laspi - Simeiz - Alupka- Miskhor - Yalta - Gurzuf - Partenit - Alushta - Angarsk pass - Salgir valley - Simferopol. Observation of the Golden Ring of Crimea from any of this point you can drive in 1 day! Of course you can go in any direction. But we advise the first trip so that you get to Alupka early. You can return to your place of residence even in the dark.
Filming in Vorontsov Palace and Park Complex will allow you to make an incredible number of scenes from different historical eras in different parts of the globe. The grandiose stone chaos of the Upper Park is quite suitable as alien landscape For star wars. The architecture of the palace was originally created as a strict medieval Gothic on the western and northern facades and lush eastern luxury on the south and east sides. Upper Landscape Park - in English style and with corners of the wild nature of the South Coast, and the lower one is regular with a combination Italian terraces and French techniques of park art.
Plan-scheme of the Vorontsovsky palace and park complex in Alupka
The beautiful frame of the palace and the park in Alupka is the famous mountain range Ai-Petri in the azure sky, and below the bright blue of the Black Sea with picturesque coastal cliffs. 
The most spectacular section of the road trip along the Golden Ring of Crimea is the Sevastopol-Yalta highway . Watching the landscape change from Laspi To Yalta, one famous artist from Germany (with extensive travel experience) formulated a very simple idea: " Yes, you have the same for every turn of the highway - new country! We just saw Italy, and now Greece. Yeah, and here is Austria, and just 15 minutes ago there was Switzerland"Something like that...
You can, of course, say that in Soviet times, Africa or the Arctic in the Crimea were filmed due to economy and the inability to travel abroad. But everything is much more complicated, and most importantly - more interesting!
CRIMEA - THE WHOLE WORLD ON THE SCREEN
EUROPE:
- Italy.
The film "The Gadfly", scenery and filming in Yalta.
The film "Anna Karenina", filming in the New World.
The film "Romeo and Juliet", scenery in Yalta.
The film "Twelfth Night", scenery in Yalta.
The film "Othello", scenery and filming in Yalta.
The film "Moscow-Genoa", filming on the South Coast.
The film "Royal Hunt", scenery and filming in Artek.
Film "Marco Polo" (produced in Canada), scenery
"Streets of Venice" and filming in Yalta.
- Spain.
The film "Don Quixote", scenery and filming in Yalta and Ai-Petri.
The film "Dog in the Manger", filming in the Livadia Palace.
Film "The Adventures of Royal Shooter Sharpe"
(production UK), scenery and filming
under Mount Demerdzhi, in the Baidar valley, on Ai-
Petri and elsewhere.
The film "Empire of Pirates", scenery and filming in
Sudak and Yalta.
-France.
The film "Sky Swallows", filming in Vorontsov Palace and in Yalta.
The film "Prisoner of Europe" (produced in Poland), marine filming in Artek.
The film "The Prisoner of the Castle of Yves" ("The Count of Monte Cristo"), filming
sea scenes with the sailboat "Comrade" in Gurzuf.
The film "Napoleon Kaput", filming in the Vorontsov Palace
and in the Mountainous Crimea.
- England.
The film "Ten Little Indians", a rocky island with a castle
(Swallow's nest, Diva rock in Simeiz).
The film "The Odyssey of Captain Blood", scenery and nautical
filming in Artek and Gurzuf.
Hornblow movie (UK production),
scenery and marine shooting in Artek.
- Germany.
The film "In the Empire of Eagles", marine shooting in Artek,
scenery on Ai-Petri.
- Poland.
The film "Academy of Pan Klyaksa", filming on the South Coast.
- Denmark.
The film "Hamlet", shooting at the Swallow's Nest.
- Norway.
The film "And Trees Grow on Stones", scenery and filming in Gurzuf.
- Greece.
The film "Ships storm the bastions", the island of Corfu
(Genoese fortress in Sudak).
The film "Sapho", Lesvos island (set and filming in
Balaklava and Chersonese).
- Yugoslavia.
The film "Reporter", filming in Sevastopol.
ASIA:
- Arabic East.
Film "Aladdin's Magic Lamp", scenery
"Ancient Baghdad" and filming in Omega Bay (Sevastopol).
The film "And Another Night of Scheherazade", filming
in Yalta, in the cave Three-eyes on Ai-Petri, in Nikitskaya
crevice, in the Beketovsky quarry, above Foros.
- volcanic island.
The film “Wind of Hope”, filming of the volcanic eruption at Cape Sarych.
- Island in the Pacific Ocean.
The film "Pirates of the 20th century", filming in the bays of the New World, on Tarkhankut, the scenery "Indigenous Village" in the Quiet Bay (Koktebel).
- India.
The film "The Black Prince", the scenery of the eastern city in
Yalta.
- Near East.
The film "Airplane flies to Russia", scenery " Military base" V blue bay.
- Japan.
The film "Dreams of Russia", scenery and filming in Artek and Utyos (Alushta).
- pirate island in Indian Ocean
. The film "Empire of Pirates", scenery under Mount Demerdzhi, in Artek and
Yalta (Republic of Libertalia).
- Türkiye.
The film "Roksolana", filming in the Khan's Palace of Bakhchisaray, in Chufut-Kale and on the southern coast of Crimea.
- Afghanistan.
The film "9th company", the scenery "Afghan village" in the area of the village. Ordzhonikidze (Feodosia).
- Israel.
The film "Master and Margarita", biblical Jerusalem.
- China(Hong Kong).
The film "The Passenger", the scenery "Port Street" in Balaklava, a hotel near Yalta (estate of Count Ustinov).
AMERICA:
- USA.
The film "Mexican" (based on Jack London).
The film "The Headless Horseman", scenery and shooting under
rock Ak-Kaya (Belogorsk).
The film "Business People" (by O. Henry), one of the short stories
filmed in the Crimean Mountains.
The film "The Man from the Boulevard des Capucines", scenery and
The film "Chingachgook the Big Serpent" (produced by the GDR),
shooting under Mount Demirdzhi and in other places of the Crimean Mountains.
The film "The Star and Death of Haokino Murieta", scenery and
shooting under the Ak-Kaya rock (Belogorsk).
- Flint Pirate Island.
The film "Treasure Island", scenery in Sosnyak, filming in the Nikitskaya crevice, on Red Stone, in Malorechensky, under the Shaan-Kaya rock, in
Partenite and Laspi Bay.
- Chile.
The film "This sweet word is freedom", scenery and filming
in Yalta (Ignatenko street) and in Koktebel.
- Cordillera.
The film "Children of Captain Grant", scene shooting
"Avalanche in the mountains" (in winter on Ai-Petri).
- caribbean sea. The film "Captain Blood's Odyssey", scenery and
marine shooting in Artek and Gurzuf.
- Haiti. The film "The Age of Enlightenment", the scenery "Embankment of the city
Port-au-Prince" in Utyos (Alushta), marine shooting in Artek.
- caribbean
. The film "Hearts of Three", scenery and filming in
Cliff, under Mount Demerdzhi, in Artek, on Lake Kastelskoye, on
Ai-Petri.
AFRICA:
- South Africa
, Port of Cape Town. The film "Maximka", filming in
Yalta port with the participation of the sailing ship "Tovarishch".
- Equatorial Africa. The film "The Rape of the Savoy", filming
at the Angarsk training ground (Perevalnoye village).
- North Africa
. The film "Fire Drums", scenery and
marine shooting in Artek, Blue Bay, at the Swallow's Nest.
USSR (Russia)
Polar tundra:
- The film "Trace of the Wolverine" (the action takes place on
Taimyr) - filming was carried out in the winter on the Ai-Petrina Yayla.
- The film "Korolyov" (the action takes place in Kolyma) -
Filming was carried out in the winter on the Ai-Petri Yaila.
Siberian taiga:
- The film "What was the taiga silent about?", in the forests over Yalta were held
shooting scenes that took place in the Altai Mountains.
- The film "King of the arena", filming was carried out in the area
waterfall Wuchang-Su with the participation of a live bear.
- The film "The Lost Expedition", filmed under the Ai-Petri mountain
scenes in which the actions took place in the Sayan mountains.
- The film "Sixth", the action takes place in a small Siberian
town, filming was carried out under the Ai-Petri mountain and in other
places of the Mountainous Crimea.
Far East:
- The film "Let's talk, brother", filming the transition
Far Eastern partisans through the rocky ridge
were produced on the Ai-Nikola rock (Upper Oreanda).
- The film "Right to shoot", the action took place off the coast
Sakhalin and the Kuriles, filming was carried out in Kamyshovaya Bay
(Sevastopol) and at Cape Aya.
- The film "Admiral", shooting scenes of naval battles from the times of Russian-
Japanese war (filming was carried out in the area of Sevastopol).
- The film "Korolyov", shooting scenes of S. Korolev's departure from Magadan
took place in Sevastopol.
Middle Asia:
- The film "The Taste of Halva" (about the childhood of Khoja Nasreddin), filming
produced in Feodosia.
- The aforementioned movie "Aladin's Magic Lamp".
- The film "Officers", railroad station in Turkestan, filming
in Inkerman (Sevastopol).
- The aforementioned film "And Another Night of Scheherazade".
Caucasus:
- The film "Vertical", a number of Caucasian scenes was filmed in
Crimea (in the rocky Nikitskaya crevice).
- The film "Taman", filming at Cape Tarkhankut.
- The film "Prisoner of the Caucasus", filmed in
Alushta, under Mount Demerdzhi and in other places of Gorny
Crimea.
- The film "Sportloto-82", filming in Feodosia and Gorny
Crimea, on Ai-Petri, the run of the main characters along
burning suspension bridge.
- The film "Thieves in Law", the action takes place in the Caucasus,
filming was carried out in the Crimean Mountains, on the embankment
Yalta and on the streets of the city.
- The film "Feasts of Belshazzar", filming the capture of a passenger ship
militants led by young Dzhugashvili and scenes on
Stalin's Caucasian dacha (san. "Ukraine" in Miskhor) were produced in
Crimea.
- The film "Marco Polo", on the Swallow's Nest and in the Crimean Mountains
scenes were filmed that took place in
medieval Armenia.
- The film "I am a doll", shooting scenes of an attack by Chechen fighters on
a village in the Stavropol Territory (the village of Tylovoe in the Baidar Valley).
Filming underground:
- The film "Ordered to Survive", filmed in
cave Three-eyes on Ai-Petri.
- The film "And Another Night of Scheherazade", filming was carried out in
Three-eyed cave on Ai-Petri.
- The film "Yalta" over Yalta", filming in the newly discovered
cave on the Ai-Petri plateau.
Filming underwater:
- The film "Amphibian Man", filming in Laspi Bay.
- The film "Aqualungs at the bottom", filming in the New World.
- The film "The Little Mermaid", filming was carried out at Cape Sarych.
- The film "Pirates of the 20th century", filming in the pool and at Cape Tarkhankut.
- The film "Aquanauts", unprecedented in volume and complexity
underwater filming (scenery and various technical
funds) were produced on the shelf of Cape Tarkhankut.
- The film "Through hardships to the stars", the first space
weightlessness was filmed underwater (in a pool).
Movie filming:
- Films by Alexander Rowe: "Mary the Artisan", "Kingdom
crooked mirrors", "Morozko", "Fire, water and copper pipes",
"Barbara-beauty, long braid."
- Films by Alexander Ptushko: "Sadko", "Ilya Muromets",
"The Tale of Tsar Saltan", "Ruslan and Lyudmila", "Scarlet Sails".
- Films by Boris Rytsarev: Aladdin's Magic Lamp, On
sat on the golden porch.
- Film by Pavel Arsenov "The Deer King".
- Films by Mikhail Yuzovsky: "Merry Magic", "There, on
unknown paths”, “After the rain, on Thursday”, “One, two -
grief is not a problem."
- Films by Gennady Vasiliev: "Finist - the Clear Falcon", "Bye
the clock strikes", "The New Adventures of Captain Vrungel", "Black
prince".
- Films by Leonid Nechaev: "The Adventures of Pinocchio", "About
Little Red Riding Hood, Peter Pan.
- Films by Vladimir Bychkov: "City of Masters", "The Little Mermaid".
- A film by Irina Povolotskaya "The Scarlet Flower".
- Film by Vladimir Grammatikov "Mio, my Mio".
- A film by Alexander Mitta "The Tale of Wanderings".
- Film by Takhir Sabirov "And one more night of Scheherazade".
- Films-tales of Boris Nebieridze ("Red Shoes", etc.).
- Polish fairy tale "Academy of Pan Klyaksa".
filming science fiction films:
- "Hyperboloid engineer Garin."
- "Amphibian Man".
- "Andromeda's nebula".
- Treasures of the Flaming Rocks.
- "Moscow - Cassiopeia" and "Youths in the Universe".
- Sannikov Land.
- Aquanauts.
- "Through hardship to the stars".
- "Comet".
"It's hard to be God."
- "Purple ball".
Filming in ancient cities, settlements, fortresses and architectural and historical ensembles (number of films not countable):
Cave towns of Chufut-Kale, Eski-Kermen, Kachi-Kalyon, etc.
Genoese fortress in Sudak.
Palace of the Crimean Khans in Bakhchisarai.
Massandra Palace.
Yusupov Palace.
Note:
The idea for this review probably belongs to the Crimean journalist Mike Lvovsky.
Just in case - an exact copy of the "eyeliner" from the letter of Valery Pavlotos:
"I was asked by the special correspondent of the newspaper "Today" Mike Lvovsky to compile a list of films (filmed in the Crimea), the action of which takes place in different countries and on different continents."
