Plan

Introduction………………………………………….………………………….………….2

Chapter 1. Migration……………………………………….…………………3

Concept and types of migration…………………………………………….3

Migration functions…………………………………………………………….....9

Reasons for migration……………………….………...11

Chapter 2. The impact of migration on social stability…………….……..15

Chapter 3. Population migration in Russia in the XX-XI centuries…………………..….….20

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….24

References……………………………………………………………..25

Introduction

Since the second half of the twentieth century, migration processes have acquired a truly global scale, covering all continents of the planet, social strata and groups of society, and various spheres of social life. Today no one disputes the position that migration has become one of the main factors of social transformation and development in all regions of the world.

The increasing intensity of migration processes, causing temporary, cyclical and return movements of significant masses of the population, constant communication through new information technologies have led to the emergence and spread of “interethnic communities” in various regions of the planet. They represent special social groups whose identity is not determined by any specific territorial entity. This circumstance is a powerful challenge to traditional ideas about the belonging of a particular migrant to a particular state; it is often considered as the basis of globalization processes in the world. There is every reason to expect that the mobility of the population will increase in volume, becoming increasingly diverse in its social and cultural characteristics.

In connection with the above, in our opinion, there is an urgent need for a shift in research - from a description of the economic and demographic characteristics of migrants to a deeper explanation of the scale, directions, composition migration flows, as well as factors that determine the motivation of migrants’ decisions to move and choose their destination. There is a need to move from a simple description of the economic adaptation of migrants in countries of entry to a comprehensive study of the forms and ways of their social integration with the local population and the possible consequences of this process for society, especially for changes in its structure and dynamics of social relations. In other words, there is a need to move from a simple description of the stages of the migration process to an in-depth and comprehensive knowledge of their essence, the disclosure of patterns and mechanisms, their modeling, diagnosis and forecasting, and on this basis - the adoption of an adequate migration policy.

Chapter 1. Population migration

1.1 Concepts and types of migration

The most important factor reflecting the employment of various socio-demographic groups of the population is their level of mobility, which characterizes the willingness and ability of the population to change their social status, professional affiliation and place of residence.

Population mobility is determined, first of all, by the economy’s need for labor of a certain content and quality, as well as the place of its application. In addition, it is based on the ability and readiness of the individual to change the essential characteristics of work.

They distinguish between socio-professional and territorial mobility of labor.

The first is a process of changing the content of work activity under the influence of various socio-economic reasons and, above all, the development of science and technical features of the introduction of scientific and technical progress into the economy. This type of mobility is directly related to labor turnover.

The second type of mobility is territorial mobility, or migration. This type of mobility is a characteristic phenomenon of the current state of Russian society. It determines the state of employment in the labor market, the level of unemployment, underlies a number of problems in our reality, and currently it has acquired significant proportions.

Migration is a spatial movement of the population caused by changes in the political, economic, social spheres, changes in the development and location of production, the living conditions of people, as well as economic disasters and various political reasons.

Migration of the population, including labor, is associated with the processes of settlement and economic development of land, development of the productive forces of society, education and mixing of races, languages ​​and peoples. The current state of migration in Russia is associated with social changes of the last ten to fifteen years, which have radically changed the political and social situation in the territory Russian Federation. Russia was experiencing a real migration boom during this period. At different periods of time, many developed countries also experienced a high degree of intensity of population migration, but unlike them, our country faced a high degree of intensity of migration flows in conditions when its economic base was in a state of crisis.

The expansion of migration flows has led to various consequences, which are currently manifested in various spheres: political, social, economic, cultural, psychological, etc.

In defining migration, two approaches are used: the first “very broad and general” interprets migration as a spatial movement of labor, the second (narrower, special) limits migration to a certain framework of spatial movement of the population. The latter is more consistent with the original meaning of the word migratio (from the Latin “movement, “movement”) and defines migration as movement, the relocation of the population from one settlement to another, associated with a change in the place of residence of people.

In world practice, three methods of collecting statistical data on migration are most widespread: population census; sample surveys; current accounting (registration of citizens).

As a rule, the larger the territory between which migration exchange takes place and the size of the population living on it, the more powerful the migration flows are.

Migration flows are understood as the total number of migrants having common areas of arrival and departure during a given period of time.

As a rule, territories are connected by parallel migration flows. In this case, one of the parallel threads often dominates the other. The closer the territories, the more intense their migration connections and the more significant the migration flows, the power of which is significantly affected by the existing historical, economic, natural, ethnic and other connections.

For analysis purposes, population migration is classified by type according to a number of basic characteristics.

1. Depending on the nature of the borders crossed, a distinction is made between external and internal migration of the population.

External migration is a type of population movement in which state borders are crossed. It distinguishes two streams: emigration and immigration. Emigration of the population - leaving the country, relocating to another country for the purpose of permanent residence and temporary justification (usually for work). It can be permanent or temporary, even seasonal, the duration of which is limited by a contract or other terms of employment (for example, for harvesting). As a special case, re-emigration is distinguished - the return of emigrants to their homeland (for permanent residence).

Immigration of the population is the entry into the country for permanent or temporary residence of citizens of another country. Just like emigration, the process of population immigration is determined by a number of reasons: socio-economic (search for a country with more favorable working conditions, a higher standard of living, etc.); political (flight from political, national persecution, religious and racial oppression, repatriation, etc.); military (deportation, evacuation, re-evacuation) and others, for example, natural-climatic, ethnic, demographic, etc.

Internal migration includes movements within one country between administrative or economic-geographical regions and populated areas. The most common modern type of internal migration is movement from rural to urban areas.

2. Based on time, there are irrevocable (permanent), temporary, seasonal and pendulum migration.

In a strict sense, irrevocable migration (or resettlement) means the movement of a population leading to its territorial redistribution. This type of migration is also called complete or full migration. Such migration meets two main conditions: a) movement is carried out from one settlement to another; b) population movement is accompanied by a final change permanent place residence.

Temporary migration involves relocation for a fairly long, but at the same time limited, often predetermined, period. Typically, such migration is associated with labor activity upon arrival. Temporary migration includes, for example, the relocation of workers from one country to another, movement to remote and sparsely populated areas for a long period (several years) for contract work, etc.

In a number of economic sectors, seasonal migration plays an important role, which includes the annual movements of people during certain periods of time (seasons), for example, the movement of the population to agricultural areas for harvesting in summer and autumn. An example of seasonal migration can also be the movement of the population in the summer to resort areas of the country and beyond.

The great importance of seasonal migration is that it helps to improve the real standard of living of the population. In addition, such migration makes it possible to meet the needs of industries with a seasonal nature of production, which experience a higher need for labor during the period of greatest volume of work. This, first of all, concerns such sectors of the economy as: agriculture (during sowing and harvesting), logging (during timber rafting), fishing industry, agricultural processing industries, etc. However, the scale of seasonal migration is significantly reduced by the development of agro-industrial integration, intersectoral cooperation in the use of labor, and the use of new technologies and production methods.

Regular, daily or weekly movements of the population from their place of residence to their place of work or study (and back) outside their locality constitute pendulum migration.

This type of migration plays at least a dual role. On the one hand, commuting migrants both quantitatively and qualitatively influence the labor resources and labor potential of settlements - centers of attraction for migrants, where the number of jobs exceeds their own labor resources (the demand for labor resources exceeds the supply of labor) or does not correspond to the professional and qualification structure of the population. On the other hand, pendulum migration helps to satisfy the labor needs of residents, as a rule, of small settlements, in which the choice of jobs is qualitatively, and often quantitatively, limited.

Commutative migration is typical for many developed countries, where it affects a significant part of the urban and rural population.

In addition to the listed types, for modern conditions it is legitimate to distinguish episodic migration, which is business, recreational and other trips that can be made irregularly and not in the same directions. If the able-bodied contingent participates in business trips, then various categories of the population participate in recreational trips. In this understanding, this type of migration is superior to all others, since the movements are both recreational and labor. But it is difficult to clearly draw a line that allows one to distinguish, for example, between seasonal and episodic migration. This also applies to other types of migration, since they are all closely interconnected and one type can turn into another or serve as the basis for the formation of another type of migration. For example, episodic, pendulum, and seasonal migrations can create conditions for the formation of irrevocable migration, since they contribute to obtaining information for the possible choice of a new permanent place of residence.

Each of the listed types of population migration can be considered from the perspective of interterritorial, intraterritorial and rural-urban movement. Thus, in the first two types of migration, flows are distinguished: intra- and interregional, intra- and interrepublican, intra- and interdistrict. Rural-urban migration flows are divided into: intra-urban flows (between cities and urban-type settlements); flows within rural areas (between rural settlements), as well as between rural and urban settlements. This may be a rural-urban migration movement in one case, and an urban-rural one in another.

3. From the point of view of the forms of implementation of the migration movement, it is customary to distinguish between the social-organizational form of migration, when migration is carried out with the participation of public and state bodies and with their economic assistance, and unorganized migration, carried out by the forces and means of the migrants themselves without any organizational assistance and material support from any institutions.

4. Depending on the reasons underlying the movement of people, voluntary or forced (forced) migration is distinguished.

5. From the point of view of compliance with the laws in force in the country, it is customary to distinguish between legal migration (without violating legal norms) and illegal (violating the law).

Based on the nature of the reasons that caused population movements, political, economic and social migration are often distinguished.

A special type of migration movement of the population is labor migration, which is based on the economic laws of the development of social production, the material, as well as spiritual needs of migrating labor resources. Labor migration has a serious impact on the socio-economic development of society and is a significant source of replenishing the labor potential of individual regions and the country as a whole.

Labor migration is divided into internal and external labor migration.

Internal labor migration is the movement of the economically active population within the country between individual regions, economic sectors, and enterprises.

A specific type of internal labor movement is intercompany mobility, which exists in the following forms: traditional - transfer of an employee to a permanent job in another organization; new - personnel leasing (or personnel leasing). Personnel leasing is a form of transfer of hired workers to perform professional work, in which a (triangle) relationship arises between the lessor, the lessee and the leased employee. This is a type of short-term hiring.

External labor migration is the movement of the economically active population between countries.

In the context of globalization modern world, expansion of integration processes, changes in the geopolitical situation, destruction of the bipolar (capitalist - socialist world) system, increasing division between developed, developing and poor countries of the world, demographic imbalance (due to a decrease in natural population growth in developed countries ah and overpopulation in developing and poor countries of the world) migration, development and implementation migration policy come to the fore in the domestic and foreign policies of many countries around the world.

At the end of the twentieth century. In the migration movement of the world population, the following migration flows have come to the fore:

1) to the USA – from China, countries South-East Asia(Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines), India, South and Central America(Brazil, Colombia, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Panama, El Salvador, Mexico, etc.);

2) to European countries (EEC countries) - from the countries of the Balkan Peninsula (Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Albania, Turkey), North Africa(Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco), republics that were formerly part of the USSR. Within the EEC, there is a migration flow from Portugal (the poorest of the EEC countries) to other countries of the European Union;

3) in Arab countries Persian Gulf zone ( Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United United Arab Emirates etc.) - from poorer countries, mainly the Islamic world (Pakistan, Egypt, Bangladesh, India);

4) in South Africa - from countries bordering South Africa in the north (Zambia, Mozambique, Angola, Namibia);

5) to Argentina – from Bolivia.

Identifying these flows as dominant allows us to conclude that the United States is still the most attractive country not only for residents of Asian and Latin American countries, but also for Europeans. At the same time, one can note an increase in the intensity of migration flows between the countries of the South and the North. Their intensity is associated with the ever-growing gap in the level of development of developed and developing countries. Among the latter in the last decades of the twentieth century. A group of countries has emerged whose economies are in a state of deep depression, and their population lacks basic means of subsistence. Among such countries are Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Bangladesh, etc. The state of their economies, destroyed as a result of long civil wars, interethnic and religious conflicts, allows us to classify them not as developing countries, but as fourth world countries. Developed countries of the world and international organizations, when forming and implementing their policies towards the countries of the fourth world, are faced with the need to solve the dilemma that increasing aid to poor countries further increases their dependence on rich countries, and refusing the implementation of such assistance leads to a sharp intensification of migration processes, immigration of people from poor countries to countries Western Europe and North America.

Currently, more than 20 million legal immigrants from other regions of the world live in Western European countries. Civil wars, economic and political instability in developing and poor countries of the world each time lead to the emergence of more and more new waves of migration hitting the countries of Europe and North America. The leader of the Chinese Communist Party, Deng Xiaoping, once pointed out how much political instability can affect migration processes and, in turn, political and economic stability in developed countries of the world. In particular, he wrote that political instability in China could cause mass migrations of the Chinese population to nearby countries. In this case, according to Deng Xiaoping's estimates, about 500 thousand Chinese will move to Hong Kong, 10 million people to Thailand, 100 million to Indonesia. How many will move to Russia and the CIS countries through transparent and practically unguarded borders is unknown, but this figure, only according to rough estimates, could amount to several tens of millions of people.

Significant scales of migration can make significant changes in the demographic, ethnic, religious, economic, cultural, political landscape of modern Western world. In many ways, these changes constitute the objective basis for the growth of aggression and racism among Western society towards immigrants. Or, as modern Western researchers A. King and B. Schneider designate it, “demographic aggression” and “defensive racism.”

At the same time European countries, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and a number of other countries, due to demographic and other problems, show interest in the influx into their territory of certain categories of migrants who meet certain professional, intellectual and other requirements. It is significant that, for example, in the United States, currently out of every 10 people receiving a doctorate in the field of natural and technical sciences, almost every tenth person comes from Asian countries: China, Taiwan or Korea. An even more significant proportion of scientists and engineers come from European countries and the former USSR.

In the spring of 2000, the Population Division of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs prepared a report entitled “Replacement Migration: Is It the Solution to a Declining and Aging Population?”

“Replacement migration” is a migration increase that compensates for the lack of births necessary to maintain constancy in a given country either in numbers or in some other demographic indicators (for example, the ratio of sex or age groups of the population) for a certain period of time. Concept "replacement migration" used in three different senses:

4) this is a migration increase in which Population does not change;

5) this is a migration increase in which working-age population does not change;

6) this is a migration increase in which proportion of older people does not increase.

According to the report's authors, in the absence of replacement migration, population decline in developed countries is inevitable. An increase in the birth rate to the level necessary to ensure simple reproduction of the population in the coming decades seems unlikely. Only immigration can prevent population decline in all countries covered in the report. The size of the immigration influx required to achieve this varies significantly across countries, depending on their demographic background (see Table 2).

table 2

Average annual migration growth for 1990 - 2000 and necessary for the population to remain constant in 2000–2050.

Ural State University them. A.M. Gorky

Faculty of Political Science and Sociology

Department of Theory and History of Sociology

Abstract on demography

Migration processes in the world.

Performer: student of group 202

Shroeder T.A.

Teacher: Ph.D. Philosopher sciences,

Associate Professor Levchenko I.E.

Ekaterinburg, 2001

Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ ................................ 3

Chapter 1. General information on population migration................................................................... ............. 4

Types of migrations........................................................ ........................................................ ..................... 4

Immigration of the population................................................... ........................................................ ....... 6

Emigration................................................. ........................................................ ........................... 7

Urbanization................................................. ........................................................ ......................... 8

Main migration functions................................................................... ............................................. 10

Structure of the migration process. The concept of migration flow................... 12

Chapter 2. Causes of migrations and their historical conditionality.................................... 15

Conclusion................................................. ........................................................ ........................ 20

Bibliography................................................ ........................................................ ............ 21

Population migrations are population movements associated with a change of place of residence. Population migrations are one of the most important population problems and are considered not only as a simple mechanical movement of people, but as a complex social process that affects many aspects of socio-economic life. Population migration. played an outstanding role in the history of mankind; the processes of settlement, economic development of the land, development of productive forces, education and mixing of races, languages ​​and peoples are associated with them. Population migration. have various aspects; their nature and structure, the consequences they cause, are studied by a number of sciences - demography, economics, geography, sociology, statistics, ethnography, etc. Research on population migration is of applied importance. for the purposes of general economic and regional planning, use of labor resources.

A positive aspect of migration is the settlement of peoples: a certain number and density of population are necessary prerequisites for the development of each country. Although one cannot exaggerate the role of population density and establish a direct connection between it and the level of socio-economic development. Finally, some states (USA, Australia, Canada, Israel) were practically created by migrants.

Nowadays, migration processes in the world are quite intense, although many countries impose entry restrictions.

Taking into account these factors, the role of population migration cannot be diminished and, accordingly, the relevance of the topic cannot be questioned.

Translated from Latin, migratio means moving, relocation. Population migration is considered in the narrow and broad sense of the word. In a narrow sense, population migration is a complete type of territorial movement, ending with a change of permanent place of residence, i.e. literally means “relocation”. Population migration in the broad sense of the word is any territorial movement that occurs between different settlements of one or more administrative-territorial units, regardless of duration, regularity and target orientation.

Population migration in a broad sense covers four types of movements: irrevocable, pendulum, episodic, seasonal. The species listed are specific in nature, and the populations participating in them pursue a variety of goals.

An irrevocable type (or resettlement) can be called population migration in the strict sense of the word, i.e. movement of the population, which leads to its territorial redistribution. Irreversible migration simultaneously meets two conditions: Firstly, the population moves from one settlement to another and, secondly, the movement is accompanied by a change of permanent residence.

Seasonal migrations of the population are movements of mainly the working-age population to places of temporary work and residence, usually for a period of several months, while maintaining the possibility of returning to their place of permanent residence. They are mostly aimed at meeting the labor needs of industries with a seasonal nature of production.

Commuting migrations represent daily or weekly trips of the population from places of residence to places of work (and back) located in different populated areas, and they cannot be considered as population migrations in their pure form. UN statistics recognize as migrants persons who have been living in a new place for more than 6 months. Sometimes population migrations include tourism, resort trips, pilgrimages, etc., which, however, is incorrect, because there is no change of place of residence.

Population migration increases qualitatively and quantitatively the labor resources of those settlements where the number of jobs exceeds their own labor resources or does not correspond to the professional and qualification structure of the population. The pendulum migration of the population creates conditions for satisfying the diverse labor needs of residents, as a rule, of small settlements, in which the choice of jobs is qualitatively and sometimes quantitatively limited.

Episodic population migrations are business, recreational and other trips that occur not only irregularly in time, but also not necessarily in the same directions. If the able-bodied contingent participates in business trips, then the rest of the population also participates in recreational trips. The composition of participants in episodic population migrations is very diverse. In terms of scale, this type of migration surpasses all others. Episodic migrations do not differ from seasonal migrations either in their duration or goals: they can be not only recreational, but also labor.

All types of population migrations are closely interconnected. For the population involved in movements, one type of population migration can turn into another or act as its starting point. In particular, episodic, pendulum and seasonal migration of the population are sometimes the precursors of irrevocable migration of the population, since they create conditions (primarily informational) for choosing a permanent place of residence.

Each of these types of population migration can be considered in two ways: as interterritorial and intersettlement movement.

In interterritorial population migrations, flows are usually distinguished: intra- and interregional, intra- and interrepublican, intra- and interdistrict. In intersettlement migration flows, four directions can be distinguished: within urban areas, i.e. between cities and urban-type settlements; inside rural areas, i.e. between rural settlements, as well as between rural and urban settlements, and in one case it is a rural-urban migration movement, and in the other it is an urban-rural one. The last two directions are usually called rural-urban migration. According to the 1985 All-Union Sample Survey of the Population, the main directions of migration to the USSR were moving from villages to cities (40%) and from cities to cities (34%). Moving from one rural area to another accounted for 19%, and from city to village - 7%.

Immigration of the population is the entry into the country for permanent or temporary residence of citizens of another country. Immigration of the population. determined by a number of reasons: economic (import of labor or entry into countries with more favorable working conditions or higher living standards, etc.), military (seizure of foreign lands and their military colonization) and political (escape from political, national, racial , religious and other persecutions, exchange of national minorities between states, etc.). Immigration played a crucial role in the settlement of some parts of the world and the formation of the population of many countries of the world. Immigration has a significant impact on population dynamics; its demographic consequences are determined not only by the number of migrants, but also by the uniqueness of their gender and age structure: a noticeable predominance of young and middle-aged people, as well as men, among the number of migrants. Immigration leads to the mixing of different ethnic groups of the population, resulting in the formation of new nations and nationalities. This is a phenomenon. characteristic of all historical eras. The migrations that took place over the last two thousand years, such as the Great Migration of Peoples in Europe (4th-7th centuries), migrations associated with the Arab conquests (7th-8th centuries), and with the expansion of the Turkic people, had a huge impact on the formation of the population of Eurasia -Mongols (11th-17th centuries). Age of the Greats geographical discoveries(mid-15th - mid-17th centuries) marked the beginning of the widespread development of intercontinental migrations, mainly from Europe to other parts of the world, primarily to America and Australia. In the 20th century the pace of migration does not weaken, although the migrations themselves take on a different aspect in a number of cases: huge population movements associated with two world wars; the resettlement of more than 16 million people caused by the division of British India into two independent states - India and Pakistan; migrations associated with the resettlement of Jews to Israel and the flight and eviction of Arabs from there, etc. At the same time, migrations for economic reasons still remain significant. After World War II (1939-45), labor immigration to the developed countries of Western Europe became widespread (the number of immigrants reaches 8 million people, including in France - 3.4 million, Germany - 2 million, Switzerland - 1 million, or 16% of the country's population, etc.). Countries supplying immigrants: Spain, Italy, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, North African countries.

Emigration of the population - leaving the country, relocating to another country for the purpose of permanent residence or temporary residence, usually for work. Emigration of the population. It can be permanent (“final”) and temporary, even only seasonal, the period of which is sometimes limited by a contract or other terms of employment (for example, for harvesting, etc.). Along with the emigration of the population for economic reasons, they have. a place of relocation from one country to another for political, ethnic, religious reasons. In the 2nd half of the 20th century. the main flows of emigration are departure from Western European countries to the USA, Canada, Australia and some other countries (this is, as a rule, permanent emigration) and the influx of “cheap” labor from developing countries into Western European countries (this is, as a rule, temporary emigration).

Urbanization (French urbanisation, from Latin urbanus - urban, urbs - city) is a historical process of increasing the role of cities in the development of society, which covers the socio-professional, demographic structure of the population, its way of life, culture, production location, forces, resettlement and etc. Urbanization has a huge impact on the development of various socio-economic formations and states; the main achievements of civilization are associated with cities. In the 3rd–1st millennium BC. e. Cities appeared in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Syria, India, Asia Minor, China, and Athens, Rome, and Carthage played a huge role in the Greco-Roman world. In the cities of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, elements of the capitalist mode of production and bourgeois culture were formed. Intensification of the urbanization process in the 19th century. caused an increase in the concentration of population in cities, which turned out to be possible thanks to the growth of industry, the intensification of agriculture, the development of means of transport and communications, medicine, etc. K. Marx noted the role of “urban relations,” the penetration of which into the countryside characterizes “modern history.”

The urban population of the USSR between 1926 and the beginning of 1975 grew almost 5.8 times, from 26.3 million to 153.1 million people. By mid-1976 its share was 62%.

The share of the urban population in other regions of the world was (by 1970): in foreign Europe - 63.6%, foreign Asia - 24.7%, Africa - 22.3%, Northern. America – 74.5%, Latin America– 56.2%, Australia and Oceania – 67.9% of the total population. For individual developed capitalist countries, the share of the urban population was: in the USA - 73.5%, Germany - 82.2%, Great Britain - 79.1%, France - 70% (1968), Italy - 51.5%. During 1965–70, the number of urban residents in the world grew 1.5–2.5 times faster than the entire world population.

Urbanization and city development are caused by the objective need to concentrate and integrate various forms and types of material and spiritual activity, communication, strengthening connections between various spheres of production, science and culture, which, in turn, increases the intensity and efficiency of social processes. These processes occur most effectively in the largest urban centers, big cities, where the interaction of socio-political, economic, scientific and technical factors, cultural traditions, various segments of the population, etc. is especially fruitful. It was in the largest urban centers that advanced social ideas and movements arose and concentrated. At the present stage of urbanization, there is a tendency towards increasing population concentration in large cities (100 thousand people or more). In the USSR in 1970, 31.2% of the total population lived in such cities, in Great Britain - 45.6%, in Japan - 48.2%. A special place in this process is occupied by the growth of “millionaire” cities, the number of which in the world is about 150, including 12 in Russia.

The urbanization process has two sides, or “phases.” In the first “phase” there is a concentration and accumulation of the economic and cultural potential of society in large urban centers, which creates conditions for the formation of higher achievements and examples of material and spiritual activity. In the second “phase,” these achievements are mastered by other, non-central cities and rural settlements, which, in turn, gives a new impetus to building the capacity of the main centers. The effectiveness of this dual process depends on the socio-economic nature of society. Under capitalism, the interaction between the two sides of urbanization is disrupted; social disunity opposes the integrative nature of urbanization, the clash of antagonistic interests of classes and social groups, private ownership of land, the opposition of centers and stagnant periphery give rise to an urban crisis. The process of urbanization is spontaneous. In the big cities of capitalist countries, the problems of unemployment and crime become especially acute, slum areas, ethnic ghettos, etc. emerge. In this regard, anti-urban sentiments are intensifying in bourgeois society (for example, “anti-urbanism” in the USA).

The process of urbanization in developing countries plays an important role. For all its complexity and pain (the rapid concentration in cities of the rural population unprepared for “urban” work, limited material resources, etc.), it contributes to the formation modern economy, overcoming backwardness and diversity, national consolidation, development of the socio-political structure of society.

Population migration affects social development through the implementation of its functions - those specific roles that population migration plays in the life of society. The functions of population migration are not clear-cut. On the one hand, they are presented as independent of the type of socio-economic system and the characteristics of individual societies. And on the other hand, as functions, the nature of which is determined by the socio-economic conditions of specific societies. The first are the general functions of population migration, the second are the specific functions of population migration of a particular socio-economic formation. The most common functions of population migration include accelerating, selective and redistributive.

The accelerating function is to ensure one or another level of spatial mobility and means both the turnover of the composition of residents of different areas and the expansion of the number of places of residence by individual citizens. Territorial movements contribute to changing the socio-psychological appearance of migrants, expanding their horizons, accumulating knowledge about various areas of life, exchanging labor skills and production experience, developing personality, its material, social and spiritual needs, and integrating national cultures.

The second function is the redistribution of the total population, associated with the placement of productive forces, between individual territories of the country, including between natural areas, regions, different types of urban and rural settlements. Population migration in its redistribution function not only increases the population of individual territories, but also indirectly affects demographic dynamics in that migrants participate in population reproduction. Therefore, the significance of population migration in changing the population of a particular territory is always greater than the share of migrants in the population of this area.

The essence of the selective function of population migration is that the uneven participation of different socio-demographic groups in population migration leads to a change in the qualitative composition of the population of different territories. Experience shows that men and people of working age participate in migration more actively than disabled people and women. There are great differences in the migration mobility of people of different nationalities and people born in a particular region, on the one hand, and those who recently moved there from other areas, on the other.

The general functions of population migration have some independence and at the same time are closely interrelated. Territorial redistribution of the population and changes in its qualitative composition are carried out only with appropriate mobility of the population. Quantitative redistribution of the population may or may not be combined with a change in the composition of the population in areas of outflow or influx of migrants. In the same way, intensive qualitative selection of a population can occur even when the quantitative result of redistribution is insignificant.

Population migration in various conditions performs specific functions, the most important of which are economic and social.

The economic function in its most general form is to ensure the connection of geographically distributed means of production with the necessary labor force and their functioning in the production process. The full implementation of this task based on the implementation of the general functions of population migration leads to ensuring quantitative and qualitative correspondence between material and personal factors of production.

The social function of population migration is entirely determined by production relations and contributes to increasing standard of living and social development of workers.

From the standpoint of managing population migration, it is necessary to create conditions under which economic and social functions would be in harmony and not in contradiction, such as, for example, a lag in the standard of living of the population in those areas in which productive forces should develop at a faster pace.

Population migration is a complex socio-demographic process. It consists of three stages: initial, or preparatory, representing the process of formation of territorial mobility of the population; the main stage or actual resettlement of the population; the final one, which acts as the adaptation of migrants to a new place. The individual stages of the migration process are closely related to each other. A migrant is a future new settler during the period of his territorial movement, and a new settler is a former migrant during the period of his settlement and adaptation in the area of ​​settlement. The extreme stages of the process are also connected. Thus, new settlers, having increased migration activity, are, to a large extent, potential migrants.

The population living in different regions of the country, in settlements of different social status, differs in the level of migration mobility, which depends both on the degree of socialization of individuals, individual groups and the population of a particular territorial unit as a whole, and on the characteristics of its structure (age, gender, genetic, ethnic, social, etc.).

The totality of relocations taking place in certain time within the framework of one or another territorial system, i.e. between its parts, represents the migration flow. According to available estimates, in the 1970s. In the USSR, 15-16 million resettlement occurred annually. The migration flow is not only a statistically significant quantity, but also an extremely diverse set in structural terms. Domestic and foreign studies have shown that the increased proportion of men, people of working age and single people in the migration flow compared to the population of the country as a whole is the most general socio-demographic feature of the migration structure; Moreover, this is a pattern of migration processes in general, and not just of a particular country. At the same time, there are also more specific features that depend on the ethnic composition of the population, on the industrial specialization of the territories, on historically established migration ties, etc. But these features are limited, often regional in nature.

The main determinants of the power of migration flows are the population size of the territories between which migration connections are carried out and their location. The larger the population of the territories between which migration exchange takes place, the more powerful the migration flows. And the closer the territories are located, the more intense their migration connections and, consequently, the greater the migration flows. The power of migration flows is affected by ethnic, economic and natural factors, as well as historically established connections, management decisions, etc. However, all this is either episodic or limited in localization, in contrast to factors such as proximity of territories and population.

In the migration of the population of our country, there are three most important directions in economic and socio-demographic terms: the movement of the population to the sparsely populated eastern and northern regions of the country, the continuous outflow of residents from villages to the city, the intensive and highly productive influx of migrants to large and major cities, to regional and Republican centers.

Regardless of the nature of the challenges facing the regulation of all three directions, along which migration flows are concentrated, to manage population migration at the resettlement stage, the first condition is to identify possible areas and exit points for migrants, as well as places of their settlement based on the criterion of labor availability. The solution to this problem is associated with improving the development of the balance of labor resources across all territories and large populated areas.

The final stage of the migration process is the survival of new settlers, i.e. the process of transition of new settlers into the old-timers. Increasing the survival rate of migrants in the place of settlement is the antithesis of the intensification of migration mobility of the population. Accommodation is that part of the migration process, the beginning of which is the transformation of a migrant into a new settler, and the end of which is the transition of a new settler to the old-timers. Structurally, survival includes two main components, one of which is adaptation, i.e. the process of adaptation of a migrant to new living conditions in the place of resettlement.

According to the results of research by Soviet scientists, the survival time of new settlers in different areas varies on average about 10 years. This period depends on the places where migrants leave, changes in settlement status during resettlement, the degree of differences in the structure of migrants and the population of the areas of resettlement, etc. Many studies have established that in cities people from villages settle down better, and in inter-regional migrations, migrants who come from the same region have better survival rates, etc. In general, the survival rate of new settlers differs in great territorial diversity. It depends on the geographical structure of migration connections, differences in natural-geographical environments, settlement statuses, the structure of migration flows, the conditions for settling migrants in new places, etc. By regulating these flows and creating timely conditions for the rapid settlement of migrants and their successful adaptation, it is possible to increase the efficiency of survival and migration processes in general.

Each social formation is associated with specific forms and causes of population migration, volumes and directions of migration flows. The earliest population migrations include the spontaneous settlement of ancient tribes across the globe, which lasted for thousands of years, and were peaceful in the development of new territories. Later, in the era of the collapse of the primitive communal system, with the development of production and population growth, mass movements occurred as a result of clashes between tribes; all this was accompanied by the formation and destruction of early class states and the formation of new peoples. At the end of ancient times and at the beginning of the Middle Ages, as a result of the Great Migration of Peoples, a mixture of different tribes occurred, which had a decisive influence on the formation of the modern ethnic composition of the European population. During the period of feudalism, mass migrations of the population were associated with the flight of peasants from serfdom to free lands, as well as with the forced resettlement of serfs to lands seized by feudal lords.

External (large intercontinental) population migrations followed the Great Geographical Discoveries. During the era of initial accumulation of capital, these population migrations were associated with the colonization of lands discovered and captured by Europeans in America, Asia and Africa, the extermination and displacement of the indigenous population inland. In the 16th-18th centuries. A significant part of America was populated by free settlers from Europe and slave blacks from Africa; until the beginning of the 19th century. the import of slaves exceeded the influx of free people.

With the development of capitalism throughout the 19th century. The volume of population migration is increasing. Interstate population migrations are increasing, generated by the relative overpopulation of some countries and the shortage of labor in other countries. The main centers of attraction for migrants were the USA and Canada, to a lesser extent - Australia and New Zealand, and individual countries South America- Argentina, Brazil, and also South Africa. The migration migration of the population during the period of developed capitalism was characterized by the fact that at the beginning, until the 90s. 19th century, the migration flow came from the industrialized capitalist countries of Europe - Great Britain, the Netherlands, Germany, Scandinavian countries, and then, from the end of the 19th century, an even more numerous flow came from the less industrialized, but affected by the agrarian crisis, countries of the South and of Eastern Europe- Italy, Poland, Hungary, Russia, etc. V.I. Lenin called these two stages “old immigration” and “new immigration.” Emigration from Europe reached its greatest intensity in 1900-14 (during this time about 20 million people left, almost 3/5 of them settled in the USA). After World War I (1914-1918), as the general crisis of capitalism expanded and deepened and a permanent army of unemployed people appeared, population migrations decreased sharply, because encountered restrictive legislative measures from a number of countries, especially the USA and Australia (the so-called restrictive restrictions).

In Asia in the 1st third of the 20th century. Interstate population migrations associated with the massive recruitment of cheap labor (mainly in China and India) to work on foreign plantations in the countries of Southeast Asia and East Africa became widespread.

Along with population migrations, based on socio-economic factors, in certain periods there are population migrations for political reasons (formation of new states, change state borders, political and economic transformations in states). Sometimes national and religious factors play a significant role in population migration.

Population migrations took on large proportions during and after

2nd World War 1939-1945. A significant contingent of migrants consisted of refugees and displaced persons. As a result of the defeat of Nazi Germany, about 9.7 million Germans were organizedly resettled from Poland and Czechoslovakia to the GDR, West Germany and West Berlin; Accordingly, about 5 million Poles and about 2.3 million Czechs moved to the liberated areas. When formed on the territory of former Britons. colony of India, two independent states - India and Pakistan, the exchange of population between these states, mainly on religious grounds, involved about 16 million Muslims and Hindus. The repatriation of Japanese after the war to Japan from China, Korea and other areas of Asia involved about 6.3 million people.

After the war, restrictive restrictions on interstate migration of the population became even stronger (in particular, the special term “undesirable foreigner” appeared). In the early 1970s. immigration (from Europe) to the USA did not exceed 100-150 thousand people annually, and to Canada and Australia - 100 thousand each. A kind of population migration appeared as a result of luring highly qualified specialists, the so-called. "brain drain"; it began in the 1930s, when the United States received a monopoly on the selection of scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany.

In the 1960s - early 70s. Population migrations from less developed European countries to more developed ones - Germany, France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland have become widespread (the number of migrants, mainly unskilled workers, here reaches different years 5-8 million people). Immigrants in capitalist countries are usually the most poorly paid, exploited and disenfranchised part of the workforce. The situation is especially difficult for immigrants belonging to other racial types (Indians in South Africa, Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in the USA, etc.).

Internal migrations of the population in capitalist countries are caused mainly by the same reasons as external ones: relocation in search of work from relatively overpopulated, land-poor areas to newly developed areas, from rural areas to cities, seasonal movements in rural areas - for agricultural work and to the city ( otkhodnichestvo), resettlement of peasants to free lands, etc. Internal migrations of the population are especially common in countries with a vast territory and diverse geographical and economic conditions. In the USA, for example, according to 1960 data, about 30% of individuals lived outside the states where they were born; here the “century-old” increase in population of the western and southwestern states continues, the increase in seasonal migrations of agricultural workers, the resettlement of blacks from the areas of the so-called. "black belt" to the north of the country, increased attraction of the population to large cities and agglomerations. In the capitalist countries of Europe, internal migration of the population is relatively small. In developing countries, the picture of population mobility is quite varied, but in general, the higher the level of development of the productive forces, the stronger the internal migration of the population.

The main type of modern internal migration is the influx of population from rural areas to cities. From 1920 to 1970, the number of city dwellers in the world as a whole increased by almost 1 billion people, more than 1/2 of which was due to the mechanical influx of population.

V.I. Lenin attached great importance to internal migrations of the population in Russia, which contributed to the settlement of the southern steppe and forest-steppe regions, the Volga region, the Urals and Siberia, as well as the growth of cities (from the 16th to the beginning of the 20th centuries, 25-30 million people moved). In the USSR, under the conditions of socialist construction with the elimination of class contradictions that give rise to mass migrations of the population, social disasters that force the population to leave their country or native land are becoming a thing of the past. But population migrations do not disappear, although their types, forms, and most importantly, reasons are radically changing. State planning of the national economy creates the preconditions for an organized flow of migrants within the country, depriving migration of the population of features of spontaneity. They are regulated by a number of either direct or indirect economic and social levers and are designed to directly meet the needs of the national economy for the rational distribution of the population. IN socialist countries there is increased development of underdeveloped areas, and migration is primarily directed to these areas. In the USSR, the scale of internal migration of the population is associated with the industrialization and urbanization of the country. In 1926-39, about 4.7 million people moved to the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, and the Far East. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45 there were sharp territorial shifts in the distribution of the population due to the evacuation to eastern regions from the occupied areas and the front line (in 1941-42 about 20-25 million people). In the post-war period, population migrations continued to new industrial areas, to new buildings, to areas of virgin land development (in 1959-1970 alone, the influx to Kazakhstan and Central Asia amounted to 1.2 million people). High level the process of urbanization has reached. During 1927-1969, the urban population of the USSR grew by 105.4 million people; Migration accounted for 59.7 million people.

So, let's briefly summarize. Today we can talk about the existence of two main types of population migration: external (emigration, immigration, colonization) and internal (including urbanization). Relocation can be carried out by force.

Population migration performs certain functions in society, the most important of which for demography are the redistribution of the population across territories (settlement of densely populated areas), economic, and social.

main reason migrations are economic, but they are also caused by political, national, religious, environmental and other reasons.

Of course, migration also has a negative side: it disrupts the normal regime of population reproduction. However, as is known, migration growth is, along with natural growth, a component of overall population growth

So, population migration plays an important role in the life of society, the state, and the world as a whole.

Certainly, this work reflects only a small part of the knowledge about this process. You can write about migration processes in any given country, but still at least something will remain unexplained.

Borisov V.A. Demography. M., 2001

Boyarsky A.Ya., Valentey D.I., Kvasha A.Ya. Fundamentals of demography. M., 1980

Valentey D.I., Kvasha A.Ya. Fundamentals of demography. M., 1989

Gozulov A.I. Censuses of the world's population. M., 1970

Demography and ecology large city/ ed. ON THE. Tolokontseva, G.M. Romanenkova. L., 1980

Demographic encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1985

Demography course. M., 1985

Maksakovsky V.P. Geography. M., 1997

Population. Encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1994

Population and labor resources. M., 1989

Population of Russia 1996. 4th annual demographic report. M., 1997

Population of Russia 1998. 6th annual demographic report. M., 1999

Pokshishevsky V.V., Geography of the population of foreign countries. M., 1971

Staroverov O.V. Basics of mathematical demography. M., 1997

Population migration statistics. M., 1973

http:/encycl.yandex.ru

NIZHNY NOVGOROD TECHNIQUE
ECONOMICS STATISTICS AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

GOSKOMSTAT OF RUSSIA

REPORT

SUBJECT: WORLD ECONOMY

ON THE TOPIC: MIGRATION PROCESSES IN THE WORLD

Group 79 students

Zyuzina O. V.

Checked by the teacher:

Vorobyova V. A.

2000

INTRODUCTION

The second half of the 20th century is characterized by a further increase in the scale economic activity, expanding connections between different countries, deepening the international division of labor. There are no countries that would not interact with each other economically and would not be included in the system of production relations and interdependencies. Currently, the entire world is an arena of interconnected economic activities of people. In economic literature and in everyday speech, the concepts of “world economy” and “world (global) economy” are widely used. It is obvious that the world, with all its complexity and contradictions in economic terms, represents a certain integrity and unity.

In the economic literature there is no common understanding of the terms “world economy”, “world economy”. Since these terms have a wide scope, researchers emphasize aspects that are important from their point of view. In the domestic literature, several approaches can be distinguished.

1. The most common understanding of the world economy is as a set of national economies interconnected by a system of international division of labor, economic and political relations.

In this definition, nationally separate countries are dominant, regardless of whether their production is for the domestic or foreign market. This approach obscures the reasons that determine the relationships, state and prospects for the development of the world economy.

2. According to another point of view, the world economy is interpreted as a system of international economic relations, as a universal connection between national economies. Many Western researchers adhere to a similar concept, in particular, believing that the international economic system includes trade and financial relations, as well as the uneven distribution of capital resources and labor. In this case, production, which largely determines international economic relationships, falls out of the field of view of researchers.

3. A more complete interpretation of the world economy defines it as an economic system that is self-reproducing at the level of productive forces, production relations and certain aspects of superstructural relations to the extent that its constituent national economies have a certain compatibility at each of the three named levels. It reflects the main components of the economy, including the material base, the implementation of various forms of ownership and a certain order of functioning of reproductive processes.

As you can see, all researchers recognize that the world economy is a certain system. The basis for the emergence and existence of the system is its integrity, which presupposes the economic interaction of all components of the system at a fairly stable level. Only in this case is regular circulation of a reproducible product possible on a global scale and constant activity, viability of the system, its self-regulation and development are ensured. Such unity of the world economy, the circulation of a reproducible product is ensured by national and international markets with the multiplicity of prices inherent in commodity-money relations.

World economy is one of the complex systems characterized by a multiplicity of its constituent elements, hierarchy, multi-levelness, and structure. Economic power is distributed very unevenly around the world. Three states - the USA, Japan and Germany, with 9% of the world's population - accumulate half of the world's income and have more than 1/3 of the purchasing power of all countries in the world.

The basis of the system is the international and national production of material and spiritual goods, limited by the framework of individual states, their distribution, exchange and consumption. Each of these phases of the world reproduction process, both on a global scale and within individual states, depending on their place and role as a whole, influences the functioning of the entire world economic system. The latter also has certain directions of its development inherent in it as a whole, but it does not develop outside of national economies.

The system is understood ambiguously. With one approach, it must have a common goal, which acts as the driving force for its development. Within such a system, there may be separate sectors - subsystems that have specific characteristics, but nevertheless are subordinate to the organizing goal of the system as a whole. Another understanding of the system comes from the fact that it consists of a number of separate subsystems with different and even opposing goals. But the subsystems included in it must be interconnected and mutually influence each other. Such a structure of systems can be temporary, transitional in nature, since the most resilient subsystems transform or subordinate others to their goals. Otherwise, the system falls apart.

The global economy as a system has a common goal. Ultimately, its functioning is aimed at satisfying human needs (demand), but in different subsystems this goal is modified due to different socio-economic conditions. The creation of new enterprises cannot be an end in itself. It can be justified if it helps improve the living conditions of the population.

The world economy as a system cannot develop without a certain order based on the norms of international public and private law that regulate economic relations between states, economic associations, legal and individuals. Compliance with established conventional and customary norms is ensured by the states themselves and collective forms of monitoring compliance

international law, which is practiced by various types of international organizations. These rules are clarified and revised in accordance with the needs of the development of world productive forces and individual subsystems and elements.

The world economy is a historical and political-economic category. This is explained by the fact that each specific historical stage is characterized by a certain scale and level of production, internationalization of economic life and socio-economic structure. It is a complex economic system. Its subjects are transnational companies, national economies, international integration associations, which themselves are systems with regulation inherent only to them.

Relationships between separate elements of the world economy are levels. Relations between states constitute the international level, which is regulated international rules and norms. Flow relationships that cross national borders form the transnational level—the sphere of activity of firms and groups with their internal information systems. This area also includes a network of informal activity flows: drug trafficking, arms trafficking, clandestine migration. Many elements that make up the world economic system operate there simultaneously. There are clashes, agreements, and unifications between centers of power. Features of an oligopoly arise, which extend their strategy either to the whole world or to individual regions.

In socio-economic terms, the world economy is heterogeneous. The leading place in it is occupied by industrially developed Western countries, or, as defined by A. Sovy, the First World. A special place is occupied by developing countries - the Third World, which largely retain the dependent nature of their economies from industrial countries. Eastern European countries with transition economies and a number of other states have great specificity in their development. In general, the world economy is a complex socio-economic entity.

MIGRATION PROCESSES IN THE WORLD

External migrations, i.e., emigration and immigration, have a great influence on the size of the population and its composition in many countries, their labor force. They played and are playing a multifaceted role in the development of mankind, acting as a form of human adaptation to the changing conditions of its existence.

International population migration refers to the territorial movement of people across borders. The following types of international migration are distinguished: irrevocable, temporary-permanent (from 1 to 6 years),

seasonal, pendulum (daily, weekly travel to work in a neighboring country).

International migration is caused by economic, political and military reasons. The former are more or less permanent in nature, the latter are associated with coordinated political events in individual countries, as well as with wars that give rise to forced migrants, refugees, and displaced persons.

Forced migration. Although forced migrations of the population are caused by non-economic reasons, they also lead to the redistribution of labor resources between countries, which affects the economic development of both countries of emigration and countries of immigration.

In the post-war period, larger migration flows were associated with the establishment of new state borders, the emergence of the world socialist system and the collapse of the colonial system. So, for example, according to the Postdam Agreement of the three powers - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, the eastern border of Germany ran along the Oder-Neisse line, and the German population, previously living east of this line, as well as in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, was in the overwhelming majority resettled on the territory of the then GDR and West Germany. In East Asia, about 6 million people were resettled in Japan, mainly from China and Korea.

The formation of independent states in a number of cases was accompanied by resettlement movements on a huge scale. As a rule, the white population who had previously lived there emigrated from former colonies that became sovereign states. The formation of Israel and its military actions against neighboring states led to the eviction of about 3 million people, Palestinian Arabs. Political changes in Vietnam, Cuba, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, military aggression and civil wars in a number of these states caused significant population movements.

The number of refugees increased dramatically in the 80s and 90s. In Africa their number approached 12 million, in Asia it exceeded 5 million. The largest number of refugees (5 million) come from Afghanistan. Large numbers of Cambodian refugees - 350 thousand - live in Thailand, 100 thousand Iraqis in Iran, 100 thousand Myanmarese in Bangladesh. There are about 1.8 million refugees in Europe and 1 million in the United States. Civil conflicts in the former Yugoslavia have created the deepest crisis in the refugee movement in the last decade. In mid-1992, there were over 2.3 million internally displaced persons, 0.5 million of whom sought refuge abroad. The collapse of the USSR created a large flow of refugees - over 6 million people.

The 20th century is called the century of refugees. In 1994, their number exceeded 27.4 million people (1980 - 9.6 million). Forced migration has become global, affecting many countries. The bulk of forced migrants (83%) settled in developing countries.

Work migration. Labor migration plays a major role in modern international population movements. Its scale is constantly growing, and almost all countries are involved in this process. Intercountry labor migration has taken on an unprecedented character and is becoming a typical phenomenon. socio-economic life of the modern world. Early 1993

year there were about 30 million migrant workers. Taking into account members of their families, participants in commuter migration (frontaliers), seasonal workers, and illegal immigrants, the total number of labor migrants is estimated to be four to five times higher.

The possibility of international labor migration is created by national differences in wages. The need for migration movements of hired labor from country to country is dictated by the uneven formation of relative overpopulation in the international arena. The labor force is moving from countries rich in labor resources to countries richer in capital. More than half of international migrants come from developing countries, 2/3 of them are in industrialized countries. The influx of new migrants into these countries is associated with qualitative imbalances in their labor markets.

Labor migration flows have undergone certain changes over a long period of time. In the last century, international migration was directed mainly to capital-poor colonies, and primarily to North America and Australia. Mass immigration in certain areas of the world led to the emergence and development of settler societies there, which gave impetus to the development of the world economic system. The movement of immigrants, means of production and financial resources contributed to education in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. groups of settler states, the main directions of social development of which were determined by the European powers. During this period, there were also significant population movements from China and India, mainly to South-Eastern Asia and the Indian Ocean regions.

In the second half of the last century, new centers of attraction for immigrants emerged. Emigration began to flow from less developed to more developed countries. The most powerful center of gravity has emerged in Western Europe; as a result, it has turned from a supplier of emigrants into a center of gravity for labor. Already in the early 50s, there were about 15 million migrant workers and members of their families in EU countries. In the mid-1970s, a major center of immigration developed in the Persian Gulf region, and in the early 1990s, foreigners made up 70% of the workforce there. Israel has become a kind of center of attraction for immigrants, nationalistic in nature. Its population increased by 2/3 due to migration flows and largely (by 1/3) due to immigrants from the Soviet Union. In Latin America, Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela have become centers of labor force attraction, with immigrant populations ranging from 5 to 8 million people. In Africa, South Africa and Ivory Coast have become centers of labor force attraction.

The main suppliers of labor in Asia were India, Pakistan, the Philippines, Malaysia, and in the Middle East - Lebanon. Jordan, Turkey, in Africa - Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Ghana, Mali, Chad, Guinea, Mozambique, in North America– Mexico, in Europe – Poland, Portugal, Italy, Ireland. In the 90s the country Southern Europe– Greece, Italy, Spain have turned from countries of net migration into countries of net migration.

The impact of migration on receiving countries. International population migration plays an important role in the demographic development of individual countries and regions. As a result of migration flows, a number of industrialized countries leveled out the narrowed reproduction of the population. In the 80s, the share of external migration in the total population growth of countries such as Canada, Australia, France exceeded 25%, and the USA - up to 50%. On the other hand, significant emigration led to a process of depopulation in a number of countries, which was observed in the 60s in Ireland, Greece, and Portugal, despite the high population growth in these countries. In the second half of the 80s, Lebanon lost 1/10 of its population, Mexico - about 1%. The famous French demographer A. Sauvy equated emigration with mortality.

International migration has a serious impact on the age and gender structure of the population of donor and receiving countries. Among immigrants, people of working age predominate. The share of immigrants in the labor force is usually higher than in the population. In the mid-1980s, foreign workers made up a significant portion of the working-age population in Western European countries, especially in Switzerland (17% in 1987), West Germany (8.1%), and France (8.6).

In theory, free movement of labor between countries equalizes wages and increases the gross world product. IN real life all major benefits from labor migration accrue to the receiving countries. Assessing their scale is not easy, since not all of them can be quantified. They consist of savings on training specialists in host countries. The value of products and services, respectively, created by immigrants in the host country, tax revenues. Immigrants, especially illegal immigrants, contribute more to the country's income than they receive from the public sector. Immigrants are younger than the average population, and they finance part of the social costs of permanent residents.

Different categories of immigrants have different effects on reproduction gross product. “Brain drain” has a noticeable impact on the economic development of industrial capitalist countries. This category includes scientists, engineers, and doctors. In the 50-60s, the “brain drain” went mainly from some developed countries to others, mainly to the USA. Since the 60s, the emigration of scientific, technical and other highly qualified specialists began to take place from developing countries, and in the 90s - from Eastern Europe.

At least 2/3 of the influx of “brains” comes from the United States. The share of immigrants among specialists there is 17%, including 40% of engineers and computer specialists, a large number of teachers of technical disciplines at universities and colleges. According to estimates, the net gain for the United States from attracting one “average” scientist in the humanities to the country in the 70s was $230 thousand, a scientist in the field of social sciences - $235 thousand, an engineer - $253 thousand, a doctor - 646 thousand dollars. As a result, the US savings in the field of education and scientific activities alone amounted to at least 15 billion dollars. The profits received by Canada in the process of exploiting the minds of emigrants are 7 times greater than the volume of its assistance to developing countries. In Britain, the benefits of attracting foreign

specialists are three times greater than the amount of its economic assistance to the countries of Asia and Africa.

An analysis of the situation in the United States shows that the influx of immigrants is not associated with increased competition in the labor market and increased unemployment among the native population. Moreover, indirectly through the expansion of demand and directly through the development of new entrepreneurship, it stimulates the creation of new jobs. Immigration does not significantly affect the average wage level and income differentiation. Only in some cases does increased competition within certain professional qualification groups lead to some reduction in wages. Immigrants are usually employed in the so-called secondary segment of the labor market, which is characterized by difficult working conditions, low level pay and lack of opportunities for professional growth. These circumstances limit the social mobility of migrants and create the basis for their segregation. In the primary sector of the labor market there are only migrants belonging to scientific and technical workers. Usually their assimilation occurs quite gently in the society of recipient countries. And only the deterioration of the economic situation usually leads to an aggravation of contradictions between the indigenous and newcomer populations.

Social and economic consequences of migration. The impact of migration on sending countries is not adequately realized. Research has shown that international migrants generally have average earning potential in their home country. More often than not, they do not belong to the poorest strata. The lowest income groups in poor countries lack the prospects, financial resources and information to engage in international migration on a large scale, although there have been cases where the opposite trend has occurred. Often, as a result of emigration, countries lost their most qualified labor force, and the vacancies that arose were filled by less trained workers, which affected production efficiency. Similar cases were typical for Egypt, Jordan, Yemen, Lesotho and other countries. Thus, according to estimates in the 70s, the Philippines lost over 12% of trained specialists, South Korea - 10%. 90% of newly trained doctors in Zimbabwe have gone abroad since 1980.

Emigration often takes a heavy toll on the intellectual potential of donor countries, which is the most valuable substance of any society. The essence of this problem lies not so much in the number of specialists leaving abroad, but in their significance. The departure of one or another informally leading researcher can paralyze the work of the creative team. The outflow of “brains” increases the disproportions of scientific- technical development main subsystems of the world economy and individual countries.

Labor migration, based on differences in levels of economic development, at the same time helps to alleviate a number of problems in countries of emigration. In particular, for a number of countries, especially small countries, remittances from emigrants play an important role as a source of their foreign exchange earnings. IN large countries– India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippines they account for 10-27% of export earnings. Emigrant workers are characterized by a high standard

savings. Their average propensity to save ranges from 35% for Turkish expatriates to 70% for Pakistani expatriates. The average propensity to transfer to the country of origin is lower, ranging from 11-50%. It decreases as the length of an immigrant's stay in the host country increases.

Remittances stimulate domestic demand, which can lead to growth in output and employment. In a number of countries with narrow domestic markets, they can increase inflationary pressure and cause an expansion of imports. Studies on Bangladesh and Pakistan have shown that only a small portion of remittances is spent on productive investment. In the social sphere, the positive effect of migration is usually associated with an increase in well-being, if not of the entire society, then at least of some part of it. Communication between temporary migrants and more can have a positive impact advanced technologies, applied in immigration countries, to higher standards of work ethics.

International migration of labor resources has little effect on the redistribution of income in the world economy, and even more so on the equalization of levels of economic development. Labor still remains an immobile factor of production compared to capital, which moves more freely in the global economic system. This situation is predetermined by the policy of primarily industrial capitalist countries, which has a pronounced immigration character. Since the 70s, Western countries began to tighten measures to limit immigration, almost simultaneously, Western countries, and primarily the United States, as part of a policy to protect human rights, launched a campaign for the freedom of movement of people. The selectivity of admission has increased based on the goals of foreign policy and solving their economic problems. Immigration rules are being revised to encourage the influx of scientific and highly qualified individuals. in this regard, proposals from a number of countries to develop a compensation mechanism for the use of labor immigration seem justified. Submit your application with requirements right now to find out the cost and possibility of writing.