- a state in East Asia, which is located on 4 large islands: Kyushu, Honshu, Shikoku, Hokkaido, as well as the islands of the Ryukyu archipelago and more than a thousand small islands. In the north it is washed by the Sea of Okhotsk, in the east - by the Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea, in the west - by the Korea Strait and Sea of Japan. In the north it borders with Russia (Sakhalin, Kuril Islands), in the south - with the Philippines, in the west and northwest - with China and South Korea.
The name of the country comes from the ancient Japanese “Yamata” - “country of mountain people”.
Official name: Japan (Nippon)
Capital: Tokyo
The area of the land: 377.4 thousand sq. km
Total Population: 127.3 million people
Administrative division: It is divided into 9 regions, 44 prefectures, a capital district and 2 city prefectures.
Form of government: A constitutional monarchy.
Head of State: The emperor is a symbol of the unity of the nation; he has no real power.
Population composition: 99% are Japanese, 0.5% are Koreans, 0.5% are Chinese and Ainu (remnants of the indigenous population).
Official language: Japanese, and English is also widely spoken.
Religion : Almost all Japanese are Shintoists, most Shintoists also profess Buddhism. 3% are Christians.
Internet domain: .jp
Mains voltage: ~100 V, 50 Hz/60 Hz
Country dialing code: +81
Country barcode: 450-459 and 490-499
Climate
Since the Japanese archipelago stretches strongly from north to south, the climate on different islands differs markedly from each other. If Hokkaido has a classic climate of temperate latitudes with hot summers and snowy winters, then southern islands Ryukyu temperatures rarely drop below +13:+15 degrees.
Hokkaido
The climate of the northernmost island, Hokkaido, is the harshest in Japan. Local winters are very, very cold - in January the thermometer drops at night to -10:-15, and in some areas there have been cases when the thermometer dropped to -40oC. Snow cover is established everywhere here, which is facilitated by a fairly high amount of precipitation in winter for a monsoon climate - more than 300 mm per season, and in January it snows almost every day. Spring frosts are common here even in May, which is facilitated by the free penetration of cold air masses from the still ice-covered Sea of Okhotsk.
In spring, due to frequent fogs, the air warms up in eastern parts On the islands, this happens slowly - only at the end of April frosts stop here, due to which cereals are sown here a month later than in the west of the island. In summer it is quite warm here - in July-August on average there are several days when the temperature rises above +30 degrees, with average daytime temperatures of +25:+26 degrees, but still rainy - on average per year in the capital of Hokkaido - Sapporo there are about 300 rainy days.
Honshu, Shikoku, northern Kyushu
On the territory of these islands the climate is noticeably milder than in Hokkaido. Subtropical latitudes favor a reduction in the duration of the winter season, which, however, does not negate the likelihood of snowfalls, which in the west of Honshu Island sometimes acquire proportions that are surprising for the subtropics. Winter, however, is warm - at night the thermometer on the largest of the Japanese islands hovers around zero, and during the day it heats up to +5:+7 degrees.
Spring comes quite quickly, and already at the end of March - at the beginning of April, the symbol of Japan - sakura - blooms everywhere. This time is one of the most recommended times to visit the country. At this time, the thermometer during the day almost everywhere exceeds the 15-degree mark.
At the beginning of summer in the Japanese subtropics, the so-called period of “plum rains” begins - when the monsoon brings heavy and prolonged rains to the islands, which fall during high temperatures air and weak winds. During the day, the air temperature reaches +25 degrees, and the air humidity is 100%.
After the end of the “plum rains”, the hottest time of the year begins here, when daytime temperatures go beyond +30, and night temperatures do not fall below +20oC. However, on the coast, the heat is mitigated by the sea breeze, which is why the resorts of the Boso and Miura peninsulas owe their popularity. By the end of September, monsoon activity weakens, summer showers cease, and the oppressive heat subsides. This is the time when the second peak of tourist activity in Japan occurs.
Ryukyu Islands, Okinawa
The Ryukyu Islands, remote from the main territory of the country, also have a monsoon climate. But due to the distance from the continent, the winter monsoon does not bring cold weather here, as a result of which snow and frost are unknown here. In January and February - the coldest months - the air temperature ranges from +13oC at night to +19 degrees during the day. In summer, the weather here is hot and humid, which is only helped by the fresh sea wind. During the day the air warms up to +30 degrees and above, and at night it can be no colder than +25.
Geography
Japan is an island nation located in the Pacific Islands, off the coast of East Asia. The territory of Japan includes about 4 thousand islands, stretching from northeast to southwest. almost 3.5 thousand km. The largest islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. Large engineering structures ( underwater tunnels, bridges) facilitate connections between the main islands of the country. Japan is washed in the east and south by the Pacific Ocean, in the west by the East China and Japan Seas, and in the north by the Sea of Okhotsk. Area 372.2 thousand km2. Population 114 million (1977 estimate). The capital is Tokyo.
Over 70% of the territory is occupied by hills and mountains (mainly low and mid-altitude); lowlands are located in separate areas along the coasts. On the island of Hokkaido, the main ridges are a continuation of the Sakhalin and Kuril Islands, stretching from north to south and from northeast to southwest. The highest peaks located in the area of their intersection exceed 2000 m - a typical example is Mount Asahi, 2290 m high.
In the northern part of the island of Honshu there are three longitudinal chains of mid-altitude mountains, separated by valleys and basins; the axial position is occupied by the Ou ridge, to the west of which are the Deva and Echigo ridges, to the east - the Kitakami and Abukuma ridges; the central and western ranges are topped by volcanoes.
In the middle part, the island is crossed by a fault zone - Fossa Magna (length about 250 km), above which a number of volcanoes rise, including the highest in Japan - Fuji (height 3776 m), which is a symbol of the country.
In the central part of the island. Honshu is located in the Hida, Kiso, Akaishi ranges (height 2900-3192 m), the peaks of which have an alpine topography and are covered with snow most of the year.
In total, there are 16 peaks in Japan whose height exceeds the three thousand mark.
The rivers in Japan are predominantly mountainous and full-flowing; there are also numerous lakes, the largest of which, Lake Biwa, has an area of 716 km2.
Flora and fauna
Vegetable world
Approximately 60% of Japan's area is covered by forests. The flora of Japan is characterized by great species diversity and includes 2,750 species, including 168 tree species. On the Japanese islands there are plants characteristic of the tropical, subtropical and temperate zones.
On the Ryukyu Islands (Nansei) there are widespread tropical rainforests in which palm trees grow (arenga, livistona, sugar, sago, catechu), tree fern cyathea, cycad, polycarp (podocarpus), banana, ficus, etc., in the mountains - evergreen oaks and tropical conifers such as akamatsu pine, mami fir, and hemlock. There are numerous lianas and epiphytes, mainly ferns. On Yaku Island, natural forests of Japanese cryptomeria have been preserved, individual trees of which, reaching 40–50 m in height and 5 m in diameter, are already about 2000 years old.
IN southern regions On the sea coast of Kyushu Island, tropical forests have been preserved in places, and evergreen subtropical forests on this island rise to approximately 1000 m. In addition, subtropical forests are common on Shikoku Island and in the south of Honshu Island. They are dominated by evergreen oaks and endemic species of pines, cypresses, cryptomeria, polycarpids, and thujas. Gardenias, azaleas, aralias, and magnolias grow in the undergrowth.
Among the tree species they are dominated by camphor laurel, long-pointed castanopsis, evergreen oaks (sharp, dove, etc.), star anise (illicium), camellia, different kinds simplocosa. In the subtropical zone, groves of gingko and bamboo have been preserved in some places.
To the north of the Japanese Alps on the island of Honshu and in the southern half of the island of Hokkaido there are broad-leaved deciduous forests dominated by Japanese and crenate beech, jagged and large-serrated oak, common crenate or Japanese chestnut, many types of maple, ash and linden, and elms , birch, Japanese hornbeam, Japanese hop hornbeam, zelkova aculifolia, or Japanese zelkova, sumacifolia polycarp.
Somewhat higher on the mountain slopes grow coniferous-deciduous forests, in which conifers include cryptomeria (up to 45 m high), cypress, Siebold's hemlock, variegated and Blaringham's, Japanese false hemlock, pointed yew, or Japanese yew, and other species. Above 500 m above sea level on Hokkaido these forests are replaced by spruce-fir mountain taiga forests with bamboo in the lower layer.
Some mountains on Honshu, including Mount Fuji, and the central mountain range on Hokkaido rise above the tree line. There are thickets of rhododendron, dwarf cedar, heath, subalpine and alpine meadows.
Japan's natural vegetation has been severely damaged by human activity. Forests, especially on the plains, are being replaced by agricultural land.
Animal world
Due to its island position, the fauna of Japan is poor compared to mainland Asia and is characterized by a fairly high endemism (40%). Many land mammals are represented by smaller forms than on the mainland. They are usually considered a Japanese subspecies. Since the natural conditions of the country are quite diverse, the fauna of Japan contains species characteristic of tropical, subtropical, boreal and mountain forests.
Japan is characterized by significant differences in the fauna of different islands, widespread distribution up to 40° N. latitude. monkeys (Japanese macaque, the number of which is estimated at 40–60 thousand individuals), a significant species diversity of birds (especially waterfowl). In addition, a large number of migratory birds stop over in Japan.
Reptiles are few in number; There are only two types of poisonous snakes, the trigonocephalus is especially dangerous.
Wildlife remains largely within numerous protected areas - in national parks, reserves, nature reserves, marine parks.
The southernmost islands are home to monkeys such as Japanese macaques, tonkobolls and gibbons, and bats, especially fruit bats, are common; There are tree wyverns, martens, squirrels, and flying squirrels. Among the birds, the most common are the Japanese nightjar, or the great cuckoo, the Japanese white-eye, the gray grubeater, the dark-backed long-tailed flycatcher, the eastern broadmouth, the Indian pitta, etc.
On Kyushu and the adjacent islands there are Japanese macaques, white-breasted bears, badgers, Japanese sables, raccoon dogs, foxes, sika deer, Japanese serows, wild boars, squirrels, Japanese and pygmy flying squirrels, chipmunks, pasuk rats, wood mice, Japanese dormouse, gray vole, hare, shrew, Asian water shrew, mogera, Japanese shrew moles, among birds - copper pheasant, blue-winged bird, mandarin duck, grebes, shelduck, etc., among reptiles - Yakushima toki (endemic gecko).
The Japanese macaque, white-breasted bear, sika deer, Japanese serow, wild boar, badger, Japanese sable, raccoon dog, fox, otter, Japanese and pygmy flying squirrels, squirrel, chipmunk, hare, pasyuk rat, wood mouse, Japanese dormouse live on Shikoku Island. , shrew, various types of shrews, moguera, Japanese shrew moles, birds - piebald petrel, copper pheasant, etc.
Common species on Honshu Island include the Japanese macaque, white-breasted bear, fox, Japanese serow, sika deer, wild boar, ermine, badger, Japanese sable, raccoon dog, Japanese and pygmy flying squirrels, squirrel, chipmunk, Japanese hare, wood mouse, Japanese dormouse, and rat. pasyuk, shrew, different types shrew, mogera, Japanese shrew moles.
Among the numerous birds, the most notable are the golden eagle, green and copper pheasants, Japanese robin, needle-tailed swift, Japanese nutcracker, eastern broadmouth, tundra partridge (above the forest line in the mountains), piebald petrel, black-tailed gull. Mixed coniferous-deciduous forests are characterized by crows, jays, tits, buntings, goldfinches, greenfinches, thrushes, warblers, flycatchers, nuthatches, and sparrows.
The fauna of Hokkaido has many species in common with the Far Eastern taiga. Common here Brown bear, raccoon dog, weasel, ermine, Siberian sable, Siberian chipmunk, squirrel, mountain hare. In addition, there are Japanese macaques, sika deer, a local subspecies of the northern pika, flying squirrel, wood mice, red-gray and red voles, pasyuk rat, shrew, and shrews. Notable among the birds are the Japanese three-toed woodpecker, yellowtail, Steller's sea eagle, and fish eagle. In coniferous forests there are numerous crossbills, grosbeaks, waxwings, and hazel grouse.
Attractions
The main feature that immediately catches the eye is the country’s carefully preserved natural environment. Every piece of land, even a tiny lawn sandwiched among skyscrapers, can be turned into a mini-reserve; any tiny pond or lawn can be a local shrine, looked after and monitored by the entire district. Many carefully preserved historical monuments, buildings and temples are scattered throughout the country, so Japan makes an indelible impression on everyone who has ever visited this country.
The symbols of the country, replicated by the millions on all postcards and booklets about the country, are the largest “sacred gate” (“torii”) in Japan - the wooden gate (1875) of the Itsukushima Shrine on the “sacred” island of Miyajima, standing right in the water in a small bay (the monastery itself, one of the most revered shrines in Japan, also stands on stilts right in the water), as well as famous mountain Fuji (Fujiyama, 3,776 m.) is one of the most beautiful volcanoes in the world, surrounded by equally picturesque surroundings.
The Seto-Ohashi Bridge (1988), spanning the Inland Sea of Japan (Seto) from Honshu to Shikoku, is considered the same symbol of the country. Japan produces the best pearls in the world, so numerous “pearl farms” are also interesting tourist attractions, visited by up to half a million foreign tourists in year.
- Inuyama Castle
- Coty Castle
- Kumamoto Castle
- Tokyo Tower
Currency can be exchanged at the airport upon arrival, as well as in most bank branches (there are also special machines for currency exchange). Most profitable terms exchanges are usually offered at the airport, since in hotels the exchange rate is no more than $300 per person per day, and in banks the exchange procedure is often highly formalized. It is impossible to exchange currency on the street.
Payment by credit cards is widespread (a number of restaurants do not accept credit cards), however, only ATMs of the post office (Japan Post) and several banks issue yen on cards of foreign banks; others only work with local currency.
Traveler's checks can also be easily cashed at most major international banks or hotels.
Useful information for tourists
Tipping is not customary in Japan. The number of traditions and rituals that are required or recommended to be observed is enormous. Almost all spheres of the country’s life are permeated with a network of traditions and ceremonies.
Handshakes are replaced by bows, and they must be “returned” with the same frequency and respect shown by the other party. The Japanese are polite and helpful in their communication. Hospitality is in the Japanese's blood. Direct refusal is not accepted even if it is impossible to fulfill the request, so it is worth thinking in advance about the feasibility of your wishes.
The traditional smiling of the Japanese, especially women, under any circumstances is often misleading - even a refusal or some unpleasant moment will be accompanied by a smile, which confuses many foreigners. At the same time, familiarity (even too small a distance between interlocutors) is completely unacceptable and causes a sharply negative attitude among the Japanese. It is also not recommended to look a Japanese person directly in the eyes or actively gesticulate - this is perceived as aggression. The Japanese “passion” for hygiene and cleanliness is also widely known.
Crockery, table setting and decorative presentation of dishes are of great importance. Before eating, it is customary to wipe your face and hands with a special hot oshibori napkin. Each dish is served in a container specially designed for it and occupies a strictly defined place on the table, and an individual table is allocated for each person. Dishes and serving items are strictly divided into “male” and “female”.
There is a separate stand for chopsticks (“hashi” or “hashi”), and they are served in a special colorful paper case (“hashi bukuro”). “Hashi” cannot be crossed or stuck into rice (this is associated with death), and chopsticks cannot be pointed at anything or waved while eating - this is considered a sign of bad taste. You should also not move food on the plate or utensils on the table. It is not customary to drink “to the bottom” and pour it yourself. It is recommended to fill your neighbor's glass or bowl, and he, in turn, should do the same for you.
Smoking is not allowed in public places, offices, stations and platforms railway, as well as in houses and cars without the owner’s permission.
You cannot step on straw mats “tatami” with your booted foot - this is regarded as sacrilege. This especially applies to homes or visiting temples. You should also change into special slippers before and after visiting the toilet.
14.11.2015
Geography lesson in 11th grade according to V.P. Maksakovsky’s teaching materials
Travel lesson topic: Japan:territory, borders, population
Goals:
Educational: create conditions for the formation of a knowledge system:
On the peculiarities of the country's political system,
On the factors that determine the most important economic and geographical features of modernJapan,
About the characteristics of the Japanese nation and its contribution to world culture.
Developing: create conditions for development:
Skills in working with text, geographical maps,
Ability to analyze, compare, draw analogies,
Communication skills
Attention, thinking, speech culture, ability to draw conclusions.
Educational: to promote the demonstration of skills of self-organization and mutual assistance, cooperation in the course of work on studying Japan; showing interest in the educational material.
Planned results:
Subject:
Learn to use various sources of geographic information to find information necessary to solve educational problems;
Analyze and summarize geographic information;
Create oral messages based on sources of information;
Draw up a comprehensive description of Japan using maps and draw conclusions based on the knowledge gained.
Metasubject:
cognitive – find reliable information necessary to solve problems;
regulatory – work according to plan individually and in a group;
Evaluate your work, correct mistakes;
communicative - express your opinion, confirm with facts;
Use ICT to achieve goals;
personal – development of cognitive motivation based on working with various sources of geographic information;
Awareness of the integrity of the world.
Equipment: political map world, physical map of Asia,economic and physical map of Japan,plan cards,presentation for the lesson, atlases.
During the classes.
I. Organizational and motivational stage. Slide1
I regret that I did not see the face of the whole Earth,
All its oceans, icy peaks and sunsets.
Only the sail of dreams guided my ships around the world,
Only in the glass windows did I meet albatrosses and stingrays.
I didn't hear the hour strike in London Big Ben,
I did not see how the stars are sliding lower and lower towards the fjords,
How the bitter snow of the Atlantic foam boils behind the stern
And at the beginning of spring, violets in Paris turn blue.
R. Rozhdestvensky
( fiord ( fjord ) - narrow, winding and deeply cut into the marine land with rocky shores. The length of the fjord is several (most often tens) times greater than its width. The shores of the fjord are in most cases formed by cliffs up to 1000 meters high.)
Every person is born a dreamer and traveler. Even in childhood, we mentally rush to unknown but alluring shores, countries and continents. However, in real life not everyone manages to become a travel participant and geographical discoveries. We often experience feelings similar to those described by the poet R. Rozhdestvensky
However, I know: you and I have such an opportunity. (Japanese music plays).
II. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.
They say there is wonderful country, surrounded on all sides by blue mountains.Everything there is unusual for us; it is called very strangely - “the country on the contrary.” And there is every reason for this. In this amazing country a woman hands you a coat, the steering wheel in the car is on the right side, cats are tailless, they write from top to bottom, eat with chopsticks, sleep on the floor, and white is a mourning color. - What country are we talking about? You guessed it.Why not go there? – addressedIvaro to his brotherIsutse .
Let's go there.
This is how, according to legend, people were resettled from the islandKyushu to the islandHonshu. The state created thereYamato was the center of formation of the Japanese people.
I invite you, following the heroes of an ancient legend, to travel to a country that has been called the Land of the Rising Sun since ancient times.
So, the topic of our lesson is “Japan”.
What associations do you have when you hear the word “Japan”?
What would you like to know about Japan???
Let's determine the purpose of our lesson?
Today in the lesson we will find out what impact the GP has on the development of the country, get acquainted with the natural conditions and resources, and talk about the characteristics of the Japanese population. And at the end of our journey you will answer my question:"Why is the Japanese nation compared to a monolith"
Real travelers always keep research diaries. And we will also keep notes during the journey. Recording the date and topic of the lesson
So, let's go!
III. Learning new material.
The ancient name of the country is Yamato, which means "way of the mountains"
Since ancient times, the Japanese themselves have called the country Nippon (or Nihon). This name consists of two hieroglyphic characters, the first of which means “sun”, and the second - “base”. This is where the allegorical name of Japan as the land of the rising sun comes from. The red sun circle on a white background on the Japanese flag symbolizes the rising sun.
The story of the teacher and students is accompanied by a show geographical objects on large wall maps.
Let's take a trip around Japan.
Students work with physical card Eurasia andplan (on desks) .
Japan – Island state, is located on four large islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, as well as the islands of the Ryukyu archipelago and more than a thousand small islands. The capital is Tokyo.
– Determine from the map which island is the largest?
– What seas and oceans is Japan washed by? ( In the north it is washed by the Sea of Okhotsk, in the east by the Pacific Ocean, in the south by the Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea, in the west by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan).
– What countries does Japan border with? (In the north it borders with Russia - Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, in the south - with the Philippines, in the west and northwest - with China and South Korea).
Work with contour map
Individual cards
Compare the geographical location of Japan and China.
Japan has many different traditions and customs. And one of them is related to geographical location countries. Apparently because Japan is an island state, such a beautiful custom has developed here to see off ships: long ribbons of colored paper flutter in the wind, some ends in the hands of those sailing, the other in the hands of those remaining on the shore. The ship moves further and further from the pier, and bright ribbons begin to tear one after another...
Using the flyleaf of the textbook, determine the area, state. structure and form of government of Japan
The country's area is almost 378 thousand km². By state structure Japan is a unitary state with 47 prefectures. The form of government is constitutional monarchy
(As the messages progress, the researchers' diaries are filled in.)
Give a description natural conditions Japan.
Describe the natural resources of Japan.
Record the main information in your diaries.
Nature on Japanese islands cruel, stingy. Earthquakes occur frequently. Typhoons cause great harm to the country. The country is poor in mineral resources, so other natural resources are of particular importance.
And after that, answer the question: “How does natural resource potential affect the development of the country’s economy?”
(- linking to external sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods has become the most important reason the country's pursuit of an active foreign policy;
Thanks to climatic conditions in southern subtropical and tropical regions, two crops can be harvested per year;
Forests are the basis for the wood processing industry;
Rivers are sources of hydropower and water for irrigation;
The fauna of the sea is rich and diverse. Japan ranks one of the first in the world in terms of fish catch)
Teacher:Not having enough natural resources, the country has become one of the economic leaders of the modern world.
And they played no small role in this national characteristics of this state and people
Francois Xavier wrote about the inhabitants of this country:“In honesty and virtue they surpass all other nations discovered to this day. They have a pleasant character. There is no deceit, and they put honor above all else.”
We continue our journey.
Using the statistical material on the desks and atlas maps, give a plan to characterize the population of Japan.
plan for the characteristics of the population of Japan.
1 Population
Write down the main data in your diaries. The time to complete this work is 3 minutes.
What type of population reproduction does the state belong to? (II type)
What is your opinion about what the state’s demographic policy was aimed at in the mid-20th century?
Main directions: reducing the birth rate and increasing living standards.
Methods of achievement: - classes with schoolchildren on family planning
Raising the marriageable ageIn Japan, you can get married at 18 years old, and get married at 16. In China, you are not allowed to become a husband before the age of 22, and girls can become legal wives at 20 years old.
Increased costs of raising and educating children
General education in Japan has a very clear structure: a six-year elementary school, a three-year junior high school, and a three-year junior high school. Thus, general education in the country is represented by three schools, through which, starting from the age of six, most Japanese now pass. After graduating from school at the age of 18, Japanese youth flock to universities (four years of study) or colleges (two years of study). Some schoolchildren, after graduating from first-level secondary school (at the age of 15), enter technical colleges for five years. It should also be noted that most Japanese children from three to six years old are raised in kindergartens.
The Japanese school year beginsApril 1st and ends in March . It is divided into three semesters with holidays in August and winter holidays at the end of December. Japanese children attend school 240 days a year, including classes on Saturdays (in the US, the school year lasts 180 school days). Classes in Japanese schools according to the established norm can reach up to 45 people
The Japanese school cultivates the national spirit of the Japanese, forms in its pupils appropriate moral standards, lays down and develops in them the traits of national character. In Japanese school, especially in elementary school, respect for parents and elders and faith in friends have always been taught. Such upbringing left an indelible mark on the Japanese psyche. In relation to a comprehensive school, this means moral education, intensive training and continuous exams..
Japanese elementary The school, step by step, transfers the virtues of family education into the school atmosphere. However, a feedback system also operates: self-discipline, which is taught at school, is introduced into the family soil. Thus, family pedagogy receives reinforcement. There is an interaction between the family and school education of students. And here and there, schoolchildren are faced with a cult of authority. At home this is the authority of the parents, at school it is the authority of the teacher. Both authorities are indisputable. Elementary school students are persistently taught to have unlimited respect for these authorities.
The school also teaches a polite attitude towards comrades. It is most effectively cultivated at those stages of school life when students enter adolescence or adolescence.
Japanese teenagers and young men are taught group behavior in school. It is at school that the germs of groupism are formed, which then develop into stable stereotypes of behavior. To do this, students are involved in group conversations, where everyone is obliged to open up to others and explain their mistakes.
Usually, conflicts that arise as a result of childish pranks are settled between peers themselves.
Japanese teachers believe that all schoolchildren can successfully master the program offered in schools. And if anyone falls behind, they are advised to pay more attention at school and spend more time reading at home. It is generally accepted thatHigh school students in Japan spend at least five hours on homework. The Japanese school operates under the motto: “Success is achieved through hard work”, “If you are behind, work harder on yourself.”
There are both public and private schools in Japan. The cost of education in private schools is significantly higher than the cost of education in public schools. Thus, attending a second-level state secondary school with two children costs a family 13.7% of its monthly budget, and a private one costs 29.6%. Nevertheless, parents in many cases, regardless of the costs, send their children to private schools. On top of everything else, private schools are more prestigious, and prestige is regarded very highly in Japan. Often the question is whether a graduate will or will not enter higher education. educational institution, depends on what school he graduated from. Going to university is one of the main goals in life for many Japanese. The desire for university education in Japan is increasing year by year. In modern conditions, as the Soviet scientist I. A. Latyshev rightly notes, “thoughts aimed at providing children with the maximum high education, form in most families of the country that spiritual axis around which almost their entire everyday life revolves
In general, the Japanese general education system fulfills the social order of the ruling classes of Japan. She successfully copes with the two main tasks that face her. This is, firstly, preparing young people to master complex professions in modern production and, secondly, instilling in young people the skills of unconditional submission to authority. Tokyo University professor T. Hammi noted that Japanese schools “do not care about the student’s ability to debate. It is important for them that he always answers: “I understand you.”
Dear wedding ceremonies. (in Japan - 5 million yen, i.e. 2.5 million rubles. In Moscow - 700 thousand rubles)
What demographic problems does Japan face?
The process of population aging and the threat of depopulation
Life expectancy is one of the longest in the world. What is your opinion, why?
Healthy lifestyle; slogan “10,000 steps a day!”
Low consumption of alcoholic beverages;
Highly educated population
They love nature and carefully protect it
The most important character trait: hard work and diligence, goodwill
Eating seafood;
Consolidation
Why Japan is called the “demographic pioneer” of Asia. (From type 1 reproduction to type 2)
Why is the Japanese nation compared to a monolith? "The nation is a monolith"
Blitz survey
Reflection
What emotions did the lesson evoke in you? (3 types to choose from – in envelopes)
Homework: pp. 254-257, prepare a report on one of the industries in Japan, solve the puzzle: write in the boxes the names of seven Japanese cities that end on - YAMA (atlas)
The most populated countries in the world for 2015 Appendix
Place
A country
Population
date
China
1,367,510,000
18.9%
India
1,264,990,000
17.5%
USA
320,132,000
4.44%
Indonesia
252,164,800
3.49%
Brazil
203,692,000
2.82%
Pakistan
188,611,000
2.61%
Nigeria
178,517,000
2.47%
Bangladesh
157,609,000
2.18%
Russia
146,270,033
2.02%
10
Japan
127,130,000
1.76%
Birth rate chart in Japan
Life expectancy at birth among men and women
Men
Women
Place
A country
Lifespan
Place
A country
Lifespan
Iceland
81.2
Japan
Switzerland
80.7
Spain
85.1
Australia
80.5
Switzerland
85.1
Israel
80.2
Singapore
85.1
Singapore
80.2
Italy
80.2
France
84.9
Italy
80.2
Australia
84.6
8
Japan
The Republic of Korea
84.6
Sweden
Luxembourg
84.1
Luxembourg
79.7
Portugal
Plan of characteristics of the country's population
Sexual
Age
National
Religious
Population
Type of population reproduction
Population composition
Population distribution
Ratio of urban and rural population, level of urbanization, large cities
Features of demographic policy
EGP PLAN
Assessment of land and sea borders, level of development of first-order neighboring countries
(high level of development or low level neighborhood development)
Grade transport routes of international importance that connect the country with other states
(availability of transit routes)
Assessment of the natural conditions of the seas that wash the territory of the country
(coastal location or continental, which seas)
Assessment of the EGP of the country as a whole (profitable or unprofitable)
Characteristics of the country’s natural resource potential
What relief features contribute to economic development?
What climate features contribute to economic development?
What features of rivers and lakes contribute to economic development?
Assess mineral resources for economic development?
Assess land resources for economic development?
Assess the country's forest resources?
Japan is an island country located in the western Pacific Ocean. More than 3 thousand islands that make up Japan form an arc with a length of about 3.5 thousand km. The largest islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. Japan borders by sea with Russia, North Korea, China, the Republic of Korea and the Philippines. The northern border of Japan is washed by the Sea of Okhotsk, the eastern by the Pacific Ocean, and the western by the East China and Sea of Japan.
About three-quarters of the country's territory is occupied mountain ranges, therefore, the population is forced to conquer areas suitable for life from the ocean. Man-made artificial peninsulas and islands house not only residential buildings, but also airfields and enterprises. Most of the mountains of Japan are volcanoes, there are about 150 of them, of which every tenth is active. On average, up to one and a half thousand earthquakes occur in Japan every year. Highest point Japan - Mount Fuji, whose height is 3776 meters above sea level. This mountain, which has a perfect cone shape, is considered a symbol of Japan.
Japan is several climatic zones. The northern lands of Japan have the same latitude as the Crimean Peninsula, and the south of the country is at the latitude of Egypt. The Japanese climate is also influenced by seasonal winds, which blow towards the mainland in summer and towards the islands in winter. The most favorable area for living is the territory of the central zone of the country with a relatively mild island climate.
Most of Japan's rivers are mountainous and have a short length. The exceptions are the two most large rivers- Tome and Shinano - their length exceeds 300 kilometers. Japan's rivers are unsuitable for navigation, but are used as sources of energy. There are two types of lakes in the country: deep-sea mountain lakes that arise in the necks of inactive volcanoes, and shallow lagoon. Lakes of Japan - the main source fresh water.
Japan is a country with a very rich and diverse flora, which is concentrated in a relatively small area. All the Japanese islands lie in the zone of temperate and subtropical forests; forests and shrubs occupy almost half of the country's area, and the number of species exceeds 700, including many relict and endemic ones.
The fauna of Japan is not rich, this is explained by the factor of island isolation. Here you can find brown and black bear, ermine, sable, Japanese macaque, and antelope. The coast is home to many species of reptiles and about 800 species of birds. There are freshwater and sea fish, crabs, shrimp and oysters, their commercial production and artificial breeding of especially valuable species have been established.
Country position:
East Asia, an island chain between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, east of the Korean Peninsula
Footprint:
377,915 sq. km
Land:
364,485 sq. km
Water:
13,430 sq. km
Length of land borders:
0 km
Length coastline:
29,751 km
Special economic zone:
200 nm
Continental shelf:
-
Climate of the country:
Typical seasonal, varies from tropical in the south to temperate in the north
Terrain:
mostly mountainous
Highest/lowest point in the territory:
Lowest point:
Hachiro-gata-4 m.
Highest point:
Fuji 3,776 m.
Minerals:
minor
Note:
with virtually no energy natural resources Japan is the world's largest importer of coal and liquefied natural gas, as well as the second largest importer of oil.
Land use:
Share of arable land:
11.64 %
Perennial crops:
0.9 %
Other:
87.46 % (2005)
Irrigated land:
25,920 sq. km (2003)
Total volume of renewable fresh water resources:
430 cc km (1999)
Freshwater use (households/industry/agriculture):
Footprint:
88.43 cu. km/year (20%/18%/62%)
Per capita:
690 cc m/year (2000)
Typical natural disasters and disasters:
many inactive and some active volcanoes; approximately 1,500 seismic occurrences (mostly tremors) each year; tsunami; typhoons
Volcanism:
Of the 150 volcanoes in Japan, 40 were active in historical times, and 15 are classified as active.
Territory— 377.8 thousand km 2
Population- 125.2 million people (1995).
Capital- Tokyo.
Geographical location, general information
Japan- an archipelago country located on four large and almost four thousand small islands, stretching for 3.5 thousand km from northeast to southwest along east coast Asia. Largest islands Honshu, Hokaido, Kyushu and Shikoku. The shores of the archipelago are heavily indented and form many bays and bays. The seas and oceans surrounding Japan are of exceptional importance for the country as a source of biological, mineral and energy resources.
The economic and geographical position of Japan is determined primarily by the fact that it is located in the center of the Asia-Pacific region, which contributes to the country's active participation in the international geographical division of labor.
For a long period, Japan was isolated from other countries. After the unfinished bourgeois revolution of 1867 - 1868. it embarked on the path of rapid capitalist development. At the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. became one of the imperialist states.
Japan is a country of constitutional monarchy. The highest body of state power and the only legislative body is parliament.
Natural conditions and resources of Japan
The geological basis of the archipelago is underwater mountain ranges. About 80% of the territory is occupied by mountains and hills with highly dissected relief with an average height of 1600 - 1700 m. There are about 200 volcanoes, 90 active, including highest peak— Fuji volcano (3776 m) Frequent earthquakes and tsunamis also have a significant impact on the Japanese economy.
The country is poor in mineral resources, but coal, lead and zinc ores, oil, sulfur, and limestone are mined. The resources of its own deposits are small, so Japan is the largest importer of raw materials.
Despite its small area, the length of the country has determined the existence of a unique set of natural conditions on its territory: the island of Hokkaido and the north of Honshu are located in a temperate maritime climate, the rest of Honshu, the islands of Shikoku and Yushu are in a humid subtropical climate, and the Ryukyu Island is in a tropical climate. Japan is located in an active monsoon zone. The average annual precipitation ranges from 2 - 4 thousand mm.
Approximately 2/3 of the territory - mostly mountainous areas, covered with forests (more than half of the forests are artificial plantations). Coniferous forests predominate in northern Hokkaido, mixed forests in central Honshu and southern Hokkaido, and subtropical forests in the south.
Japan has many rivers, deep, fast, and unsuitable for navigation, but they are a source for hydroelectric power and irrigation.
The abundance of rivers, lakes and groundwater has a beneficial effect on the development of industry and agriculture.
In the post-war period, environmental problems worsened on the Japanese islands. The adoption and implementation of a number of environmental laws reduces the country's pollution levels.
Population of Japan
Japan is one of the top ten countries in the world in terms of population. Japan became the first Asian country to move from the second to the first type of population reproduction. Now the birth rate is 12%, the death rate is 8%. Life expectancy in the country is the highest in the world (76 years for men and 82 years for women).
The population is nationally homogeneous, about 99% are Japanese. Of other nationalities, the Koreans and Chinese are significant in number. The most common religions are Shintoism and Buddhism. The population is distributed unevenly across the area. The average density is 330 people per m2, but the Pacific coastal areas are among the most densely populated in the world.
About 80% of the population lives in cities. 11 cities have millionaires.
Japanese economy
The growth rate of the Japanese economy was one of the highest in the second half of the 20th century. The country has largely undergone a qualitative restructuring of the economy. Japan is at a post-industrial stage of development, which is characterized by highly developed industry, but the leading area is the non-manufacturing sector (service sector, finance).
Although Japan is poor in natural resources and imports raw materials for most industries, it ranks 1st or 2nd in the world in the output of many industries. Industry is mainly concentrated within the Pacific industrial belt.
Electric power industry mainly uses imported raw materials. In the structure of the raw material base, oil leads, the share of natural gas, hydropower and nuclear energy is growing, and the share of coal is decreasing.
In the electric power industry, 60% of the power comes from thermal power plants and 28% from nuclear power plants.
Hydroelectric power stations are located in cascades on mountain rivers. Japan ranks 5th in the world in terms of hydroelectric power generation. In resource-poor Japan, alternative energy sources are being actively developed.
Ferrous metallurgy. The country ranks first in the world in terms of steel production. Japan's share in the global ferrous metallurgy market is 23%.
The largest centers, now operating almost entirely on imported raw materials and fuel, are located near Osaka, Tokyo, and Fuji.
Non-ferrous metallurgy. Due to the harmful effects on environment Primary smelting of non-ferrous metals is declining, but factories are located in all major industrial centers.
Mechanical engineering. Provides 40% of industrial production. The main sub-sectors among the many developed in Japan are electronics and electrical engineering, radio industry and transport engineering.
Japan firmly ranks first in the world in shipbuilding, specializing in the construction of large-tonnage tankers and dry cargo ships. The main centers of shipbuilding and ship repair are located in the largest ports (Yokogana, Nagosaki, Kobe).
In terms of car production (13 million units per year), Japan also ranks first in the world. The main centers are Toyota, Yokohama, Hiroshima.
The main general engineering enterprises are located within the Pacific industrial belt - complex machine tool building and industrial robots in the Tokyo region, metal-intensive equipment in the Osaka region, machine tool manufacturing in the Nagai region.
The country's share in the world output of the radio-electronic and electrical engineering industries is exceptionally large.
By level of development chemical Japan's industry ranks among the first in the world.
Japan also has developed pulp and paper, light and food industries.
Agriculture Japan remains important industry, gives about 2% of GNP; The industry employs 6.5% of the population. Agricultural production is focused on food production (the country provides 70% of its needs for food itself).
13% of the territory is cultivated; in the structure of crop production (providing 70% of agricultural products), the leading role is played by the cultivation of rice and vegetables, and horticulture is developed. Livestock farming (cattle breeding, pig farming, poultry farming) is developing intensively.
Due to its exceptional location, there is an abundance of fish and seafood in the Japanese diet; the country fishes in all areas of the World Ocean, has more than three thousand fishing ports and has the largest fishing fleet (over 400 thousand vessels).
Transport Japan
All types of transport are developed in Japan with the exception of river and pipeline transport. In terms of cargo transportation volume, the first place belongs to road transport(60%), second place - to the sea. Role railway transport is declining, while air travel is growing. Due to very active foreign economic relations, Japan has the largest merchant fleet in the world.
The territorial structure of the economy is characterized by a combination of two different parts: the Pacific belt, which is the socio-economic core of the country, because here are the main industrial areas, ports, transport routes and developed agriculture, and a peripheral zone that includes areas where timber harvesting, livestock raising, mining, hydropower and tourism are most developed. Despite the implementation of regional policy, the smoothing out of territorial imbalances is proceeding rather slowly.
Foreign economic relations of Japan
Japan actively participates in the MGRT, foreign trade occupies a leading place, and the export of capital, production, scientific, technical and other ties are also developed.
Japan's share in world imports is about 1/10. Mainly raw materials and fuel are imported.
The country's share in world exports is also more than 1/10. Industrial goods account for 98% of exports.
