Ideologically, the reformer Peter I presented the time of his reign as a starting point, as the beginning of beginnings for Russia. The cities he mapped were meant to mark expanding borders new country- Russian Empire. The pathos of novelty, originality, the creation of a rationally organized space from chaos, the triumph of the victory of the power of reason over the natural elements reaches highest point in the symbolic meaning of the new imperial capital

Taganrog

The very idea of ​​​​moving the capital of the state to a young and fast-paced city - to match itself - was in Peter's mind long before the founding of St. Petersburg. Initially, for this purpose, the king looked for a cape on the Azov coast with the Turkic name “Tagan-Rogu”, which meant “lighthouse”. Founded by decree of Peter in 1698, the fortified city of Taganrog became the first naval base Russian fleet, the first Russian port and the first city with planned regular development. Ironically, in 1710, after defeat in the Turkish war, Peter had to, fulfilling the demands of the victors, himself give the order for the destruction of the city. However, by this time the tsar’s urban planning ambitions received new opportunities for implementation.

Petrokrepost (Shlisselburg)

The key to the long-awaited assertion of Russian status on the Baltic coast was the first major victory of Peter’s flotilla in the Northern War: “This nut was extremely cruel, however, thank God, it was happily chewed” - this is how Peter described the capture of the ancient Russian fortress Oreshek on October 11, 1702, ninety years old previously in the hands of the Swedes. From this moment the city began its existence, which the tsar called Shlisselburg - the “key city”.

Saint Petersburg

The metaphor of the key in the hand of St. Peter, the key to heaven, can also be clearly read in the central symbol on the coat of arms of St. Petersburg - the anchor. Russia has not only firmly established itself on the swampy banks of the Neva; its new capital, having secured the support of its heavenly patron, immediately began to claim symbolic status " eternal city" - new Rome.
Associated with the new idea of ​​rationally constructed political power, based on both military exploits and philosophical reflections, is the new structure royal palace: Grand Palace (symbolic place of public service), Menagerie (place of hunting, military valor), Hermitage (place of philosophical retreat).

Peterhof

The first architectural representation of the ideal of a regular state was Peterhof. His palace and park ensemble illustrated the transition from the Byzantine model of sacred-symbolic space (the palace-“Jerusalem”) to the Western European (Roman) concept of sovereignty of a strong state power.

Petrozavodsk

Peter was well aware: to be convincing, the manifestation of foreign policy victories needs the support of industry, primarily the military. Even under Peter’s father, iron in Russia was mainly “Swean” - imported from Sweden. With the beginning of the Northern War, on the personal instructions of the Tsar, the construction of their own “iron factories” began: Petrozavodsk in the north and Lipetsk in the south, which grew out of factory settlements. The largest centers for the production of iron and steel, cannons and anchors - both cities owe their birth to the decree of Peter, both are craftsmen of the same age as royal St. Petersburg

In 1702, at the confluence of the Lipovka River and the Voronezh River, the founder of the city, Peter I, ordered the establishment of factories for the smelting of cast iron, steel, and the manufacture of cannons. The choice of where to found the city was influenced by the proximity of iron ore deposits. Thanks to the source mineral waters and the most beautiful southern landscapes, Lipetsk became the first Russian resort - its development was also Peter’s initiative. Lipetsk water is similar in composition to mineral waters famous resorts Germany - Liebenstein and Thurmont. The sources have still been preserved and are in perfect condition. They are located in Nizhny Park, which in itself is a pearl, because its age is more than 200 years.

Just as St. Petersburg opened a “window to Europe” for Russia, Biysk became a “window to Asia” - the only city founded by Peter beyond the Urals, on trade routes to Mongolia and China. On February 29, 1708, Peter I signed a decree on the construction of a fortress at the sources of the Ob River. The fortress was supposed to participate in the defense of the southeastern borders of the Russian Empire.

The founding father of which cities was Peter I? and got the best answer

Answer from Olga Kislyunina[guru]
The most beloved brainchild of Peter the Great is St. Petersburg.
The city was founded on May 16 (27), 1703 by the first Russian emperor, and at that time Tsar Peter I. This event took place on Hare Island, in the presence of Peter I.
On the same day, the foundation of the Peter and Paul Fortress and the wooden church of the Supreme Apostles Peter and Paul were founded.
On May 24, construction began on the first city building, the house of Peter I, and was soon completed.

Peter the Great founded more than a hundred settlements.
1. Lipetsk
Historians still debate about the founding date of Lipetsk. Official version claims that this city, famous for its mineral water factories, is a kind of “sister city” of St. Petersburg, since both cities were founded by Peter the Great.
The city was founded by Peter the Great and begins its history in 1703, when, on Peter’s orders, the construction of iron factories began on the Lipovka River.
2.Petrodvorets (until 1944 - Peterhof),
3.Petrokrepost (until 1944 - Shlisselburg)
4. Taganrog July 27, 1696
Here in 1698, Peter the Great founded the first Russian port in the Azov-Black Sea Basin.
At one time, Peter even intended to move the capital of the country here. But the fate of the city was decided by the unsuccessful war with Turkey for Russia. According to an agreement with the Turks in 1712, Taganrog was destroyed.
5.g. Petrovsk is an ancient merchant city, founded by decree of Peter the Great in 1698, who, according to legend, visited here in 1707.
The architectural appearance and historical flavor of the city are given by the church built more than 100 years ago in the name of the icon of the Kazan Blessed Virgin Mary, the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Ustinov estate, the building of the hospital, station, fire department, city administration, which to this day are in good condition and protected by law like monuments architecture of the 19th century century.
6. Petrozavodsk was founded on September 9, 1703 as Petrovskaya Sloboda.
Not far from Petrozavodsk is the oldest Russian resort " Marcial waters", founded by decree of Peter I in 1721 in honor of the end of the Northern War, where the Church of the Apostle Peter, built according to the design of the tsar, and, of course, the sources themselves, have been preserved mineral water. Currently it is a modern balneological sanatorium.
7.Biysk was founded in 1709 by Decree of Peter the Great, it was part of the Biysk-Kuznetsk Cossack line, which guarded the southern borders of Russia.
[link will appear after verification by moderator]
8.Novosibirsk
At the beginning of the 18th century, under Peter the Great, the development of both banks of the Ob began. Here, by decree of the sovereign, servicemen founded the village of Krivoshchekovo in 1701. This event can be considered the conception (foundation) of the future city, and Peter - its founder.
9.Strelnya
The city was founded in 1707 by Peter the Great and began with the Travel Palace and the Church of the Transfiguration. The palace miraculously survived to this day, but the temple was destroyed during the Second World War.
Until 1917, several more churches were erected on the territory of the seaside resort town, including the beautiful St. Nicholas Chapel, which stands on the shore of the sea bay and welcomes everyone arriving in Strelna along the Gulf of Finland. The chapel, consecrated more than a hundred years ago, is still in use today.
10. Lodeynoye Pole - a city founded by Peter the Great in 1702.

Answer from Irina[guru]
St. Petersburg May 16 (27), 1703.
Peterhof (Petrodvorets). The history of Peterhof begins a little later than the history of St. Petersburg: in 1705, on September 13, Peter the Great ordered an anchor to be dropped against a manor in the south of the Gulf of Finland. This place was chosen as a transshipment point between St. Petersburg and Kronstadt, and a pier was laid at the same time. Peter liked the place, and in 1709 the construction of palaces began - Monplaisir, Marly and the Hermitage. After a brilliant victory over the Swedish fleet at Gangut in 1714, it was decided to turn Petrodvorets into architectural monument, a luxurious symbol of the victorious actions of the Russian fleet in the struggle for access to the sea.
The city of Omsk, one of largest cities Russia. It was founded by decree of Peter I as a fortress at the confluence of the Om and Irtysh rivers in 1716, and in 1782, by decree of Catherine the Great, it was approved as a city.
Lipetsk. It was Peter I who founded the city. In 1702, at the confluence of the Lipovka River and the Voronezh River, he ordered the establishment of factories for the smelting of cast iron, steel, and the manufacture of cannons. The choice of where to found the city was influenced by the proximity of iron ore deposits. Thanks to the source of mineral waters and the most beautiful southern landscapes, Lipetsk resorts were a favorite vacation spot for the St. Petersburg aristocracy. Yes, yes, Lipetsk, it turns out, is the first Russian resort. It was founded in 1703 by Peter himself. The sources have still been preserved and are in perfect condition.
Petrozavodsk was founded on August 29, 1703 by decree of Peter I, but the territory of today's city began to be populated about 8,000 years ago. The first ancient settlements began to appear in today's places of Peski, Solomennoye, Saynavolok, Devil's Chair, and the historical center of the city. In the 16th century, the Shuya Pogost appeared on the territory of the city and its surroundings, in which the settlements of Sulazh-gora (now a microdistrict of the city of Sulazhgora), Salminsky (now a microdistrict of the city of Solomennoye), Shuya, Zheselga and others were formed. On August 29, 1703, Y. Vlasov and Peter I’s associate A.D. Menshikov founded a cannon factory, which was also called Shuisky, like the settlement that arose around the factory. Since 1712, the plant and settlement received a new name - Petrovsky. Already in 1714, “Petrovskaya Sloboda” became the administrative center of the military factory district of Olonets district. On March 21, 1777, Catherine II renamed the settlement of Petrovsky Plants into the city of Petrozavodsk.
Taganrog. The city was founded in 1698 by Peter the Great and became Russia's first naval base. According to an agreement with the Turks in 1712, Taganrog was destroyed.
Yekaterinburg was founded in 1723 by Russia's greatest monarch, Peter the Great, and named after his wife.
Petrovsk city in Saratov region founded by decree of Peter the Great in 1698.
Biysk was founded by the Decree of Peter the Great on February 28, 1708.
Boguchar. The district settlement of Boguchar, founded in 1704 by order of Emperor Peter I, was renamed a city in 1777 by order of Empress Catherine II.
Kronstadt was founded by Peter I on a small shallow island south of Kotlin Island as Fort Kronshlot, which blocked the main fairway leading to the mouth of the Neva, where the new capital of the empire, St. Petersburg, was being built for a potential enemy. On May 7, 1704, the fortifications, which included two batteries on Kotlin Island, came into operation (the date of the founding of Kronstadt).
In 1723, a fortress was founded on Kotlin and given the name Kronstadt. Peter considered Kronstadt part of the capital.
Oranienburg - In 1703, Peter I, passing through the estate of A. Menshikov, the village of Slobodskoye, founded the Oranienburg fortress in it. The name first became Raninbur

Everyone who has visited St. Petersburg at least once evokes delight and pride in what they see. Someone once said: “The people of St. Petersburg are lucky - they live in museums.” And when you find yourself in the very heart of St. Petersburg - Old city, you understand and perceive this phrase in its full sense. Here, each house is created in its own unique style, paved granite sidewalks and pavements, numerous bridges over rivers and canals, the fencing of the Summer and Mikhailovsky Gardens, temples and churches - all this causes delight, and the realization that this was created by our ancestors is pride. I suggest visiting St. Petersburg today. For those who were there, this will be a “repetition of the material.” For those who haven't been - study. And for those who live there, perhaps, in some sense, a discovery.

Before setting off to wander the streets and avenues, as always, let’s do small excursion into history.

Historical notes

The history of the land on which the city of St. Petersburg is now located takes us back about 12 thousand years ago; it was at this time that, after the descent of the glacier, the first settlements of the ancestors of the Finno-Ugric peoples appeared. From the middle of the 8th century, the banks of the Neva began to be settled by the Eastern Slavs, and already at the beginning of the 9th century, the developed lands became part of the Old Slavic state, in part of the territory belonging to Veliky Novgorod. Almost from the beginning of the 13th century, this territory was in a constant state of war with the Swedes, and in 1617 the lands along the Neva River became part of Swedish Ingria. However, already during the Northern War, the valley near the Neva River was reconquered and these lands became part of the Russian Empire. On May 16 (27), 1703, the great Russian Emperor Peter I laid the “first stone” of the city of St. Petersburg (with German city St. Peter's), as well as the original (Dutch) form official name Sankt Pieter Burch. More precisely, it would be the first fortress, on Zayachy Island, which would later receive the name Peter and Paul.

For the first decade, the main part of the city was City Island (now Petrogradsky), there were many office buildings, Gostiny Dvor, craft workshops, military units and the Trinity Church. Since 1705, “the left bank of the Neva begins to be rebuilt, the Admiralty Shipyard (the first industrial enterprise) appears here, and later Summer Palace Peter I with the Summer Garden and Winter Palace Petra. In 1712, Peter I proclaimed St. Petersburg the capital of the Russian Empire. After this, the city began to actively grow and develop, large-scale construction began, including the suburban palaces of Ekateringof, Peterhof and Oranienbaum. In 1725, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences was opened in St. Petersburg, and in 1728 the first newspaper called “St. Petersburg Gazette” began to be published. Since 1762, the city began to be “dressed” in granite; the city was rebuilt by the best architects, creating masterpieces, bridges and buildings that we admire to this day. In August 1914, St. Petersburg was renamed Petrograd, on March 5, 1918, the city was deprived of the title of capital, in 1924, on January 26, the city became Leningrad, and only in 1991 the city returned its historical name - St. Petersburg.

Legacy of the Greats

“Old” Petersburg is history in pictures. Here almost every house and building is an architectural monument, but even if this is not the case, in any case it is a masterpiece of architecture. Let's take a walk along Nevsky Prospekt - main street St. Petersburg.

Nevsky Prospekt is one of the radial highways that stretches from the Admiralty to the Alexander Nevsky Lavra; by the way, it was this landmark that gave the name to the street. The widest place, in the Gostiny Dvor area, is 60 meters; near Moika, the avenue narrows to 25 meters. The avenue crosses three waterways - the Moika River, across which the so-called Green Bridge is thrown, the Griboyedov Canal, the banks of which are connected by the Kazansky Bridge and the Fontanka River through the Anichkov Bridge (we will definitely stop at it a little later). Oddly enough, the avenue does not go directly to the Neva anywhere. In general, Nevsky concentrated everything great that connects our memories of traveling to Northern capital. One way or another, in the area of ​​Nevsky Prospekt and the streets and numerous alleys that cross it, many attractions have accumulated.

Kazan Cathedral. In the very center of the city there is an Orthodox cathedral church - the Kazan Cathedral, the majestic facades of which proudly rise above Nevsky Prospect on one side and the Griboyedov Canal on the other. The height of the structure is 71.5 meters. The first mention of the place where the majestic temple is located today dates back to 1710, this year a wooden chapel was built here, and later a church appeared in its place, stone temple founded in 1733, according to the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna. Initially, the church was called “Rozhdestvenskaya”, the author of the project was the famous architect of that time M. Zemtsov, a little later the icon of the Kazan Mother of God was transported here from the Trinity Cathedral, and gradually the Nativity Church began to be called Kazan. By the end of the 18th century, a decision was made to build a new temple, as a result of which Paul I announced a competition for best project, the project of Andrei Voronikhin, the former serf count A.S., received approval. Strogonova. It was Count Stroganov who became responsible for the construction of the monumental structure; in 1811 the construction was completed. It is noteworthy that only Russian architects and builders took part in the creation of one of the majestic buildings of the capital Peter. A grandiose colonnade of 96 thirteen-meter columns, bronze sculptures of Alexander Nevsky, St. Andrew the First-Called, John the Baptist and Prince Vladimir crowning the cathedral, the largest bell weighing 4 tons, the luxury of the interior decoration - a truly masterpiece structure that deserves attention.

Savior on Spilled Blood. Literally turning the corner, you will see another majestic structure - the Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood. The multicolored domes rise 81 meters above the Griboyedov Canal. The temple is a museum; it was erected on the very spot where Tsar-Liberator Alexander II was mortally wounded; inside the temple, part of the cobblestone street on which the Tsar’s blood was shed was preserved. Construction of the temple was completed in 1907. In the 1920s, the temple even served as a vegetable storehouse; during the blockade, there was a morgue here; in the post-war period, the building was given over to the Maly Theater as a storage facility, and only in 1968 did the State Inspectorate for the Protection of Monuments take the temple under its “guardianship”; currently one of the most beautiful buildings in St. Petersburg has been restored and belongs to the list of architectural monuments.

Tasha Tashireva
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May 7 (18), 1704 Peter IA fortress city and port city of Kronstadt was founded on the island of Kotlin.

One of the first mentions of Kotlin Island dates back to 1269 - an agreement between the city of Novgorod and the Hansa. In 1323, according to the Orekhovsky Peace Treaty, the island served as the border between the Novgorod land, and then Russia, on the one hand, and Sweden, on the other. February 27 (March 9), 1617Stolbovo Peace Treaty the island went to the Swedes.

To implement the idea of ​​Russia's access to the sea and protecting the lands of the Neva Bay andSt. Petersburg Peter I conceived the construction of a fort near the future capital. The emperor immediately appreciated the enormous strategic importance Kotlin Islands. In 1703, after the Swedish squadron left for the winter in Vyborg, Peter I began to build a fortress on the island.

The model of the fortress was made by the emperor, and the construction was entrusted toA. D. Menshikov. Already by the end of 1704, near Kotlin, a wooden three-tier tower with earthen embankments rose on the shallows. The foundation for its walls were wooden log houses lowered into the water and filled with stones. The new fortress was armed with 14 guns, and to better protect the passage, a battery of 60 guns was built on the island itself. The work proceeded at an intense pace, and the very next spring, the Swedes, opening navigation, discovered in the bay, which they had recently considered theirs, a fortress had appeared, blocking their approach to the Neva Bay.

On May 7 (18), 1704, the fortress was consecrated and named Kronshlot. This day is considered the founding date of the city of Kronstadt. The consecration of the new fortress took place in the presence of the sovereign and was accompanied by a three-day celebration. The commandant of Kronshlot was given instructions that prescribed precautions when meeting ships coming from the sea. The document said: “Maintain this stronghold, with God’s help, if it happens, even to the last man.”

The first fortification on Kotlin was the battery of St. John or St. Yana, built in 1705 on south coast islands. In the summer of 1706, the fortification of St. was erected on the spit. Alexandra.

In 1704, the settlement of Kotlin Island by service people began. The first settlers of the Kronshlot fortress were the regiments of Tolbukhin and Ostrovsky, which formed the garrison of the island. The original buildings were located on the seashore. By 1710, about 80 houses had been built, mostly owned by military personnel. On January 16 (27), 1712, a decree was announced on the resettlement of 3 thousand families to Kotlin, and intensive construction of houses began.

In the first years of its existence, from early spring to late autumn, the fleet stood at Kronshlot and only after frost left for St. Petersburg. This procedure for the fleet's annual departure to the Kotlin roadstead was inconvenient. AfterPoltava victory in November 1709, the emperor ordered the construction of harbors, marinas and shops to begin on the island.

In 1719, construction of a canal with a dock began, which was delayed for many years due to a lack of people and material. In 1732, under Anna Ioanovna, a commission was formed to inspect the canal, headed by Major General I. L. Lyuberas, who proposed expanding and deepening the dock basin so that water would drain from the docks faster. The grand opening of the dock system took place on July 30 (August 10), 1752 in the presence of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. The length of the entire system was 2.24 kilometers. On August 1 (11), the largest 120-gun ship in the Russian fleet, the Empress Anna, was brought into the dock.

In 1789, an Iron Foundry was built on the southern shore of the Dock Basin to produce shells for guns and ballast for ship stability.

In October 1804, a water supply system was put into operation in Kronstadt earlier than in St. Petersburg.

July 26 (August 7), 1803 from Kronstadt we went tothe first Russian round-the-world expedition sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva" under the leadership of I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky, and on July 4 (16), 1819 - two scientific expeditionsF. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev, M. N. Vasilyeva and G. S. Shishmareva .

In 1707, a survey service appeared on the island, whose task was to determine sea level fluctuations. In 1856, the first marine astronomical observatory in Russia was built in the courtyard of the Kronstadt Navigation School. And in 1865, on the initiative of Captain-Lieutenant I.P. Belavenets, the country's first observatory was founded magnetic compasses. For many years it was the only one in Russia.

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Abstract On the history of the 8th grade student of Secondary School No. 1 Pavel Temkin On the topic: “Here the city will be founded” Syktyvkar, 2000 Plan Introduction 1. A city from nothing. I. Main part. 1.The political situation of Russia in the 17th century. 2. Battle for Ingiriya. 3. Foundation of the Peter and Paul Fortress. 4. The first foreign ship. 5. Construction of the Kronshlot fortress. 6. Enemies of St. Petersburg. 7. Something between Amsterdam and Venice. 8. The reigning city of St. Petersburg. Conclusion. 9. Literature used in the abstract. Introduction From now on we will threaten the Swede; Here the city will be founded, in spite of the arrogant neighbor, by nature here we are destined to cut a window to Europe... “Here the city will be founded...” - this is what Peter the Great said when choosing a place for future capital Russia. The city was founded during the Northern War, which lasted more than twenty years, in 1703. The lands on which the city of Petra now lies are deserted, with swamps and impenetrable forests. The development of St. Petersburg began with the Peter and Paul Fortress - a powerful and strong support for the future city. The city was built in difficult conditions, but by the will of Peter and the extraordinary efforts of the Russian people, a few years after the foundation of the Peter and Paul Fortress, a city began to appear and grow outside its walls, the city of Peter the Great’s dream. Peter I spared neither effort nor money for the development of St. Petersburg. Schools, libraries, theaters, palaces, factories, and shipyards were created. Great and beautiful is the city, raised from scratch. Throughout its history, some unknown force has attracted the most talented people from all over the Earth: thinkers, poets, musicians, architects and sculptors, businessmen and industrialists. The entire life of the Russian state, starting from the time of Peter the Great, is connected with St. Petersburg. By understanding the stages of the birth and development of the city, we better understand the history of the Fatherland. 1.The political situation of Russia in the 17th century. The beginning of the 18th century in Russia was the height of the transformative activities of Peter the Great. The young king had already visited Europe. Looking closely at everything, Peter wondered where the source of prosperity and wealth was. Western countries, and what Russia needs for the rapid development of its enormous forces, what benefits does navigation provide to the state: Peter was possessed by the dream of free access to the sea. The search for the sea caused difficult approaches to Azov. And although Azov was taken, free use of the southern seas was impossible for the Russians due to the enormous influence of Turkey there. And then Peter’s thoughts turned to the north, to Baltic Sea. The leading Western powers - England, France, Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden - pushed the Turkish Sultan to continue the war with the Russian Tsar. Anticipating the War of the Spanish Succession, these countries wanted to secure their eastern flanks by keeping Russia and Turkey busy fighting each other. After long and difficult negotiations, Peter concluded a truce with Turkey for 30 years. It was difficult for Russia at that time to defeat Sweden, which had an excellent army under the leadership of a warlike king. Allies were needed. Peter managed to conclude alliance treaties with Denmark, Saxony and Poland. 2.Battle for Ingiriya. And on August 8, 1700, the Russian Tsar declared war on Charles XII. The battle for access to the Baltic began. The struggle for the Baltic was dictated by many circumstances, primarily the need to return the ancient Russian lands and the Gulf of Finland, as well as the objective needs for expansion external relations. And the Swedish king prevented this. The lack of access to the sea, harbors and fleet threatened in the future with the expansion of world maritime powers and the loss of Russia's national independence. Almost getting this one back desert land, new Russia with its nascent fleet and great undertakings, it would have acquired that sea access that the Russian people so needed for their transformative plans. The beginning of the war was marked by a major setback for Russia: the Russian army, still inexperienced in military affairs, was defeated near Narva. This success inspired the young Swedish king Charles XII with too much contempt for the Russian forces: he sent his troops against the Polish king Augustus II, leaving only insignificant detachments in Ingria. Peter skillfully took advantage of the enemy's oversight and concentrated military operations in the area adjacent to the Neva. The army that survived the Narva pogrom was sent here, and the newly created regiments, mainly dragoons, flocked here. Since the artillery was lost near Narva, they began to prepare new ones, even transferring some of the church bells to cannons and mortars. In the autumn of 1702, about ten thousand Russian troops with artillery gathered near the southwestern shores of Lake Ladoga. There was also cavalry, which they already knew how to use for reconnaissance. Along the Svir River, a shipyard worked diligently, launching small vessels suitable for operation on the Neva. Peter planned to direct the main blow against the small Swedish fortress of Noteburg, at the source of the Neva. In the old days there was a Russian fortification called Oreshek. Noteburg served as a support for the Swedish forces on Lake Ladoga, and at the same time covered the entrance to the Neva, which Peter already looked at as the closest route to the sea. Therefore, hostilities had to open with the capture of Noterburg. The siege began on October 1. The Swedes turned out to be very brave warriors; they put up desperate resistance to the Russian troops. Russian troops rushed forward, suffering terrible losses. Up to one and a half thousand people were killed and wounded. Peter wrote about this: “...cruel, this nut was, one day, thank God, happily chewed.” He triumphed, realizing the significance of this ancient Russian Nut, and called it Schlisserburg, that is, “Key City.” The military operations of 1702 ended with the capture of Noteburg. The following year there was an equally important task - to capture the Neva estuary, that is, the area where St. Petersburg is now located. At the confluence of the Okhta River and the Neva stood the Swedish city of Nyenschanz or the city of Kantsy. This town was more significant than Noteburg: it housed a Lutheran church and a military hospital. The fortress with six bastions was defended by an 800 garrison; Swedish warships sailed on the seashore. On the morning of April 27, 1703, Field Marshal Sheremetyev approached Nyenskans with significant forces. Peter was with the army. With four companies of guards, he carried out reconnaissance to the seaside under heavy fire from the fortress. On April 30, 1703, Russian artillery began to destroy the fortress. The fire continued until the next morning. The Swedes did not dare wait for an attack and entered into negotiations. They were allowed to go to Vyborg. The Preobrazhenians solemnly entered the city, named by Peter Shlotburg. The Swedish squadron, not knowing about the surrender of Nyenskans, hurried to his aid. The squadron had 2 ships with 34 guns. Peter, who had only unarmed boats, decided to attack the enemy flotilla. Having placed infantry detachments on small boats, he sailed at night to the Swedes from behind Guttsevsky Island, and under fierce fire from the entire squadron, rushed to the 2 nearest ships. Having placed infantry detachments in boats, he himself took part in the assault on ships. With an ax and a hand grenade, he was the first to board the 14-gun ship ahead of his squad. A bloody hand-to-hand fight began. Of their 80 Swedish crew, only 13 people survived on both ships. Their two commanders, one was killed, and the other, wounded, was captured and subsequently went into the service of the Russian Tsar. 3.Foundation of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Great was Peter's joy at this first naval victory. The area now occupied by St. Petersburg was in Russian hands. Peter immediately examined the entire wide Neva mouth, looking for the most convenient place to lay the fortress. It was necessary to secure the newly acquired waterway, since significant Swedish forces were stationed in Vyborg, and a Swedish squadron was roaming the Gulf of Finland. Since Nyenschanz stood on the right bank of the Neva, the right bank attracted the attention of the Russian Tsar. He especially appreciated the position of the Yenisaari island, separated by a channel from present-day St. Petersburg, and chose it to establish a fortress. Peter already understood the meaning of this extreme point Russian possessions bordering the sea, and was full of broad and majestic plans. Imagination created it new life in a semi-wild region. And the nature of the island was poor and inhospitable: the soil was barren, there were swamps and swamps everywhere, a dense forest rustled all around, “an unknown moon in the fog of the hidden sun,” settlements were very rare. Despite this, Peter wanted to build and strengthen the new place immediately. Already on May 14, he again examined the Neva mouth and the island in front of the current St. Petersburg side, and indicated there a place for a temple in the name of the Apostles Peter and Paul. On May 16, the day of the descent of the Holy Spirit, they began laying the foundation of the fortress. On this day, a liturgy was served in the camp, after which Peter with a large retinue went on boats down the Neva, and landing on the island, attended the consecration of the chosen place. Then, with a spade in his hand, he signaled for the excavation work to begin. When the king took the spade, an eagle descended from a height and soared over the island. The king cut down 2 birch trees and, having connected their tops, placed the trunks in the dug holes. These 2 birch trees personified the symbolic gates of the future fortress. The eagle descended and sat on the birch trees. Peter rejoiced at the happy omen. However, even without this omen, the tsar was calm about the fate of his undertaking, since the city was founded with the blessing of the Voronezh bishop Mitrofaniy, which Peter received in his youth. “You will be in other palaces in the north, and you will erect a new capital - great city in honor of Peter,” the holy elder predicted to the king. - God bless you for this. The Kazan icon will be the cover of the city and all the people.” The city, founded on May 16, was named St. Petersburg, in memory of the Apostle Peter. At that time, St. Petersburg was not considered either a capital or a residence. They saw him as the future sea ​​port , created for trade and other relations with Europe. Work in the fortress began to boil. The troops moved from the Schlottburg camp to St. Petersburg itself and began building bastions. They were joined by workers gathered from surrounding towns and villages. The work was hard: it was necessary to cut down forests, clear the ground of brushwood and bushes, fill up swamps, raise low places with embankments, build walls of a fortress and houses, and dig canals. Sometimes there were not enough axes and shovels, we had to work with our bare hands, bringing earth from far away in sacks, sacks, or clothes. They worked in the rain in the swamp, often under enemy fire; lived in huts and tents. Many workers died from exhausting work, infectious diseases, and unhealthy damp climate. By the end of June the barracks had already been built. To supervise the work, Peter built himself a small house, 8 fathoms long and 3 fathoms wide. From a distance it could be mistaken for brick, because it was painted on wood with red paint with white stripes in the Dutch style. All of it fit in any hall of the Winter Palace. This house on the St. Petersburg side is a shrine to the great St. Petersburg. Its interior decoration is very simple. It consists of two rooms separated by close hallways and a kitchen. The entire decoration of the house consisted of canvas, bleached wallpaper and doors, frames and shutters painted with bouquets of flowers. Next to the Tsar’s dwelling, Menshikov built himself a large, beautiful wooden house, in which Peter received ambassadors and gave dinners on major holidays. Where there had previously been two miserable fishing huts, 4 months later the formidable ramparts of a fortress rose. The first fortifications consisted of an earthen rampart and bastions, named after those who supervised the buildings. Inside the fortress, along its entire length, a canal was dug, on both sides of which there were 4 rows of wooden houses. Near the canal there was a church in the name of the apostles Peter and Paul. A fortress with a church, a shipyard, housing for soldiers and their commanders, the house of Peter the Great - this is what St. Petersburg was like in 1703. 4. The first foreign ship. In the very first autumn, a Dutch merchant ship arrived in St. Petersburg. The ship with wine and salt was heading to Narva, but since this city was besieged by Russian troops at that time, the enterprising skipper decided to go to St. Petersburg and sell his goods there. The St. Petersburg governor Menshikov, who knew the Tsar's wishes well, received this first trade guest from overseas with extraordinary generosity. All goods were immediately purchased at the expense of the treasury, the skipper was given 500 gold pieces, and the sailors 15 rubles each. At the same time, the Dutch were promised that when the second ship arrived, the skipper would receive 300 gold, and the third ship - 150 gold. These prizes were immediately reported to the public in the Danzig newspapers. 5. Construction of the Kronshlot fortress. Peter was in Svir at that time, hurrying to build ships. In October, he already brought an entire flotilla from there to the Neva, among which there was even a large frigate. Now Peter could explore the Gulf of Finland without fear of the Swedish squadron. On a boat, among the floating ice floes, he went around the island of Kotlin, and, realizing its important position opposite the Neva mouth, he carefully measured the depth of both fairways and chose a place to build a fortification. The tsar entrusted Menshikov with supervision of the work on Kotlin, but he undertook to make the model of the fortification himself. In the early spring of 1704, work was already in full swing there: they were cutting rye logs, loading them with stones and lowering them to the bottom. While the ice was still holding, they dragged guns from St. Petersburg and armed them with the bastions that protected the approach to the sea. In April all the work was completed and on May 4 Peter consecrated new fortress , calling it Kronshlot. Meanwhile, the Swedes did not give up hope of recapturing the Neva banks from the Russians. The Swedish king, who learned about the construction of St. Petersburg, said: “Let the king do empty work - build cities, and we will leave ourselves the glory of taking them.” But all attempts by the Swedes, both from sea and from land, failed. 6. Enemies of St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg had another, no less dangerous enemy - floods. The soil of the Neva mouth had not yet been artificially raised, and even with a slight rise in water, the river flooded the islands. Floods began from the very first years. On the night of October 5, 1705, the Neva even flooded the left bank, soaked the supplies stored in the Admiralty yard and destroyed many houses. In September of the following year, Peter was awakened by the flow of water in his house on the Petersburg side. The flood flooded the “colonel’s mansions” built for the regiment commanders; the water there reached 21 inches (about 0.5 meters) above the floor, and boats were used everywhere on the streets. Therefore, from the very beginning, Peter’s concerns were aimed at strengthening and raising the soil and allowing proper flow of water during the development of the city. This explains the many canals on the original plan of St. Petersburg. There were few people who wanted to go to the new capital, to “the desert, abundant,” in the words of contemporaries, “only with swamps and tears.” In 1705, there were only 3,000 inhabitants in St. Petersburg. To populate his “paradise,” Peter had to issue decrees on the deportation from all over Russia to live in the capital of “people of all knowledge, crafts and arts, not wretched, such as those who would have trades, industries or factories...” All settlers had to build for themselves at home and live in them forever. 7. Something between Amsterdam and Venice. Initially, the city was built without any plan and along the St. Petersburg side alone. The first streets were Bolshaya and Malaya Dvoryanskaya, Posadskaya and adjacent streets. Under Peter I, the streets had no names, houses, no numbers, so it was very difficult for a visitor to the capital to find his acquaintances. The houses were built haphazardly, they were wooden, without yards, low, with an entrance directly from the street. The ceilings leaked, and during large dinners the hot faces of the guests were cooled by large drops of rain. When a carriage drove along the street, glass and dishes in the houses began to shake due to the unsteady soil. The fire that destroyed the extensive market and surrounding houses in July 1710 made it clear how necessary it was to build houses at a distance from each other, and the importance of placing streets and neighborhoods. A few years after the foundation of the fortress was laid, the first architect of the new capital, Domenico Trezzini, began rebuilding the Peter and Paul Fortress into a stone one. An Italian by birth, born in Switzerland, who became famous for his work at the court of the Danish king, he accepted Peter's invitation and devoted the rest of his life to the development of St. Petersburg. The fortress was built and decorated throughout the 18th century. She is formidable and majestic. The height of the bastions reaches 12 meters, the width reaches 20. During the reign of Catherine II, the curtains and bastions facing the Neva were lined with large blocks of gray granite. In its entire history, the Peter and Paul Fortress has not fired a single combat shot. But under its cover, the new capital of Russia grew on the banks of the Neva. From the very beginning, the central island of the Petrograd side was conceived as the center of the “newly built city.” This is evidenced by another name of the island - City Island. Its Trinity Square was opened towards the Neva, and on the banks of which a seaport arose. When the shopping arcades burned down in 1710, Peter ordered the construction of a new Gostiny Dvor not far from the fire. It was an extensive mud-built structure with two tiers, covered with tiles. There was a large courtyard inside. Following the St. Petersburg side, Vasilievsky Island began to be built up. Peter ordered all spiritual and secular owners of villages, monasteries and nobles to build houses there, which had to be built in 3 years, otherwise they could lose their entire estate. Land and timber for buildings were distributed free of charge, but houses had to be built of stone: only poor people received permission to build themselves a wooden dwelling, and then only in alleys and back streets. Several brick factories were built, producing several million bricks per year. The streets in front of the houses had to be paved and planted with linden trees. Peter dreamed of making Vasilievsky Island the center of the capital; according to his project, St. Petersburg was supposed to be a cross between Amsterdam and Venice: all 12 lines were cut through by canals; Ships from Kronstadt were supposed to pass through these channels directly to the stock exchange and shops. With these canals, Peter thought to protect the city from sudden floods. There were markets on Maly and Bolshoi Avenues, and in the very center of the island Peter wanted to plant a good garden a mile long and wide; closer to the sea, meadows were left for grazing. But the canals were dug much narrower than those in Amsterdam. The king, greatly annoyed, wanted to do all the work again. But this would require large expenses. This plan remained unfulfilled. The canals were then filled in. 8. The reigning city of St. Petersburg. The Admiralty was founded on the left bank of the Neva in 1704. And after 2 years, ships were built there and launched onto the river. The Admiralty building was a small tower with a spire. A park was built near the Admiralty, and behind the park in 1707 Peter founded a wooden cathedral in memory of St. Isaac of Dalmatia. The brethren of the Alexanro-Nevsky Monastery, which was founded in 1710, began to build a direct road to the Admiralty through an impassable swamp - this is the current Nevsky Prospekt, or as it was called then - “Nevsky Prospect”. A few more years passed, and on both banks of the Neva, rows of stone and mud-dove one- and two-story buildings in the Dutch style, with tiled roofs, appeared; between them there were straight, wide streets paved with stone. 3-4 rows of trees were planted along Nevsky, and the captured Swedes shallowed and cleaned it every week. Foreigners admired this beautiful, wide street, on both sides of which forests and groves were visible. This was St. Petersburg in the first 9 years of its existence. Only in 1712, when the purpose of the new city as the capital of the state was determined, did the rapid and correct development of streets, squares and embankments begin. The entire royal family moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg, and it was ordered to offer prayer “for the reigning city of St. Petersburg.” St. Petersburg began to be built up quickly. Palaces were erected for the king and members of the royal family, and houses for those close to him. In addition to the “Winter House” on the site of the current Hermitage, Peter also built a “Summer House”, where the Engineering Castle is now located. Work began on the construction of the Summer Garden. To decorate the garden, rare trees and flowers, and marble sculptures were brought from all over Russia and Western European countries. The city grew and settled down. Morskaya Street appeared, which received its name because mud hut houses were built on it for naval officers and sailors. A gunpowder factory was built on Bolshaya Pushkarskaya; Craftsmen who made weapons lived on Ruzheynaya. There was a German settlement on the Admiralty side; Rich millionaire merchants lived there - hence the name Millionnaya. At the end of Peter's reign, the city already had several factories, a library, a wooden theater, a printing house, several schools and a Maritime Academy. At that time the city had more than 70 thousand inhabitants. Now St. Petersburg is large city, one of the most beautiful cities in the world; the most important industrial, scientific and Cultural Center Russia, a major transport center, sea and river port. As a result of Peter I's conquest of the Ingirsky region from the Swedes, a passage to the Baltic Sea was opened. And this meant possible trade routes to the countries of Europe and the world, the development of industry, and strengthening the combat power of the Russian state. At the same time, St. Petersburg grew and developed rapidly as a commercial port and industrial center. The subsequent move of their Moscow to St. Petersburg by the royal family makes this city the capital of Russia. Prominent scientists, architects, and statesmen flock here. Russia entered the Northern War as the medieval Muscovite kingdom, and left Russian Empire, which has achieved a permanent presence in the Baltic. It became a European maritime power. Grow, city of Peter, So that our center of art and sciences flares up here. 9. Literature used in the abstract. When writing, the following literature was used: Avsienko V.N. “History of the city of St. Petersburg”, Grot Y.K. “News about the St. Petersburg region before its conquest by Peter the Great”, Guseva M.A. “The Tale of “St. Petersburg””; Kirtsideli Yu.I., Levina N.R. “My city St. Petersburg”, Lebedeva O.E., Yagya V.S. "Book about S.-P."