Ship devices are divided into general ship and special. General ship devices include devices installed on each ship, regardless of its type and purpose:

• steering;
• Anchor;
• Rescue;
• mooring;
• Cargo.

Special devices are associated with the operational functions for which the ship is intended (fishing equipment, a device for transferring cargo between ships on the high seas). The total amount of work on the manufacture and installation of general ship devices is about 2% of the total labor intensity of ship construction. Despite significant design differences, the main elements of ship devices are technologically similar and form groups:

• Support structures (foundations and reinforcements) with processed and unprocessed supporting surfaces;
• Drive mechanisms and machines - centered (steering machines, anchor and mooring capstans) and non-centered (winches, windlasses);
• Transmission elements - gearboxes, shafts, chains;
• Executive elements - rudders, anchors, hooks;
• Conductive elements - fairleads, chain pipes, towing arches.

Installation of ship devices is carried out element by element at different stages of ship construction. The supporting structures of devices, bollards, anchor pipes, hawses and other similar structures are mounted when sections or blocks of sections are saturated, and the remaining elements - during outfitting work on the slipway and afloat.

The general technological sequence of installation of elements of ship devices includes the following enlarged operations:

1. Marking the position on the ship;
2. Installation and welding of supporting structures;
3. Processing (if necessary) of supporting surfaces;
4. Loading on the ship of drive mechanisms and machines; alignment (if necessary) of drive mechanisms and machines;
5. Fitting and mounting assembly of non-welded joints and fastenings of drive mechanisms and machines, transmission, actuating elements;
6. Rigging equipment for a number of devices (cargo, boat);
7. Installation of electrical equipment, power cables, control equipment and instruments;
8. Commissioning tests. Depending on the features of specific ship devices, some of these operations may be absent.

As an example, consider the fundamental technology of mounting some general ship devices.

Installation of the anchor device shown in fig. 1, requires:

• Installation of anchor pipes and fairleads in the ship's hull;
• Assembly and sewing of the chain box;
• Mounting the drive of the root end of the chain, windlass, anchor chain and anchor, stoppers;
• General check of the operation of the device.

Due to the complexity of the geometric shapes, the anchor niche, the side and deck anchor cloches, together with the section of the bow of the ship's hull, as well as the anchor and a fragment of the anchor chain, are mocked up on the plaza in a tree on a scale of 1:5 or 1:10.

When prototyping, it is necessary to observe the conditions of mechanical similarity:

• The indices "m" and "n" mean mock-up and natural values;
• P- weight of the anchor;
• q- weight 1 rm. m anchor chain;
• k- layout scale;
• v- anchor lifting speed;
• ƒ - coefficient of friction on the hawsers of the anchor chain and anchor.

Rice. 1 Diagram of the anchor device
1 - anchor;
2 - anchor niche;
3 - pipe anchor hawse;
4 - deck hawse;
5 - anchor chain;
6 - screw stopper;
7 - windlass;
8 - pipe in the chain box;
9 - chain box;
10 — sewing chain box;
11 - recoil drive of the root end of the anchor chain;
12 - verb-gak

Dummy anchors, anchor chains and pipes are made of steel, and the surfaces of anchor fairleads are upholstered with tin. This ensures the same friction of the mock and full-scale anchors on the hawse.

They work out such an arrangement of the hawse in the hull so that the anchor falls out unhindered and retracts into the hawse at any position of the anchor paws. According to the developed layout, working drawings of castings of anchor fairleads are produced, as well as the dimensions and coordinates of the location of anchor pipes and fairleads are corrected. Anchor fairleads are installed when assembling the bulk section of the bow.

The assembly of the anchor chain is made from bows, connecting them together. To apply depth marks, the chain is marked into sections 20 m long, starting from the end of the chain attached to the anchor. The chain is then dyed. The running end of the anchor chain 5 (see Fig. 1) is connected to the anchor 1 , and the root end is passed through the side 2 and deck cluses 4 into the chain box 9 and introduced into the verb-gak 12 anchor chain recoil drive. After that, the operation of the drive is checked. The chain is wound on the chain sprockets of the windlass 7 or a spire. The final operation is the installation of chain or screw stoppers 6 . Upon completion of the installation of the elements of the anchor device, its operation is checked by releasing and retracting the anchors.

Before mounting the steering gear outside the vessel, the rudder blade is assembled and its centering with the stock is checked. Then the baller and the pen are separated in order to ensure the possibility of their installation on the ship during installation. Prior to installation, the supporting surface of the steering machine foundation is processed with a portable milling machine, and the holes of the helmport pipe, hinges and heels of the sternpost are processed with a boring device.

Rice. 2 Cargo device
a - general view;
b - hatch cover scheme;
c - general view of the hatch cover

Targets are installed on the outer ends of the helmport tube and heel and a string is pulled between them, along which intermediate targets are centered and the theoretical axis of the rudder is punched, working and control circles are applied on the upper and lower ends of the tube and heel. The holes of the helmport pipe are bored, and secondly, the heel of the sternpost. The bronze bushings of the sternpost are processed in the workshop according to the actual diameter of the bored holes for pressing with an interference fit into the sternpost loops, for which they are cooled in liquid nitrogen before installation.

The steering machine is installed on the squeezing bolts, and the lower support-thrust bearing in the heel of the sternpost is temporarily fixed on the studs. The rudder is brought under the stern of the vessel, through the lower and upper bearings the stock is started with a crane and held on the support ring at the end of the lower bearing. The rudder feather is turned on with a crane and the hoists put it in place. The steering wheel is adjusted in height by fitting the compensating ring 3 , and fixed with a yoke 5 on which the steering wheel is suspended.

Rice. 3 Steering gear diagram
1, 2 - baller bushings;
3 - compensating ring;
4 - thrust bearing stock;
5 - yoke;
6 - oiler;
7 - heliport tube;
8 - rubber ring;
9 - stock seal;
10 - stern heel;
11 - emphasis;
12 - pin;
13 - pin facing;
14 - bronze bushing;
15 - baller;
16 — rudder blade;
17 - steering machine

Bolt the flange connection to the stock and finally secure both stock bearings. A tiller is mounted on the head of the baller on the keys, along which the steering gear is centered. After mounting the steering wheel, check the gaps between the pins and bushings of the stern hinges, which should not exceed the allowable values. At the end of the installation of the steering gear with hoists, the smoothness of the rudder shift is checked, the rudder turn indicator is calibrated, and the rudder shift limiters are welded to the ship's hull. In parallel with the steering gear, an oil-hydraulic or other system of the steering gear is mounted and all electrical installation is performed. After the ship is launched, the steering gear is tested in action at mooring and sea trials.

Installation of the mooring and towing device consists of the installation and fastening of mooring capstans or winches and views. Mooring fairleads, bale planks, bollards, bitengs and rollers are installed when assembling hull sections in the SSC.

The most common things to do include:

• portholes;
• Doors and doors;
• Manhole covers and necks;
• ladders;
• Guardrail.

The labor intensity of work associated with the manufacture and installation of practical things is 1.5-2.0% of the total labor intensity of building a ship.

Good things are installed at various stages of the construction of the vessel. In sections, for example, porthole cases, their visors, covers of similar hatches, necks are installed. On the ship during the installation of pre-insulation saturation, door coamings, ladders are mounted, railings are welded.

In the post-isolation period they put:

• Porthole frames;
• door panels;
• Chain and cable rails.

The installation of practical things consists of the operations of marking their location, pre-installation on tacks or fastening on bolts or studs, and from ordinary plumbing operations. The installation of a water and gas tight door, for example, is associated with fitting its leaf to the coaming. The tightness of the door seal is checked “for chalk”, the seal is smeared around the perimeter with an aqueous chalk solution, and after it dries, the door is sealed and then peeled off. In places of loose fit, the chalk coating remains intact. A tight fit of the door leaf to the coaming is achieved by local welding of the coaming with subsequent grinding of the welded places or local thickening of the rubber seal with gaskets, as well as adjusting the wedges of the battens.

After installation, the door is tested for water resistance by watering with a jet of water from a hose.
If the door is insulated, then it is removed from the hinges and after being insulated and sewn with galvanized sheet steel, it is again installed on the hinges, re-checking for water tightness.

Covers of similar hatches and window frames are mounted in the same way.

The installation of the inclined ladder is carried out so that its steps take a horizontal position (check the level) and the ladder is bolted to the edges, which are installed according to the markings and welded to the body.

According to the measurements taken in place, handrails are bent and made, the lower ends of which are bolted to the bowstring of the ladder, and the upper ends are welded to the railing post or hull structure.

GOOD THINGS

GOOD THINGS

Cast, forged and other parts that perform a specific purpose in ship use and are part of the ship's hull equipment. D.V. include: lifeline and awning racks, davits, ladder beams, minbeams, brackets, scuppers from the upper deck, bollards, bale planks, deck and side portholes, manhole covers and necks, stoppers for wire rope, butt, eyes , cluses, etc.

Samoilov K.I. Marine dictionary. - M.-L.: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941

sensible things

the general name for some of the parts that make up the ship's equipment. Practical things include fairleads, ducks, bale planks, doors, hatches, coamings, rail posts, portholes, scuppers, bollards, ladders, etc. Most of the practical things are standardized.

Edwart. Explanatory Naval Dictionary, 2010

Smart Things

cast, forged and other parts and details of ship equipment. Practical things include: bollards, ducks, epaulettes, bale straps, screw lanyards, rail posts, portholes, awning posts, manhole covers, eyes, clouses, etc.

Edwart. Marine Dictionary, 2010

See what "PARTICULAR THINGS" is in other dictionaries:

- (from the Dutch deel part) nautical term, the general name for some auxiliary parts of the ship's hull equipment, which serve mainly for fastening and wiring rigging, as well as parts of ship devices, equipment ... ... Wikipedia

- (from the Dutch deel part) the general name of some parts of the ship's equipment: frames, hawse, bollards, ladders, etc ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from the Dutch deel part) the general name of some parts of the ship's hull equipment, parts of ship devices, interior equipment and open decks. To D. in. include brackets, eyelets, lanyards, clouses, bollards, necks, covers ... ... Big soviet encyclopedia

- (from Dutch deel part), the common name of some parts of the ship's equipment: frames, hawses, bollards, ladders, etc. clouses (see CLUESE), ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from Dutch deel part) name. some parts of the equipment of the ship's hull, parts of ship's devices, equipment vnutr. rooms and open decks: brackets, butts, eyes, lanyards, fairleads, bollards, necks, covers of similar hatches, doors, portholes, etc. Big encyclopedic polytechnic dictionary

GOOD THINGS- Origin: from gol. deel part of the common name for some elements of the ship's equipment. Good things include portholes, skylights, doors, ladders, rail and awning racks, brackets, hinges, handles, battens, hooks, door buffers, ... ... Marine encyclopedic reference book

Ship devices serve to ensure the necessary operational and navigational qualities of the vessel.

Layout of ship devices

A common feature for the classification of ship devices is their belonging to the external equipment of the ship.

The main ship devices that are equipped with almost all ships, regardless of their type and purpose, include: steering, anchor, mooring, fender, boat, cargo, towing, lifeline, awning, etc. In addition, on some ships special purpose- Timber carriers, container ships, ferries, ships with horizontal cargo handling, lighter carriers, as well as fishing, hydrographic, research ships, ships of the technical fleet - various additional devices are used to ensure the performance of special tasks. These are devices for securing deck timber, containers, vehicles, wagons, ramp and fishing devices, devices for lowering and raising outboard vehicles (SPU), underwater drilling, cementing wells, laying pipelines and underwater cables, devices for cleaning the sea surface, dredging, parachute devices (for tilting and closing the bottom doors of dredge scows and self-unloading dredgers), etc.

Ship devices work with the help of mechanisms, usually called deck ones, since most of them are on decks. The drive of these mechanisms can be electric, hydraulic, electro-hydraulic, steam or diesel.

The choice of drive type depends on the operational and design features that determine the feasibility of using one or another type of energy; an important role is played by the type of main engine adopted on the ship.

YAKIRNE ENJOY.

The anchor device is designed to ensure reliable anchorage of the vessel at sea, in the roadstead, in other places remote from the coast, by fastening it to the ground.

It is also used when mooring to a berth, to cancel inertia in order to prevent a collision, to remove the vessel from the shoal on its own by winding a dead or auxiliary anchor to a depth.

Main components:

Anchor chains (ropes);

Anchor fairleads and chain pipes;

chain boxes;

Anchor mechanisms for recoil and lifting of anchors;

Stoppers.

Anchors: dead and auxiliary

The number and weight of dead anchors for each ship is regulated by the Rules of the Classification Society. Auxiliary ones include: a stop anchor (located in the stern, has a mass three times smaller than the anchor and serves to set the vessel with a lag to the wind) and a verp (a light anchor that can be brought aside from the vessel on a boat, its mass is equal to half the mass stop anchor).

Anchor types: A - admiralty; b- Hall anchor; V- Matrosov's anchor.

1 – spindle; 2 – horn; 3 – paw; 4 - anchor bracket; 5 – stock; 6 – check; 7 - head; 8 – roller; 9 – pins

Main types of anchors:

Admiralteysky - two-legged stock, with fixed paws; has a greater holding power than the rodless one (10-12 masses of the anchor itself), but the presence of the rod makes it difficult to clean and release them;

Hall - two-legged rodless with swivel legs, easy to manufacture, easily retracts into hawsers, but has a low holding force coefficient (3-4 anchor masses); apply on sea ​​vessels as dead and stop anchors;

Gruzona - two-legged rodless with swivel paws;

Matrosova - two-legged with swivel paws and a stem in the form of transverse thickenings on the paws; has increased holding power; used on boats and tugs;

The cat is a multi-legged rodless; used on boats and tugs;

Ice anchor - single-legged rodless, designed to hold the vessel near the ice field; used on ice-going ships.

The anchor chain (Fig. 12.2) serves to attach the anchor to the ship's hull, consists of links that form bows 25-27 m long. The bows are connected to each other using special detachable links and form an anchor chain 50 to 300 m long.

Depending on the location in the anchor chain, an anchor bow (attached to the anchor), intermediate and root bows are distinguished.

Attach the anchor to the chain with a bracket; to prevent twisting, turn on the rotary links - swivels. The anchor chain is attached to the butt, rigidly connected to the hull structures, with a zhvaka-tack bracket. The chewing-tack bow is short (2-3 links), for emergency recoil of the anchor chain it has a special device with a folding hook - a verb-hook.

Characteristics of the anchor chain - its caliber - the cross-sectional diameter of the link bar. Links with a caliber of more than 15 mm must have spacers - buttresses.

In the stowed position, the anchor chain is stored in a wooden-lined chain box. To ensure self-laying of the anchor chain, chain boxes usually have a circular section with a diameter of about 30-35 anchor chain gauges.

Winches are used to lift the anchor chain: windlasses - with a horizontal axis of the drum; spiers - with a vertical axis of the drum. On the axis of the windlass sprockets, at its ends, cranks are usually installed - drums for winding mooring cables during mooring, which can work with a fixed sprocket and vice versa. Anchor release occurs due to its own weight, therefore, in order to avoid excessive acceleration, the anchor chain is braked using a band brake on the windlass and a shoe brake on the capstan. Windlasses and capstans are electrically, electro-hydraulic or steam powered. Small spiers may be manually operated.

Anchor winches: A– windlass (appearance); b- windlass (diagram); V- spire.

Anchor fairleads - deck and side - serve to guide the anchor when releasing or cleaning the anchor. There are ordinary, open and with a niche. Ordinary fairleads are installed on most transport, fishing and auxiliary vessels, they are made cast or welded. Open ones are used on low-sided vessels. Closures with a niche allow you to remove the anchor flush with the side skin.

Anchors are fastened in a stowed manner with the help of anchor stoppers:

Screw - jams the chain between two pads;

Stopper with mortgage palom;

Chain - consists of a segment of a chain of small caliber with a lanyard and a verb-hook.

Each ship has: the ship's hull and its constituent elements of the set and plating; main, auxiliary and emergency engines; engine and deck mechanisms; ship systems; ship devices; interior equipment; devices and tools; rescue and fire fighting equipment.

In addition to all this, there is another group of items that no ship can do without - this practical things. I agree that it sounds somewhat unusual and even funny, nevertheless the title practical things- this is the name of a large number of items used on each ship without exception, regardless of its size and purpose. The name was introduced into Russian marine use by the founder of our fleet, Peter the Great, and comes from the Dutch word "deel", which in translation into Russian means "part", "element", "share", "component".

In our time, the original name is practically ousted from use, not by a new term, but, unfortunately, by elementary ignorance. On almost every ship, instead of the correct name of not only the entire group of parts, but also each item individually, an expression like, “this thing”, “that thing”, ...., and so on and so forth, depending on the richness of the vocabulary sailor.

In one manual, I found a mention that the International Organization for Standardization (The International Organization for Standardization - ISO), decided to use the term "hull equipment" instead of the term "good things".

It is completely incomprehensible why the new "Isian" horseradish is so sweeter than the Petrovsky radish that it was necessary to replace the term introduced into circulation by the founder of the fleet. Moreover, any unification of standards, a priori, does not imply the loss of the national self-identity of the nation, which invariably occurs in the event of the removal of original words from the language and the introduction of impersonal and incomprehensible terms, especially when foreign words are used without translation into Russian, sounds wild and provokes justified objection. For example, when a minister in our “funny” government says that “we have postponed the implementation of the agreement signed with the EU”, he himself understands what he said, because the majority of Russian people who heard this phrase did not understand exactly what he meant funny minister. And it turns out he was trying to say that "we have postponed the implementation of the agreement signed with the EU." Or another one of the "amusing" says "we must not succumb to alarmist moods", I ask people familiar with English language What do they think about the words of this "scientific civil servant", they answer that they did not understand what he piled up with a set of words, and it turns out that he meant that "we should not succumb to anxious moods."

Well, what can I say, the use of foreign words out of place, simply pronounced in Russian, definitely does not increase the level of their scholarship in the eyes of most people, but they definitely look “funny” from this. In the rich Russian language, there are plenty of words for all occasions, and many terms that were introduced into everyday life in the form of foreign words, on the contrary, were replaced with Russian meanings over time, for example, “gondek”, became over time a “battery deck”, but those that retained their the name is up to our time, but we do not change it for the sake of the “IS” Wishlist, for example, the terms “Pyartners” or “Bryukanets”. I agree that they, and many salted sea wolves, can cause a bewildered question, however, just as you cannot throw out words from a good song, so terms that were put into circulation centuries ago should not be thoughtlessly withdrawn from marine terminology.

What is even worse is that the old term has already been pushed into a dark and dusty corner (this, as everyone knows, is done very quickly and easily in our country for some reason), and the new “Isovskiy”, in learning programs they forgot to insert it, because too many graduates of educational institutions have no idea what “body equipment” or “good things” means.

Pieces include cast, forged, metal and other parts and parts of the ship's equipment that are not part of the ship's hull and are not related to the ship's devices and furnishing of the premises, necessary to ensure the safe operation of the ship.

Good things include:

1) portholes are round and rectangular;

2) external and internal doors of all types, balusters on the coaming below the door, doorways and details;

3) covers of skylights and manholes to utility rooms and emergency exits and their coamings;

4) openings into compartments, such as chain boxes, cofferdams, tunnels and tanks;

5) ladders of all types and their equipment: stationary, portable, internal, vertical and staple ladders;

6) railings on decks, superstructures, masts, platforms and other railings;

7) gunwales and handrails;

8) awning racks and their ceilings;

9) anchor and mooring cleats, bollards, bitengs, eyes, lanyards, staples, butts, bale strips, rollers, mooring cleats, for halyards, flags and other running rigging;

10) deck scuppers and drain pipes;

11) drainage devices on the coamings of cargo holds;

12) all kinds of hinges, hooks, stoppers, limiters, brackets, handles, door closers;

13) ventilation hatches with covers and battens;

14) removable railing at the pilot's access point on board the vessel;

15) covers and nets of bilge wells;

16) measuring tube covers;

17) davits, ladder beams, mini beams, for example, on the tank above the hatch cover in the skipper's or "dry hold"

18) removable protective covers and parts for their fastening;

19) removable heads on air pipes of ship tanks;

20) holders for pulleys and pulleys themselves;

21) removable decks and gratings on platforms and walkways;

22) removable decks under evacuation ladders, mooring ladders, around peloruses with repeaters and binnacles with compasses.

Of course, we have not listed all the details related to practical things on ships, because it is practically impossible, it would take too much time and tire readers, and there is no need for this, since even what is listed is enough to to have an idea of ​​what parts on the ship belong to practical things, for example, on a rowboat, a metal lining on the gunwale, with a hole and a sleeve for an oarlock, also applies to practical things.

It is always necessary to leave an opportunity and space for the work of the imagination, this not only strengthens and develops the general mental abilities of a person, but also very effectively contributes to the development of a sailor's professional spatial imagination, which allows him to create a virtual picture of each situation and, most importantly, to predict possible ways of it. development. This is necessary when managing a vessel in narrow areas, port waters, cramped roads and water areas, during mooring operations, anchoring and unmooring, emergency situations, rescue operations and many other operational situations when, in conditions of time pressure, it is necessary to quickly collect information, conduct it analysis, predict the possible development of the situation, find possible options for action, choose the most appropriate in given conditions and circumstances and follow them.

Let readers not be surprised that we are considering issues of spatial thinking in an article about practical things, since in the work of a sailor, literally everything is interconnected and each, at first glance, unimportant detail can in one situation or another have critical importance. In fact, there are no trifles and no pettiness on the ship, but there is observation and caring attitude to every detail on the ship. As a rule, the basis of almost every breakdown or accident was a malfunction that was ignored and no timely measures were taken to correct it, very often such details were practical things.

Practical things, in view of their multiplicity, very often become a reason for the ship to receive comments during all kinds of inspections and audits. Many of them may be the reason for the detention of the vessel in the port, that is, when checking the vessel by the port control inspector, he will put the code “30” for this remark. In this case, the ship will not be able to leave the port until the remark is removed and the inspector checks it again, only in this case the shipowner must pay a certain fine for calling the inspector again.

During the operation of the vessel, the maintenance of practical things in good and efficient condition is the daily concern of the senior mate and boatswain with the deck crew at his disposal. Therefore, both the first mate and the boatswain are required to know what applies to practical things and how to properly maintain and maintain them in working condition.

Of course, the captain is obliged to exercise general leadership and control, but only general, since both the first mate and the boatswain must have a sufficient degree of independence.

Particular things (from deel "part") - a marine term, a common name for some auxiliary parts of the ship's hull equipment, which serve mainly for fastening and wiring rigging, as well as parts of ship devices, interior equipment and open decks.
Practical things include staples, ducks, eyelets, lanyards, ratchets, clouses, bollards, bales, bitengs, eyelets, necks, covers of similar hatches, ladders, doors, portholes, railings and awning racks.
The main dimensions of individual things and the requirements for their fastening (installation) on a ship are regulated by classification societies. Most of the good things are standard.
A bracket is a curved rod with lugs at the ends into which a pin is threaded (Fig. 1). Most often, the pin is fixed with a screw thread, which is present at its end and in one of the eyes. The head of the pin in this case has a small butt, in which, when screwing and unscrewing, a pile is laid. In heavy-duty brackets, the pin has no thread and is secured with a cotter pin.
The shape of the rigging brackets are straight and round. Straight lines are used for straight and plant cables. In the latter case, with the same diameter of the rod, the bracket has a greater width. Round staples are used only for vegetable cables.
For fastening various parts with the help of a hook or brackets, round or oblong eyes - butts - are welded to the ship's hull. Rings are often passed through the butts - eyelets, which simplifies the laying of a hook or bracket.

Rice. 1 shackles.
A duck is a piece of equipment on a ship, which is a two-horned metal part fixed on the deck or other part of the ship to fix running rigging on it (Fig. 2).
On small sailing vessels, such as a yacht, the duck is installed with a rigid attachment to the hull and can be used for mooring, anchoring, towing and other ropes and cables.

Rice. 2 Duck.
Eye - a metal ring of a round elliptical or other shape, threaded into the butt and used for laying cables, chains, stretch marks, blocks, hoists, canifas - blocks, connecting brackets and other fasteners into it.

Rice. 3 Fastening of mooring cables with a bracket for the eye.
Varieties of the classic eye are the eye bolt and the eye nut.
Eyebolt - a metal ring rigidly connected to a cylindrical rod with a thread at the end for fastening to various structures, mechanisms, units, etc. The cut part of the rod is screwed into the cover of the machine, the engine housing or embedded elements of ship structures.
The eye-nut has a design similar to the eye-bolt, but instead of a cylindrical threaded rod at the base of the eye-nut, there is a through cylindrical threaded hole for screwing the product onto the embedded bolt.
Lanyards - devices for tight fitting various gear, as well as for reliable fastening of various objects and goods in a marching manner (Fig. 4). The most common is the screw turnbuckle, which consists of a sleeve that connects two screws, one with a right hand thread and the other with a right hand thread.

Rice. 4 Lanyards: a - open, b - closed, c - swivel.
1 - hook, 2 - bracket, 3 - screws, 4 - coupling, 5 - butt.
a - straight line for a steel cable, b - straight line for a vegetable cable, c - round.

Keys - a round, oval or rectangular hole in the bulwark, deck or side, edged with a cast frame or metal bar, which serves to pass and reduce the grinding of the anchor chain, mooring ends or towing rope.
On sailing ships, a clewse was a through oblong or round hole, which served for wiring cables or anchor chains. According to the purpose and location, the clews were called: in the bow - rope, in the middle of the vessel - towing, in the stern - stern or spring.
Mooring closure - a closure used to pass a cable, installed on board a vessel, for example, in a bulwark. The mooring fairlead can have a more complex design: the cable only touches rotating rollers (universal fairlead (Fig. 5)) or pulleys fixed in a swivel cage, which is oriented in the desired direction under the action of the cable tension (automatic fairlead).

Rice. 5 Universal mooring hawse.
Deck hawse - a hole in the deck with a cast-iron or steel frame for passing the anchor chain from the upper deck or from the forecastle deck to the chain box. Openings of deck fairleads are closed with a special metal cover, which is called a fairlead cover.
Anchor hawse - a special cast steel or cast iron pipe, passed through the deck through the side of the vessel (bow or stern in the center plane).
A trawl hawse is a steel or cast-iron structure fixed on the upper deck of the aft cut and used to pass and guide the trawling parts of tugboats behind the aft cut when setting or hauling a trawl.
A hawse-bracket is a special device instead of an anchor hawse, consisting of deck and side flanges and a chute. The anchor chain goes into the hawse-bracket in the same way as in the hawse.
Knecht - a pair of pedestals with a common base on the deck of the vessel, which serves to fasten the cables (Fig. 6).
On wooden ships, wooden pedestals were also installed, but on metal ships, bollards were paired round metal pedestals, cast together with the base - a plate firmly attached to the deck. Metal bollards are usually hollow, steel or cast iron, rarely copper. Part of the design of the bollards are caps and tides that prevent the cable from slipping up. By design, straight bollards and cross bollards are distinguished, having a horizontal rigid connection between the pedestals.
On the deck, bollards are installed near the fairleads in the bow, stern and along the sides of the ship. Bollards serve to secure the cables laid by eights during mooring (mooring bollard) or towing (towing bollard), and historically anchor torsos were also attached to them. On sailing ships, the bollards supplied pulleys for tensioning and fastening some of the gear of the running rigging.
Knechts are also called bollards-fun on the pier, pier.

Rice. 6 Bollards: a - cross, b - ordinary.
Biteng - a solid hollow pedestal that rises above the deck of a vessel or ship. It is part of the towing and mooring device of the vessel.
Biteng has a reinforced attachment to the ship's hull. To strengthen the biteng in a vertical position, there is a special knit - biteng - standers.
Bitengs can also be wooden (originally they were wooden racks), but most often they are made of metal (steel or cast iron).
Biteng can be single or double. A paired biteng can have a transverse crossbar, which is called a biteng - a spreader.
Biteng serves the following purposes:
— Decrease in the rate of etching of the anchor chain.
- Attachment of towing ropes or anchor rope.
- Giving a uniform stroke with cable traction.
— Fastening moorings of small ships and boats moored at the side.
— Fastening of moorings of ships towed side by side.
Ladder - a ship ladder for communication between rooms or open areas on the decks of the hull, superstructures and deckhouses.
The ladders are different:
1) by location on the ship to: internal and external ladders,
2) according to the width of the working opening - single-flow and double-flow ladders,
3) according to the method of attachment - stationary, removable and portable ladders,
4) in orientation relative to the deck of the ship - inclined and vertical ladders.
Internal ladders on passenger ships are artistically designed, have a large width and a small slope.
Vertical brackets - ladders that do not have handrails and bowstrings are installed in places rarely visited by people (outside and inside chimneys, in mines, holds, towers, and also on masts). Staples - ladders consist of steel rods (brackets), welded one above the other with a certain interval.
An outboard ladder, installed on ships when moored in a roadstead or at a berth, serves to enter or exit the ship onto a boat (boat) or directly to the pier. Outboard ladders are raised and lowered with the help of ladders - beams, lifting mechanisms equipped with hoists and designed for lowering, raising and holding the lower platforms of outboard ladders at a given level.
Flexible storm - a ladder made of vegetable or synthetic rope with round or flat wooden balusters (steps) is suspended from the shot or lowered along the side of the vessel. A storm ladder is used for communication between ships of different sizes during heavy seas, when it is difficult to use an outboard ladder.

Rice. 7 Pilot ladder.