Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution of higher professional education

"Komsomolsk-on-Amur State Technical University"

Faculty of Computer Technologies

Department of Applied Mathematics and Informatics

in the discipline "Intelligence of foreign states"

Israeli intelligence

Student of group 9KB-1 A.D. Upland

Teacher A.N. Zalutsky

Introduction

1. Structure

2. Functions

3. History

3.1 British Mandate

3.2 Reorganization

4. "Nativ"

5. Lacquer

6. Mossad

6.1 Main goals and objectives

6.2 Working methods

6.4 Mossad structure

6.5 Personnel policy

7. Shabak

7.1 History

7.2 Structure

7.3 Criticism

7.3.1 Route number 300

7.3.2 Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

Conclusion

Introduction

Israeli intelligence services - organizations of the State of Israel that are engaged in intelligence and counterintelligence activities, as well as the fight against terrorism, provide the government with information about internal and external threats and conduct other activities in the field state security.

1. Structure

The National Security Council.

· Committee of heads of services "Varash".

· "Mossad" - foreign intelligence.

· "Shabak" - counterintelligence and the fight against terrorism.

· "Aman" - military intelligence.

Matam is a secret police department.

· "Mahmat" - Center for Political Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

2. Functions

The committee of leaders of the Varash services (Vaadat rashet hasherutim) includes the leaders of the Mossad, Shabak, Aman and the inspector general of police. This committee coordinates the activities of the intelligence community. The activities of Varash are strictly classified, including the dates and agenda of its meetings.

The Mossad is responsible for intelligence operations abroad, and also conducts operations to destroy terrorists outside of Israel. Subordinate to the Prime Minister of Israel.

Shabak is responsible for internal security and counterintelligence, providing information for anti-terrorist activities inside the country. Her duties also include the protection of senior officials of the country, ensuring the security of the main military and industrial facilities in Israel, Israeli missions abroad, and international lines of the El Al airline. Subordinate to the Prime Minister of Israel.

In close cooperation with "Shabak" works "Matam" - a secret department, located in the structure of the Israeli Police Investigation Department.

"Aman" is responsible for intelligence in part armed forces Arab countries posing a threat to Israel, directs the intelligence of the ground forces, the Air Force and the Navy, is engaged in electronic intelligence and censorship, and conducts sabotage operations on enemy military facilities. Subordinates to the Chief of the General Staff of the IDF.

The Center for Political Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (“Makhmat”) is engaged in analytical work on the assessment of political information. It is part of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The main objectives of the Israeli intelligence and security services are:

Arab states - their capabilities and intentions towards Israel, their relations with other countries, official representations and institutions of Arab states in all countries of the world, leaders of Arab countries, domestic and inter-Arab policies of these countries, psychological factors, military readiness and other aspects.

· Gathering information about US policy or decisions made by the US leadership towards Israel.

· Collection of military-technical information in developed countries.

· Identification of policy directions of the governments of countries with large Jewish populations in relation to Israel, to the problems of Jewish emigration from these countries.

· Full surveillance of anti-Zionist activities around the world, countering Arab propaganda.

· Collection of other political and economic information of interest to Israel.

3. History

3.1 British Mandate

Story Israeli intelligence began in the summer of 1936 during the British Mandate of Palestine. Then Ezra Danin turned to the political department of the "Jewish Agency" (the prototype of the future government of Israel) and offered to form an intelligence network among the Arabs. The second person who worked in tandem with Danin on the creation of intelligence was Reuven Shiloah, the future curator of all intelligence services and the first director of the Mossad.

In March 1942, within the framework of the Jewish self-defense of the Haganah (a Jewish paramilitary organization in Palestine that existed from 1920 to 1948 during the British Mandate in Palestine), a single special service was created - "Sherut Yediot" or abbreviated "Shai". The entire service was headed by Yisrael Amir, who had previously been engaged in the purchase of weapons for the Haganah.

3.2 Reorganization

On June 7, 1948, Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, together with Reuven Shiloah and Isser Beeri, decided to reorganize the Israeli intelligence services along the British lines: military intelligence, counterintelligence (Shin Bet or Shabak) and political intelligence (Mossad) ). The fourth service was Aliya Bet, which dealt with illegal immigration, and after the creation of Israel, helped Jews leave other countries. The Intelligence Coordinating Committee, called "Varash" in Hebrew, and headed by Shiloah, first met in April 1949. This committee included the heads of special services, their deputies and the inspector general of police. On December 13, 1949, Ben-Gurion signed a secret letter to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in which he announced the organizational unification of all intelligence services under the command of Reuven Shiloah. On March 2, 1951, by order of Ben-Gurion, an independent central body was created to conduct all intelligence activities abroad. Thus, the Mossad came out of subordination to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, went directly to the subordination of the Prime Minister. The Shabak security service left the Ministry of Defense and came under the leadership of the Prime Minister. Military intelligence was transferred to the IDF General Staff and received the name "Aman" ("Reconnaissance Wing").

4. "Nativ"

The activity of "Aliya Bet" was recognized as unsatisfactory, taking into account the situation of Jews in the USSR and countries Eastern bloc. Therefore, in June 1951, instead of Aliya Bet, the Nativ Jewish Liaison Bureau was created, and Mossad was entrusted with organizing the departure of Jews from other countries. The Nativ Bureau was subordinate to the Prime Minister. Nativ lost its special service status in the early 1990s after the collapse of the USSR.

5. Lacquer

In 1957, another organization appeared in the Israeli intelligence community - the Lakam Bureau of Scientific Relations. Its creation was associated with the desire of Israel to acquire nuclear weapons. Initially, Lakam was tasked with ensuring the security and secrecy of a nuclear reactor under construction in Dimona (a city in southern Israel, located in the Negev desert, 36 km southeast of Beer Sheva), but then Lakam ensured that Israel received the necessary nuclear components, and after 1979 Lakam was assigned to obtain information in the field of high technologies. On November 21, 1985, US Naval Intelligence analyst Jonathan Pollard was arrested in Washington, who turned out to be an Israeli spy working for Lacam. Pollard was sentenced to life in prison. And in 1986, Israeli nuclear technician Mordechai Vanunu revealed to the world the secret of Israel's nuclear weapons. Lakam, who was in charge of Dimona's security, did not notice that Vanunu brought a camera to the guarded object and took pictures of it for a long time. Vanunu was captured by Mossad agents in Rome and taken to Israel. After these failures, Lakam was disbanded, its leader Rafi Eitan was fired, and functions were transferred to other members of the intelligence community.

Mossad (ha-Mossad le-modiin u-le-tafkidim meyuhadim - Intelligence and Special Tasks Office) is Israel's political intelligence, comparable in purpose and functions to the American CIA. Considered one of the most efficient and professional intelligence agencies in the world. The emblem of the organization depicts a menorah, which is the emblem of Israel, and the motto: "With a lack of care, the people fall, but with many advisers they prosper." Along with this, until recently, the motto of the Mossad was another verse: "Therefore, with deliberation, wage your war." The main office of the organization is located in Tel Aviv on King Shaul Boulevard. The main operational units since 1989 are located in the suburbs of Tel Aviv. The number of employees is estimated to reach 1200 people. For 2009 the organization is headed by Meir Dagan.

6.1 Main goals and objectives

Mossad is engaged in the collection and analysis of intelligence information, as well as covert special operations outside of Israel.

The main activities of the Mossad are:

· Secret collection of information abroad.

· Prevention of terrorist activities against Israeli and Jewish targets abroad.

· Development and maintenance of special secret ties, political and otherwise, abroad.

· Preventing hostile countries from developing and acquiring stockpiles of non-conventional weapons.

· Implementation of the repatriation of Jews from countries where official travel to Israel is not possible.

· Obtaining strategic, political and operational intelligence information.

· Performing special operations outside the State of Israel.

6.2 Working methods

“Israeli intelligence must fulfill the role of guarantor of the safety of Jews around the world. Covert activities should be based on modern technology, use the latest achievements in the field of espionage, maintaining links with friendly services ”- Reuven Shiloah - the first director of the Mossad.

Shiloah formulated the so-called. "peripheral concept", giving priority to the establishment and development of ties with countries in Africa and Asia that are not Israel's closest neighbors.

6.3 general information and features

The activities of the Mossad are deeply classified and information about this special service and its work appears, as a rule, either many years after the events, or as a result of failures and failures. Until the end of the 1990s, even the name of the head of the service was not officially disclosed.

The Mossad service is a civilian structure and therefore does not use military ranks. At the same time, most of its employees have completed active service in the army and have army ranks. So, the current director of Mossad, Meir Dagan, has the rank of major general.

6.4 Mossad structure

All activities of the Mossad are managed by a directorate consisting of the director, his deputies and administrative services. The Mossad director is part of Varash and reports directly to the Israeli prime minister.

The following departments are subordinate to the Directorate:

· Management of operational planning and coordination ("Tsomet") - the largest division. Manages all espionage activities and has branches around the world, partly secret, partly part of Israeli consulates in other states. Presumably management is subdivided according to regional affiliation. The main residencies are in Rome and London.

· Directorate for Combating Arab Terrorism (“Paha”) - collection and analysis of data on Arab terrorist organizations.

· The Information and Analytical Department (“Naka”) provides analysis of the obtained information and development of recommendations to the management and politicians.

· The Department of Political Actions and Relations with Foreign Intelligence Services (Tevel) coordinates work with the intelligence services of states friendly to Israel and maintains contacts with countries that do not have official diplomatic relations with Israel. In larger consular departments there are members of this department. It also sells Israeli weapons abroad.

· The Research Department prepares regular reports on the situation in various regions of the world. It is divided into 15 regional groups, the main focus is on the countries of the Middle East. There is a separate group dealing with nuclear weapons issues.

· The Operations and Technical Directorate is engaged in the logistics of the services and operations of the Mossad, the development of the technical means necessary for the special services. The structure includes three departments: operational equipment, the department of photo and video filming, as well as the department of penetration into the premises.

· The Electronic Intelligence Unit (Neviot, formerly Keshet) collects electronic information, including through listening devices.

· Management of psychological warfare and disinformation actions ("Lohama psychologit" - "LAP") - is engaged in conducting psychological warfare, propaganda and development of deceptive maneuvers.

· Directorate of special operations ("Metsada", in the past "Caesarea") - is engaged in military actions.

· Special unit "Kidon" ("Bayonet") - is engaged in the physical destruction of terrorists. The number of "Kidon" - 3 groups of 12 fighters.

· The Department of Finance and Human Resources performs the functions of support.

· The training department trains employees and agents. Part educational management includes the Mossad Academy, which is taught only by current employees.

In addition to the above departments, the Mossad includes foreign counterintelligence units (Apam) and a small search group for former Nazis.

6.5 Personnel policy

With its personnel policy, Mossad differs significantly from similar intelligence services in other countries. The organization has a total of about 1,200 full-time employees, including technical staff. According to available information, the Mossad has only a few dozen operational officers who are ready at any moment to conduct an operation in any country in the world. Along with this, the organization uses a huge number of recruited agents around the world, the number of which is estimated at 35 thousand people. For comparison, the number of KGB officers in the early 1990s was 250,000, while the Cuban intelligence service DGI has about 2,000 employees in its foreign offices alone.

"Shabak" or "Shin-bet" ("Sherut Bitakhon Klali") - Israel's General Security Service. Shin Bet belongs to the Israeli intelligence service and is engaged in counterintelligence and internal security activities. Its function is comparable to the FBI and FSB. Reported directly to the Prime Minister.

Shin Bet operations inside Israel can be divided into the following three categories: against foreigners in general, against Palestinian Arabs, and against Israeli citizens. It operates on the basis of a law adopted by the Knesset (Israel's legislative body, its parliament) on February 21, 2002.

7.1 History

Isser Harel - the first head of the General Security Service (1948-1952). The General Security and Counterintelligence Service (and later the General Security Service of Israel) was created on the basis of the Shai service - the security service of the Haganah on June 30, 1948. Isser Harel was the founder and first leader of Shabak, and Yosef Israeli from the Ministry of Defense became his deputy. For the first two years, the security service was part of the armed forces, its head received the rank of lieutenant colonel. Then Shabak came under the control of the Prime Minister.

Harel defeated Abraham Stern's far-right Lehi splinter group from the Irgun and arrested almost all of its activists, with the exception of future Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, whom he later recruited to work in Israeli intelligence.

In 1949, Harel ordered to identify members of the Communist Party who were employed in military factories, photograph activists and listen to conversations. At the same time, he purged members of the leftist parties from his own service, in particular the head of the special operations department, Gershon Rabinovich, who, according to Harel, gave out all the secrets of the service to his comrades in the Mapam party.

In the 50s, Shabak actively worked against the right-wing radicals from Lehi, but its greatest efforts inside the country were directed against left-wing activists from the Mapam party, whom the first leader of Shabak, Isser Harel, suspected of spying on communist countries.

In 1952 Harel was appointed Mossad's director of foreign intelligence in place of Reuven Shiloah. At the same time, he headed the committee of heads of intelligence services "Varash" and in fact became the head of all Israeli intelligence services. Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion called him "memune" ("responsible"). Until 1963, the appointment of the head of Shabak was a pure formality, since Harel controlled all the work and all employees reported to him.

The most famous case of that time was the case of Colonel Israel Beer, who was arrested on April 1, 1961 and sentenced to 15 years in prison for spying for the USSR.

Since 1967, Shabak has doubled its activity in Judea and Samaria, the Gaza Strip and Golan Heights, in order to prevent terrorist acts by the Arab population.

Following the Palestinian terrorist hijacking of an Israeli El Al plane to Algiers on July 22, 1968, and the killing of Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics in 1972, the Shabak established branches around the world to protect Israeli facilities that could be targeted. for terrorists.

In 1983, Shabak exposed a major Soviet spy, Markus Klinberg, who was recruited during World War II. Klinberg gave Soviet intelligence materials from the secret Institute in Ness Zion, which dealt with the problems of WMD (weapons of mass destruction).

The biggest miscalculation by Shabak (besides not preventing the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin) is considered to be the case of Mordechai Vanunu, who, while working at the nuclear center in Dimona, managed to take and take out photographs from there, and then, after his dismissal, freely leave the country and give out the most secret information in 1986 about the existence of nuclear weapons in Israel.

In 1987, an agent of the KGB of the USSR Shabtai Kalmanovich was arrested, and in 1988, with the help of a defector Alexander Lomov, a whole network of PGU KGB was uncovered, consisting of Roman Weisfeld, Grigory Londin, Anatoly Gendler and Samuil Maktey.

In September 2002, the Security Service uncovered a group of 11 Israelis, led by an IDF lieutenant colonel, who were spying for Hezbollah. The officer provided the Lebanese terrorists with maps of the northern part of Israel indicating the deployment of troops, as well as information on upcoming operations and maneuvers along the northern border of the country. In return, he received from Hezbollah money and drugs totaling $100,000.

On December 12, 2005, Shabak arrested 58-year-old Jiris Jiris, former head of the council locality Fasuta in Galilee. The investigation believes that Jiris was recruited by Iranian intelligence in 2004 to spy against Israel. In Iran, they hoped that Jiris would be able to become a member of the Knesset and get access to information interesting for intelligence.

Shabak leaders:

· Isser Harel (1948-1952).

Easy Dorot (1952-1953).

· Amos Manor (1953-1963).

Josef Harmelin (1964-1974).

Abraham Ahituv (1974-1981).

Abraham Shalom (1981-1986).

Josef Harmelin (1986-1988).

· Yaakov Peri (1988-1994).

Carmi Gilon (1994-1995).

Ami Ayalon (1995-2000).

· Avi Dichter (2000-2005).

· Yuval Diskin (2005-…).

7.2 Structure

"Shabak" consists of three departments:

Department of Arab Affairs. Engaged in countering Arab terror in Israel.

· Department of Non-Arab Affairs. Engaged in penetration into the residency of foreign intelligence and diplomatic missions of non-Arab countries in Israel.

Department of Safety and Security. Engaged in the protection of the Israeli government, embassies, important enterprises, Israeli airline aircraft, etc.

7.3 Criticism

Shabak has been criticized for its previously proven cases of torture, including deaths during interrogations. Accusations of torture are heard regularly, not only from the Arabs, but also from the Israeli organizations. Shabak is accused of torture and ill-treatment not only by “left”, but also by “right” radicals, according to which Shabak is inventing non-existent conspiracies.

7.3.1 Route number 300

In April 1984, there was a major scandal involving the murder of detained Palestinian terrorists by Shabak employees.

On April 12, four terrorists hijacked a bus full of passengers on route 300 from Tel Aviv to Ashkelon. The bus was stormed, the terrorists were killed. Later it turned out that two of the four terrorists were shot dead after they were neutralized. During the investigation, the facts of perjury in this case by high-ranking employees of Shabak were also revealed. This caused a great resonance in Israel and raised the question of regulating the activities of special services. As a result of the scandal in June 1986, Shabak chief Avraham Shalom, his deputy Reuven Khazak and 13 other employees resigned. In 1996, this murder, committed on the orders of Abraham Shalom, confessed to the head of the Shabak operations department, Ehud Yatom, the brother of the then Mossad director Dani Yatom.

7.3.2 Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

In addition, the security service did not prevent the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin by right-wing terrorist Yigal Amir on November 4, 1995, for which its then head Karmi Gilon was fired. For Shabak, which is responsible for the protection of the country's top officials, this was the most shameful page in the entire history of the service.

The leadership of Shabak voiced the version of a lone terrorist whose actions could not be foreseen, however, there is a number of evidence that the police and special services received warnings about the intentions of Yigal Amir, but for some reason did not take them into account. In this regard, a number of versions of a conspiracy arose in Israel, the alleged participants of which “blindly” used Yigal Amir.

Aman is Israel's military intelligence, established in 1950 on the basis of the Intelligence Department of the General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces.

Aman, an independent service that does not belong to any type of military, is, along with Shabak and Mossad, one of the three main Israeli intelligence services. Reports directly to the Prime Minister of Israel. The staff for 1996 is 7,000 people.

In addition to its responsibility to conduct strategic and tactical intelligence, it draws up national assessments and evaluates all information related to the Arab world. It is also responsible for the development and protection of ciphers and codes for all services and for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for electronic intelligence.

Initially, the priority military intelligence was the study and analysis of the threat posed by the armies of the Arab world: their intentions, capabilities, weapons, deployment of army units, tactics and strategy. As it developed and realized its mistakes, "Aman" significantly improved and developed its structures and expanded the range of its tasks.

Today, Aman also collects information about the armies of the Arab countries and is responsible for studying intelligence data on state level on issues of war and peace, for the prevention of war, hostile and terrorist actions.

In organizational terms, "Aman" consists of two main and one additional departments: OS - department for collecting information and intelligence; OI - department for the study of information and intelligence; and KO - control department.

OS "Aman" is responsible for data collection through signal intelligence ("SIGINT"), specific intelligence ("IMINT"), undercover intelligence ("HUMINT") and open sources ("OSINT"). Each source is handled by a separate department: signaling information is handled by department 8200; division 9200 handles species information; undercover intelligence is handled by unit 504; and, finally, “Khatsav” (“Homer Tsevai Bariah”) deals with open sources.

The function of the 8200 unit is to collect information through wiretapping of telephone systems in the countries of the Arab world, which includes listening to work and home phones of objects that are intelligence targets.

The function of the 9200 unit is to collect information received via satellite or through reconnaissance aircraft in the countries of the Arab world, as well as in those countries that have become hostile to Israel. Unit 9200 also works closely with the squadron aerial reconnaissance part of the Israeli Air Force, through which it collects information on objects by photographing them with unmanned aircraft.

Unit 504 collects information through intelligence networks and informants in the countries of the Arab world and in those states that sympathize with them.

The Hatsav division collects information through the electronic press, including the Internet and other sources, exclusively for military purposes. The Aman IG is the largest branch in the Israeli military intelligence structure, with a staff of 3,000 to 7,000 employees. This department is exclusively engaged in obtaining and analyzing information from intelligence agencies.

Since January 2006, the head of Israel's military intelligence service has been Amos Yadlin.

Conclusion

We can conclude that throughout its history, the Israeli government has paid great attention to its security, so the development of local intelligence services has not stopped for many years and continues to this day. No wonder the Mossad is considered one of the best intelligence agencies in the world. One of the differences between the Mossad and similar intelligence services in other countries is the small size of the organization - only 1,200 full-time employees, including technical staff. However, the quality of their work remains out of reach for many other military structures, including other states.

List of sources used

Mossad- in its purpose and functions comparable to the American CIA. Considered one of the most efficient and professional intelligence agencies in the world. Included in the 5 most effective intelligence services in the world. Here they do not favor strangers and cherish corporate honor. Here, even the wives do not know that their husbands work in intelligence.

The activities of the Mossad are deeply classified and information about this special service and its work appears, as a rule, either many years after the events, or as a result of failures and failures. Until the end of the 1990s, even the name of the head of the service was not officially disclosed. The Mossad service is a civilian structure and therefore does not use military ranks. At the same time, most of its employees have completed active service in the army and have army ranks. So, the director of Mossad Meir Dagan (2002-2011) has the rank of major general.

With its personnel policy, Mossad differs significantly from similar intelligence services in other countries. The organization has a total of about 1,200 full-time employees, including technical staff. For comparison: the number of KGB officers in the early 1990s was 250,000.
In 2000, an ad came out with the text "Mossad is not open to everyone, but maybe to you." About a thousand people responded to it, but only one was accepted.

Mossad motto: "By cunning and deception you must wage war"

Main activities:
- Secret collection of information abroad.
- Prevention of terrorist activities against Israeli and Jewish targets abroad.
- Development and maintenance of special secret ties, political and otherwise, abroad.
- Preventing the development and acquisition of stockpiles of non-conventional weapons by hostile countries.
- The implementation of the repatriation of Jews from countries where official departure to Israel is impossible.
- Obtaining strategic, political and operational intelligence information.
- Performing special operations outside the State of Israel.

The main reason for the creation of the Mossad was the duplication of functions between the Political Department and military intelligence, which created many problems for the normal functioning of intelligence in Europe. A temporary compromise in this situation was Shiloah's decision to divide military intelligence functions between the Political Department, which was now responsible for foreign military intelligence, while the Intelligence Department of the Israeli Ministry of Defense was to report to the Political Department during their absence in Israel. But at the same time, military intelligence continued to have its own independent agents. In order to clarify the activities of Israeli intelligence, in July 1950 a meeting of the heads of Israeli diplomatic missions was convened, at which relations between intelligence and diplomats, which by that time were very strained, were discussed. The meeting was also attended by heads of Israeli intelligence organizations. The activities of the Mossad are deeply classified and information about this special service and its work appears, as a rule, either many years after the events, or as a result of failures and failures. Until the end of the 1990s, even the name of the head of the service was not officially disclosed. The Mossad is a civilian structure and therefore does not use military ranks. At the same time, most of its employees have completed active service in the army and have army ranks. So, the current director of Mossad, Meir Dagan, has the rank of major general. Recruitment of Mossad employees is carried out, as a rule, among Israeli citizens who have served in the army, as well as among university graduates. Preliminary tests and checks last several months. This work is carried out by the recruitment department of personnel management. Those who pass the tests are enrolled in the Mossad academy, which is called the Midrash.

All activities of the Mossad are managed by a directorate consisting of the director, his deputies and administrative services. The Director of Mossad is a member of the "Committee of Chiefs of Intelligence" or "Varash" for short, and reports directly to the Israeli Prime Minister.

Mossad structure:
Office of Operational Planning and Coordination is the largest division. Manages all espionage activities and has branches around the world, partly secret, partly part of Israeli consulates in other states. Presumably management is subdivided according to regional affiliation. The main residencies are in Rome and London.
Anti-Arab Terrorism Authority (PAHA) - collection and analysis of data on Arab terrorist organizations.
Information and Analytical Department (NAKA) provides analysis of the obtained information and development of recommendations to management and politicians.
Department of Political Actions and Relations with Foreign Intelligence Services coordinates work with the intelligence services of states friendly to Israel and maintains contacts with countries that do not have official diplomatic relations with Israel. Larger consular departments have employees of this department. It also sells Israeli weapons abroad.
Research Management produces regular reports on the situation in various regions of the world. It is divided into 15 regional groups, the main focus is on the countries of the Middle East. There is a separate group dealing with nuclear weapons issues.
Operational and technical management is engaged in the logistics of the services and operations of the Mossad, the development of the technical means necessary for the special service. The structure includes three departments: operational equipment, the department of photo and video filming, as well as the department of penetration into the premises.
Electronic Intelligence Unit engages in the collection of electronic information, including through listening devices.
Department of Psychological Warfare and Disinformation Actions (Lohama psychologist - LAP) - engages in psychological warfare, propaganda and the development of deceptive maneuvers;
Special Operations Directorate - engages in power actions.
Special unit "Kidon" ("Bayonet") - engaged in the physical destruction of terrorists. The number of "Kidon" - 3 groups of 12 fighters.
Department of Finance and Personnel performs support functions.
Educational management trains employees and agents. The training department includes the Mossad Academy, in which only active employees conduct classes.

In addition to the above departments, the Mossad includes foreign counterintelligence units (APAM) and a small search group for former Nazis.

Mossad headquarters - is located in Tel Aviv and today the number of Mossad employees ranges from 1200 to 2000 people.

The structure of the Mossad includes several main departments or branches:
Tsomet is the largest department of the Mossad and is primarily engaged in the collection of intelligence information through spies and operatives in targeted countries;
Neviot (formerly Kueshet) engages in the collection of intelligence through eavesdropping equipment and other secret methods;
Metzada (formerly known as Caesarea) is a special operations department and is engaged in sabotage and paramilitary operations;
Kidon (Bayonet) deals with the physical elimination of persons whose destruction has been approved by Committee X, of which (Committee X) is chaired by the Prime Minister;
Directorate of Intelligence responsible for the LAP (Lohama Psychologit) or the so-called psychological warfare, that is, propaganda and disinformation operations. The Directorate of Intelligence is also responsible for collecting information on prisoners of war, missing persons, and enemy sabotage;
Tevel is a political and oversight department and is responsible for political relations with intelligence agencies friendly to Israel and with those countries with which Israel does not have diplomatic relations;
Tsafririm is the only department responsible for the safety of Jews throughout the world. He also dealt with the transportation of those Jews whose legal immigration was impossible.

All departments of the Mossad work under the command of the deputy director of the Mossad, who authorizes the use of force in operations. In addition, the Mossad has such departments as: Training Department; Department of Human Resources and Finance; Department of Technology and Intelligence Equipment; and the Department of Research. Mossad is one of the most advanced intelligence organizations in the world, which has super-advanced technological equipment, and also has a strong computer database (PROMIS) that is able to store and process huge amounts of information.

Since its inception, the Mossad has changed 10 directors:
Raven Shiloah (1951-1952)
Isser Harel (1952-1963)
Meir Amit (1963-1968)
Zvi Tzamir (1968-1974)
Itzhak Hofi (1974-1982)
Nahum Admoni (1982-1990)
Shabtai Shavit (1990-1996)
Danny Yatom (1996-1998)
Ephraim Halevi (1998-2003)
Meir Dagan (2003 - present)

Successful Operations:
- Receiving Khrushchev's speech in 1956
- Capture of Adolf Eichmann in 1960
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- Capture of Mordecai Vanunu in 1986
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-

In 2006, a museum was opened in Mossad. According to the Maariv newspaper, the selection of exhibits was personally approved by the Mossad director. The museum itself is classified, employees and veterans of the special services, Israeli statesmen and some foreign delegations get access to it.

Sources: yourinternetportal.ru

Israeli intelligence

a system of intelligence and counterintelligence agencies of Israel, created on the basis of the intelligence service "Jewish Agency" - "SHAN" that existed before the emergence of the state. At the same time, the experience of the intelligence services of England and the United States was used, a number of cadre employees of which, Jews by nationality, went to work in the intelligence of Israel after the formation of the state of Israel.

Israeli intelligence is characterized by a high degree of centralization and leadership at the government level. The head of government reports to the chairman of the Coordinating Committee ("Vaadat Hateule"), which carries out the operational management of the entire system, called the security service. The committee includes the heads of the leading agencies of the country's intelligence system. The intelligence system includes:

The Central Bureau of Intelligence and External Security ("Mossad") is the main national intelligence agency, which is entrusted with providing the government and the high military command with the necessary military-political and scientific-technical information. The head of the Mossad is usually the chairman of the Coordinating Committee.

Military intelligence and counterintelligence ("Sherut modiin"), which organizes intelligence and subversive work mainly in the Arab countries.

Research department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, engaged in the collection of foreign policy information by agentless methods and preparing intelligence assessments and political forecasts for individual countries or regions of the world.

The General Security Service ("Sherut Betakhon", abbreviated as "Shinbet") is a body of counterintelligence and political investigation, subordinate to the Prime Minister. The main efforts of "Shinbet" are aimed at fighting the progressive forces in the country (the Communist Party and organizations affiliated with it), democratic associations of the Arab population and intelligence agencies of the socialist countries.

Directly against the socialist countries, subversive work is organized by the "Shaul's Office" (named after the leader) through the "Nativ" service, which has its representatives in the embassy residencies.

Through one of its divisions, called "Bar", "Shaul's Office", using Zionist centers, organizes international campaigns to discredit the USSR and its international policy. Such actions are usually coordinated with the anti-communist propaganda operations of US imperialism.

The activities of Israeli intelligence against the Soviet Union are aimed at achieving the following goals: exerting a hostile influence on the Jewish population in order to acquire among them accomplices of Israel and agents of its intelligence agencies; obtaining versatile intelligence information: military, political, scientific and technical.

In subversive work against the USSR, Israeli intelligence cooperates with the intelligence agencies of the USA, Britain, the FRG and some other countries. This is expressed both in the coordination of activities in the field of collecting information and organizing ideological sabotage, and in cooperation in the conduct of individual operations (intelligence survey of immigrants together with American intelligence officers, etc.).

In activities directed against the USSR, Israeli intelligence focuses mainly on nationalist, Zionist-minded elements of the Jewish population, including Jewish clerics.

A specific feature of the undercover work of Israeli intelligence officers operating on the territory of the USSR under official cover was the establishment of agent relations with individual citizens of Jewish nationality on the basis of nationalist convictions without an open recruitment offer, and therefore without revealing by the intelligence agent his affiliation to intelligence agencies. Extensive contacts with Soviet citizens made it easier for Israeli intelligence officers to carry out actions of ideological sabotage.

In the conditions of the break of diplomatic relations with Israel by the Soviet Union, Israeli intelligence organizes intelligence and subversive work against the USSR through its intelligence officers and agents who come from Israel to our country under the guise of citizens of third countries, as well as through their agents from persons of Jewish origin who are citizens of third countries . While in the USSR, these spies and agents establish intelligence contacts with individual Soviet Jewish citizens and, unlike in the past, often recruit them in the form of a direct offer of cooperation.

Counterintelligence Dictionary. - Higher Red Banner School of the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. F. E. Dzerzhinsky. 1972 .

See what "Israeli intelligence" is in other dictionaries:

Intelligence service- This term has other meanings, see Intelligence (meanings). "Scout" redirects here; see also other meanings. Intelligence is the practice and theory of collecting information about an adversary or competitor to secure one's own ... ... Wikipedia

Israel's foreign intelligence service (Mossad) chose as its motto the words from the Book of Solomon's Proverbs "With a lack of care (cunning methods of warfare), the people fall, and with many advisers they prosper." These words, carved into the emblem of the Mossad, have a deep meaning: they define the goals of intelligence, arouse the initiative of state security officials, but they are also a stern warning to those in power.

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Alexander Shulman
Mossad - Israel's foreign intelligence

The Israeli foreign intelligence service Mossad is deservedly considered one of the most effective intelligence services in the world. The Mossad is responsible for collecting intelligence information and conducting covert special operations abroad. It identifies the dangers that threaten the country, its citizens and Jewish communities in the Diaspora, seeks to prevent them and acts to strengthen the security and military power of the state.

The official name of this Israeli intelligence service in Hebrew is ha-Mosad le Modiin ule Tafkidim Meuhadim, which means "Intelligence and Special Operations Office." Mossad chose as his motto the words from the Book of Solomon's Proverbs "With a lack of care (cunning methods of warfare), the people fall, but with many advisers they prosper." These words, carved into the emblem of the Mossad, have a deep meaning: they define the goals of intelligence, arouse the initiative of state security officials, but they are also a stern warning to those in power.

The history of the Mossad, its secret operations and actions, are covered with an impenetrable veil of secrecy. Only recently, the Israeli press was allowed to publish the name of the next head of the Mossad. Almost all information about the activities of Israeli intelligence is available only from the foreign press, which most likely uses "leaks" of very metered data. The Israeli leadership, as a rule, neither confirms nor refutes most of the reports relating to the activities of the "cloak and dagger knights" of the Mossad, operating in all parts of the world.

Creation of the Mossad.
The forerunners of the Mossad were the intelligence services of Jewish underground organizations that operated before the establishment of the State of Israel. The Haganah, the main and largest military organization of the Jews of Palestine, created Shai, a service for collecting information necessary for the military and political opposition to the Palestinian Arabs, Arab countries and the British authorities, under whose rule Palestine was then. Shai's intelligence service had extensive experience in operational and undercover work both against the Arabs and the British, and in the ranks of various organizations of the Jewish underground.

The proclamation of the State of Israel on May 15, 1948 and the ensuing invasion by the regular armies of the Arab countries required the creation of state security agencies and the definition of their scope.

Already on June 7, 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the first prime minister of the newly created state, held a meeting with Reuven Shiloah and Iser Beeri, who led the Shai service. At this historic meeting, a decision was made to create a military intelligence service, a counterintelligence service and a foreign intelligence service.

The formation of the foreign intelligence service was entrusted to Reuven Shiloah, an expert on Arab countries and the Middle East, who from his youth took part in covert operations.

Reuven Shiloah, the first head of the Mossad

In July 1949, Reuven Shiloah, who belonged to Ben-Gurion's inner circle, proposed the creation of a "central agency for coordinating the work of the intelligence and security services." Ben-Gurion agreed, and on December 13, 1949, such an agency was created. This date - December 13, 1949 is considered the date of the creation of the Mossad.

In March 1951, by decision of David Ben-Gurion, the main division of the Mossad was formed, called ha-Rashut (Administration). He was entrusted with the conduct of all intelligence activities abroad, both at the headquarters and at the operational level. The Mossad came under direct control of the prime minister, and was included in the ministry of the head of government.

Initially, all the activities of the Israeli intelligence services were strictly classified - Ben-Gurion was fundamentally against public disclosure of the existence of intelligence and security services.

Nazi hunters

In 1953, Reuven Shiloah was replaced as head of the Mossad by Iser Harel, whose name is associated with the true formation of the foreign intelligence service.

Iser Harel, head of the Mossad from 1953-1963

A native of Belarus, Harel had an exceptionally sharp intelligence instinct and personally supervised the most important operations, preferring forceful methods. Under him, the structure of the Mossad finally took shape, high professional and moral standards of intelligence activities were developed, which still exist today. Those who did not meet them had to look for another job.

Harel did not need executioners and sadists to carry out operations to eliminate the enemy: “I need people,” he said, “who are disgusted with murder, but who, nevertheless, can be taught to kill.” One of Harel's employees described it this way: Iser wants honest people to do the work of scoundrels.

In the 50-60s, the Mossad conducted a number of operations to search for and eliminate Nazi war criminals who fled from just retribution to the countries Latin America and to the Arab countries. There is no official data on the liquidations carried out by the Mossad, and it is unlikely that they will ever appear - these things are painfully sensitive and very painful for the sovereignty of those countries in whose territory covert operations were carried out. Only many years later it became known, for example, how in Brazil in 1965 the fugitive leader of the Latvian Nazis Herberts Kukurs, the executioner of the Jews of Latvia, was liquidated.

Only the Mossad operation to search for and capture in Argentina the Nazi war criminal SS Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann, who headed Department IV D4 of the Imperial Security Main Directorate, and who was the direct organizer of the genocide of Jews in Europe, received worldwide fame.

After the war, Eichmann, with the help of the secret organization of the SS ODESSA ("brotherhood of members of the SS"), managed to escape to Argentina, where he hid under a false name. The search for Eichmann continued for several years, until Mossad agents managed to establish his exact location in the suburbs of Buenos Aires. To capture Eichmann, a group of Mossad operatives was sent to Argentina, who organized surveillance of the object and kidnapping under the noses of local authorities and Nazi organizations. Eichmann was smuggled to Israel, where he stood trial and was executed in May 1962.

However, the Mossad, in his hunt for the Nazis, was guided not only by sentiments about those killed in the Holocaust - the fugitive Nazis, who settled in Arab countries and united in a "devil's alliance" with the Russians, played an important role in preparing the Arab armies for a war against Israel and for creating a new weapons.

Meir Amit, head of the Mossad from 1963-1968

In the 1950s, a top-secret facility, code number 333, was created in Egypt, which was nothing more than a ballistic missile factory, which employed hundreds of German engineers and scientists. Basically, former Nazis who once worked at the Messerschmitt aircraft factories and in the secret laboratories of Wernher von Braun. The security of German specialists was in charge of a former SS officer, now declassified under the pseudonym "Valentin".

The first information about the plans of the Egyptian authorities with the help of fugitive Nazis to get modern weapons was received from the head of the Mossad intelligence network in Egypt, "Wolfgang Lotz". "Wolfgang Lotz" was implanted under the legend of a former Wehrmacht officer and was the owner of an aristocratic riding club in Cairo. He managed to establish close ties with the Egyptian leadership and the German community, from where he drew information about the development of the rocket project.

The Mossad carried out Operation "Sword of Damocles", the purpose of which was to eliminate the Egyptian missile program. Initially, events developed according to the usual scenario - the Mossad decided to intimidate the Germans who worked in Egypt and force them to refuse to participate in the project. Liquidations and disappearances of several German specialists were carried out, but the goals were not achieved.

Then the Mossad changed tactics, recruiting such a legendary figure as the former commander of the SS saboteurs, Obersturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny. He became famous for his daring operations behind enemy lines during the 2nd World War - the kidnapping of Benito Mussolini from captivity in Italy and the raids of his saboteurs dressed in Anglo-American uniforms in the rear of the Allied armies. Skorzeny was associated with the leadership of the secret SS organization ODESSA (“brotherhood of SS members”) and was certainly of great interest to the Mossad.

On Skorzeny's recommendation, Mossad agents made direct contact with the Obersturmbannführer's longtime colleague, Valentin. Mossad soon received full program what exactly the German specialists are doing in Egypt. However, cooperation in the military-industrial sphere with other countries was then prohibited by the legislation of the Federal Republic of Germany. The information received was passed on to Franz Josef Strauss, the Minister of Defense of the FRG and a true friend of Israel, and he, in accordance with the law, immediately recalled the citizens of his country from Cairo. So the Egyptian military program was thwarted.

It is curious to note that the successful leadership of the Sword of Damocles operation was carried out by the new chief of the Mossad, Meir Amit, a native of Ukraine and a cousin of the famous Soviet front-line poet Boris Slutsky.

In pursuit of weapons
One of the main tasks solved by the Mossad is to overcome the ban on the supply of weapons to Israel and obtain information about new weapons systems of a potential adversary. It is clear that such information is necessary to create their own weapons systems that can successfully cope with new threats on the battlefield.

Before the 1967 War, France was the main supplier of weapons for the Israeli army. However, then France took a pro-Arab position and refused to fulfill its obligations. Masses of military equipment had accumulated in French ports, previously purchased and paid for by Israel and which France now refused to supply.

Zvi Zamir, head of the Mossad 1968-1974

At the shipyards in the French port of Cherbourg, five missile-carrying boats were built by order of Israel. However, France announced an embargo on the supply of weapons to Israel and these boats were never delivered to the Israeli Navy. In Israel, they decided in any way to achieve the fulfillment by the French of the previously paid order. The Starbot firm, registered in Panama and having a representative office in Norway, expressed a desire to purchase five boats being built in Cherbourg for Israel and delayed by the embargo. The company needed these boats to service oil platforms in the North Sea. Soon all the formalities were settled and the crews of the "Norwegians" arrived in Cherbourg. In fact, the Mossad created this company in Norway, and under the guise of "Norwegian" sailors, officers and sailors of the Israeli Navy arrived in Cherbourg.

December 25, 1968, on the night of Christmas, five missile boats suddenly left the port of Cherbourg. Out on the open sea, the sailors raised the flag of the Israeli Navy on the masts and in wake formation went to the naval base of the Israeli Navy in Haifa.

Due to the refusal of the French government to supply 50 already paid Mirage aircraft and spare parts for them, the Israelis could neither replenish their air force nor repair aircraft damaged during the fighting. In search of a solution to the problem, the Mossad recruited engineer Frauenknecht, head of the engine department of the Swiss firm Sulzer, which produced engines for the Mirage aircraft. Frauenknecht handed over 2 tons of technical documentation to Mossad agents. As a result, the production of engines for the Israeli "Mirages" was established at the plant of the Israeli aviation industry.

However, a number of experts believe that the Frauenknecht case, which was deliberately widely publicized, was just an act to cover up other, much more important, successful Mossad operations.

Yitzhak Hofi, head of the Mossad from 1974-1982

The Mossad is making serious efforts to prevent weapons of mass destruction from falling into the hands of Arab and Islamic regimes. In the mid-1970s, France and Iraq agreed to supply this Arab country with two nuclear reactors. Iraq sought to create its own nuclear weapons, which it planned to use against Israel. On April 5, 1979, equipment for nuclear reactors, already ready for shipment to Iraq, was blown up at a factory in France. A previously unknown "Environmental Defenders Group" claimed responsibility for this action.

In 1980, one of the leading Iraqi nuclear physicists who led the Iraqi nuclear project, Professor Yahya El-Meshad, was found dead in his Paris apartment. Similar sudden deaths occurred in 1990 to Canadian scientist Gerald Bull, an Iraqi supergun developer, and in 1991 to Alan Kiger, a South African chemical plant manager who was suspected of illegally supplying nuclear weapons chemicals to Arab states.

Since in the 60-70s a significant part of the military equipment of the Arab armies was supplied from the USSR, the Mossad carried out several well-known operations to capture Soviet military equipment that was in service with the Arab armies.

In 1965, the Arabs entered service with a new then soviet fighter MiG-21. This news caused alarm in the Israeli Air Force, since no data on the performance characteristics of this aircraft was known. The Mossad was instructed to take possession of this aircraft, with the aim of subsequent detailed study in Israel. To this end, the Mossad recruited the Iraqi pilot Munir Redfi, one of the first to master this type of aircraft. At 23, Munir Redfi was considered the best air ace Iraq and was the commander of a squadron of MiG-21 fighters just delivered from the USSR. During a training flight on August 15, 1966, Redfi flew at low altitude through Jordanian territory and landed the aircraft at an air base in Israel. Redfi and his family were then transferred to a safe country.

In 1969, the Soviet P-12 radar stations entered service with the Egyptian army. The presence of such advanced equipment in the hands of the enemy could seriously limit the field of activity of Israeli military aviation. Therefore, it was decided to capture a sample of this radar.

The P-12 radar was located in the depths of Egyptian territory, at a distance of 400 kilometers from the front line. It was decided to conduct an amphibious operation in order to capture the station and service personnel. On December 25, 1969, an Israeli special forces landing group landed from helicopters near the radar. After destroying the station's guards in battle, the Israeli paratroopers called in two cargo helicopters. The radar, weighing 8 tons, was cut into two parts, which were suspended on cables from helicopters. The P-12 radar was delivered to Israel without any damage and was thoroughly studied, which made it possible to create the necessary means of electronic protection for aircraft.

Another successful operation to seize samples of Soviet weapons was the flight to Israel on a MiG-23 aircraft in 1989 of a Syrian pilot recruited by the Mossad.

Nahum Admoni, head of Mossad 1982-1989

Mossad operations against Soviet and Russian intelligence have a long history. The Russians have always waged war against Israel on the side of the Arabs and actively supported Islamic terror against Israel.

The Israeli intelligence and counterintelligence services have a very successful experience in the elimination of Russian agents. One can note the exposure of Russian spies by I. Ber, who held a responsible post in the office of the first Prime Minister of Israel, Klinberg, who transmitted secret information about biological research to the Russians, Kalmanovich, who was abandoned in Israel at 60 th years. In the 60s, a Russian spy network in Israel was exposed, which included dozens of priests and monks of the Russian Orthodox Church.

An important role in exposing Russian spies in cassocks was played by Viktor Graevsky, director of the foreign broadcasting service "Kol Israel". Viktor Graevsky became famous in the 1950s, when, when he was a prominent official of the apparatus of the Central Committee of the Polish Workers' Party, he handed over Khrushchev's secret report at the 20th Congress of the CPSU to Israeli intelligence. As it became known after the death of Graevsky in 2006, he, with the knowledge of the Israeli special services, was a double agent - he worked for both Israeli and Russian intelligence. The Mossad successfully used Graevsky to leak disinformation to the Russians. Graevsky outplayed the Russians.

The only thing known about the operations of the Mossad on the territory of the USSR is that the Mossad was active in the early 90s in the Caucasus and Transnistria with the aim of evacuating the Jewish population to Israel from the zones of military conflicts.

In recent years, Russia has become the world center for anti-Semitic and anti-Israeli activity. Russian nationalist organizations are actively operating in this country, openly declaring war on the Jewish people and the State of Israel, which undoubtedly makes Russian extremists an object of interest for Israeli special services.

War on terror
Throughout its history, the State of Israel has waged a relentless war against Islamic terrorism. The Mossad and other Israeli state security agencies are successfully solving the tasks of countering the terrorist threat, identifying and eliminating everyone involved in terrorist activities. On this front of the secret war on terror

The Mossad has accumulated a unique and multifaceted experience, which it shares with the intelligence services of other countries that are confronting the terrorist threat.

The Mossad's ideology in the war on terror is based on a few simple principles:
- In the war against state-backed terror, one should not be limited to passive defense methods - one must strive to destroy terrorists in their lair and deliver painful blows to the states that provide them with cover, so that the price of supporting terrorists is very high.
- Surprise and mobility - the key to success. The blow is delivered where the enemy least expects it.
- There are no impregnable objects: any system is vulnerable to fighters who are able to think non-trivially and find solutions that are unexpected for the enemy.
- Most importantly: there is not and cannot be an unfulfilled task.

In the war on terror, the Mossad takes on the role of organizer and coordinator of the activities of other Israeli intelligence agencies.

In the early 60s, the Mossad introduced his agent Eli Cohen into the highest echelons of power in Syria. Acting under the guise of a wealthy Arab businessman from Argentina, Eli Cohen managed to become a personal friend of the President of Syria and take the post of Deputy Minister of Defense of this country.
For three years, Eli Cohen passed information to the Mossad about all the military and political secrets of Syria and other Arab countries.
Only in 1965 did the Syrians, with the help of the Russians, manage to locate Cohen's radio transmitter. After being arrested and tortured, the Syrians tried to persuade Eli Cohen to cooperate and use him in a radio game against the Mossad. However, Eli Cohen managed to give a message about his failure in the radio codes, transmitted under the dictation of the Syrians. May 18, 1965 in the square in Damascus at large cluster public execution of a Mossad agent took place, but the intelligence provided by Eli Cohen played a decisive role in the defeat of Syria in the Six-Day War of 1967.

Shabtai Shavit, head of the Mossad from 1989-1996

The news of the killing by Palestinian terrorists of 11 Israeli team athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics caused fury in Israel. Prime Minister Golda Meir told the Knesset: "Israel will use all the strength and ability that our people are endowed with to overtake the terrorists, wherever they are." The head of the Mossad, Zvi Zamir, compiled a list of seventeen Palestinians responsible for the crime in Munich. And he set the task: all terrorists, many of whom were trained in the USSR, must be dead. The Mossad strike teams have killed all the leadership and militants of the Black September terrorist organization responsible for the killing of Israeli athletes.

On Sunday, June 27, 1976, an Air France passenger plane was hijacked by terrorists who forced the airliner's crew to land at Entebbe Airport in the African country of Uganda. The terrorists took the Israeli passengers hostage and demanded the release of the arrested Palestinian terrorists in exchange. The Ugandan authorities provided full support to the air pirates.

The distance from Israel to Uganda is over four thousand kilometers. By the evening of June 30, the Mossad and the command of the special forces had completed the development of the operation. On July 3, 1976, the Israeli army's special forces carried out an operation to free 105 hostages. Aircraft with Israeli paratroopers suddenly landed in Entebbe, Special Forces soldiers destroyed the terrorists and the Ugandan guards and returned to Israel with the released hostages. This bold and unprecedented action showed the world community that terrorism and extortion must be countered.

In its activities abroad, the Mossad widely practices special operations to destroy Israel's enemies. So, in Malta, the leader of the Jihad terrorist organization, Fathi Skakaki, was killed, in Lebanon, the leader of another terrorist organization, the Believers' Resistance Group, Mustafa Darani, was kidnapped and brought to Israel, and before that, in the 80s, the leader of the organization was kidnapped in Lebanon " Hesbollah by Javad Kaspi and Sheikh Karim Obeida. In a number of European cities, PLO deputy chairman Kamal Hussein, head of the Fatah faction Shatoun Muraah, head of the PLO information service Abu Sharar, and other prominent figures of the PLO and a number of Islamic terrorist organizations were liquidated.

Dani Yatom, head of Mossad 1996-1998

The activity of anti-terrorist measures increased after the arrival in 2002 of the chief of the Mossad, the veteran paratrooper general Meir Dagan, who had specialized in the fight against terror during his military service. According to the British Sunday Times newspaper, with the advent of Dagan, the Mossad eliminated a number of prominent functionaries of Islamic terrorist organizations based in Lebanon, Gaza, Syria, and Iran.
Among them:
December 2002 Ramzi Nahara, a Hezbollah official, was in charge of planning terrorist operations against Israeli targets.
March 2003. Abu Mohammed Al-Masri. Member of Al-Qaeda, head of a terrorist network operating on the Lebanese-Israeli border.
August 2003 Ali Hussain Sailh, Hezbollah booby trap expert
July 2004 Aleppo Avali. Hezbollah leader responsible for interaction with Hamas in the Gaza Strip
September 2004 Iz el-Din, Hamas leader responsible for relations with Syria
May 2006 Mahmoud Majoub. Islamic Jihad leader responsible for interaction with Hezbollah
February 2008. Imad Munieh. Head of the "General Staff" of Hezbollah

The conduct of such covert operations can be illustrated by the liquidation of the head of the military wing of the Palestinian terrorists Abu Jihad in 1988 in Tunisia. Previously, the Mossad, through its agents in Tunisia and with the help of technical means, collected all possible information about the area, the locations of the police and military forces of the Tunisians and Palestinians, all the conversations of Abu Jihad and his entourage were under constant listening

Immediately before the operation, the special forces soldiers held a "dress rehearsal" for the upcoming operation at the built exact copy of the Abu Jihad villa. In Tunisia, under the guise of tourists, a special group of Mossad agents arrived, which was supposed to meet the assault group on the coast and ensure its delivery to the target.
The Israeli Air Force and Navy forces were involved in the operation: a squadron consisting of 4 corvettes secretly approached the shores of Tunisia, over mediterranean sea two "Boeing-707s" with electronic equipment designed to suppress the means of communication and control of the military-police forces of Tunisia and the Palestinians were constantly flying.

An assault group of special forces soldiers secretly landed on the Tunisian coast, where they were met by previously sent Mossad agents and taken by car to the area where the leaders of the terrorists lived. The special forces blocked the approaches to the Abu Jihad villa from the adjacent streets, silently entered the house with special equipment from both ends, shot the guards and Abu Jihad with weapons with nozzles of flameless and silent shooting, after which, taking secret documents, safely left the area and returned to the waiting her ships.

The only evidence of the group's stay was dozens of terrorist corpses, marked with the "brand name" of Mossad operatives - a control shot in the eye.

Who works in the Mossad
Service in the Mossad was and remains one of the most prestigious in Israel. Many members of Israel's political elite began their careers as Mossad agents. For example, Tzipi Livni, the current leader of Israel's Kadima Party, served four years in the Mossad.

Tzipi Livni, leader of the Kadima party, former Mossad operative.

In the service of the state security agencies, representatives of various sections of Israeli society unite their efforts. This is clearly seen in the biographies of leaders
Foreign intelligence.

Ephraim Halevi, head of Mossad 1998-2002

So, the head of the Mossad in 1998-2002, Ephraim Halevi was born in the UK into a family of intellectuals - he is the nephew of the outstanding British philosopher and president of the British Academy, Sir Isaiah Berlin. Ephraim
Halevi was engaged in journalism, was Israel's ambassador to the European Community. Halevi served in the Mossad for 28 years, successively going through all the career steps of a professional intelligence officer.

Meir Dagan, former head of the Mossad

The previous head of the Mossad, Meir Dagan, was born into a family of repatriates from Poland. Dagan made a brilliant military career. Starting his service in landing troops, he took part in all the wars of Israel. For courage shown in battle, Dagan was awarded the highest military awards. Dagan has the rank of major general, served as division commander and deputy chief of the operational department of the General Staff. In January 1999, Meir Dagan, when he was an adviser to the Prime Minister of Israel on the fight against terror, conducted professional negotiations with the then head of Russian foreign intelligence, Vladimir Putin.

In November 2010, Tamir Pardo (57), an experienced intelligence officer who had served in the secret service for many years, was appointed head of foreign intelligence of the Mossad. Until recently, he was the deputy of Meir Dagan, his predecessor in this post. Pardo was born into a family of repatriates from Bulgaria. Higher education received at Tel Aviv University, in the departments of history and political science.

Public information about Tamir Pardo is limited to information about his participation in the famous operation to free Israeli hostages from a plane hijacked by terrorists in Uganda in 1976. It is known that he was behind many successful operations of the Israeli intelligence services in Lebanon, especially during the military operation in Lebanon in 2006.

Mossad chief Tamir Pardo

In his address to potential candidates for intelligence service, the previous head of the Mossad, Meir Dagan, defined the requirements for intelligence officers as follows: people and their country. The main strength of the Mossad is the people who serve in its ranks and are its stronghold, its driving force. They are at the forefront when performing operational tasks. From the servants of the Mossad, the full dedication of their abilities, valor and devotion to their country are required. The people of the Mossad are aware of their destiny and are devoted to it.”

It bears the name AMAN. The Israeli military intelligence as a separate intelligence unit was founded in 1950 on the basis of the Intelligence Department at the IDF General Staff -. Today, AMAN is an independent intelligence service that does not belong to any type of Israeli military, and, together with the Mossad and Shabak, is one of the three main Israeli intelligence services. Israel's military intelligence is directly subordinate only to the Prime Minister of the State. The intelligence service employs more than 10,000 well-trained, well-trained specialists in various fields.

The duties of AMAN include conducting strategic and tactical intelligence. In addition, one of the main responsibilities of the main intelligence directorate of the headquarters is the compilation of national assessments and the evaluation of all information that concerns, first of all, the Arab world. And another of the most important tasks of AMANA is the protection and development of ciphers and various codes for the strategic services of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as responsibility for one of modern species intelligence - electronic intelligence. Since 2006, Israel's military intelligence service has been headed by Amos Yadlin.

Military intelligence AMAN has a clear structure. It includes: Hel Modiin - military intelligence, Modiin Sade - intelligence directorate of the Israeli ground forces. It must be said that recently the attention of the world community has been drawn to the Jewish law enforcement agencies because of the events in the Gaza Strip. Today, the Israeli intelligence community includes not only military intelligence Aman, it also includes the Central Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations, better known in the world as Israeli intelligence - Mossad, the counterintelligence and internal security service of the country - Shin Bet, or as it is also called Shabak, and closes the group Israeli intelligence services - the intelligence unit of the police.

Not so long ago, this group of Israeli intelligence services also included other intelligence services, including Nativ special intelligence, which dealt only with the resettlement of Jews from the Union. Today, this special service is part of the office of the head of state -. The Israeli intelligence services group previously included the Lakam unit, which dealt with the state's nuclear issues. According to unofficial data, today this Israeli intelligence unit operates under the "wing" of the State Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Israeli intelligence, according to some analysts, in modern world ranks second after the military intelligence of the United States of America, although analysts from other countries assign Israel's military intelligence only the fourth place in the world after Great Britain and France.

Remembering the merits of the past years of Israeli intelligence, today many people understand that it is still not omnipotent, and today, in some positions, it is losing its leadership in the world rankings. The fact that Israeli intelligence is not omnipotent is also confirmed by its failures, which some media representatives do not get tired of talking about. Not so long ago, the press discussed the emergency that occurred in Iran: Israeli intelligence agents Mossad were sentenced to death in Iran, and the Israeli Lakam network was uncovered in the United States of America. As for Israel's military intelligence, not a word is said about it. And this suggests that, according to foreign experts, the Israeli military intelligence AMAN is gaining more and more weight among the intelligence services of the world every day, relegating to the background the once so omnipotent intelligence service of the world - the Mossad.

If we talk about the structure of military intelligence AMAN, then many analysts of the Israeli special services compare it in structure with the military intelligence of the Third Reich - Abwehr. The military intelligence of the Abwehr in Germany was engaged in intelligence activities on the Eastern Front.

Immediately after the announcement independent state, three intelligence services were created, which included AMAN - Israel's military intelligence. From the beginning of its formation, AMAN was not an independent structure - Israel's military intelligence was originally a special unit of the Joint Headquarters of the Armed Forces of the State of Israel, but already in 1953 the unit became an independent special service and became known as the Doctorate of Military Intelligence or AMAN for short.

The primary task of AMAN at the beginning was defined as the analysis and study of the threats of the Arab world, their armies. The intentions, weapons, capabilities of the armies of the Arab countries, the deployment of their units in the territories, the tactics and strategy pursued by the armies - nothing escaped the attention of the Israeli military intelligence, all the smallest details were studied. But as intelligence developed, given its mistakes and omissions, the range of tasks and goals of AMAN expanded more and more, and its structure developed and improved more and more.

Like many years ago, at the dawn of its birth, the Israeli army intelligence AMAN collects and studies information about the weapons of the Arab countries, their armies, and is also responsible for studying intelligence related to issues of peace and war, and preventing enemy terrorist attacks. At one time, the area of ​​​​responsibility of military intelligence AMAN included counterintelligence, but later this function of army intelligence was transferred to the Israeli Secret Service.

The organizational structure of AMAN consists of several departments, two of which are main, and the third is additional. Department of the OS - is engaged in the collection of information and intelligence, the department of the OI - is engaged in the study of information and intelligence, KO - the department of control.

The OS branch in the Israeli intelligence AMAN collects data using signal intelligence - SIGINT, as well as using specific intelligence - IMINT, using human intelligence - HUMINT, and using open sources - OSINT.