- Supporters of folk history believe that the pyramids were built not by the Egyptians, but by more ancient civilizations or even extraterrestrial ones. How can you disprove this myth?

— The historian works with historical documents, concrete facts. There are sources that say that the Egyptians built the pyramids, they tell who priested in the temples near the pyramids. The very life of the Egyptians of the Old Kingdom is concentrated around the pyramids. The Egyptians called the city pyramidal. They always talked about the fact that they live in a city with a certain pyramid.

For example, the famous Memphis is a city that arose on the site of a pyramidal settlement of King Pepi I. In the era of the New Kingdom, it became a major political, economic and military center.

However, in its name it still retained the name ancient pyramid— Mennefer.

Accordingly, all the officials who worked there bore titles that reflected their duties in this pyramidal city. Therefore, we can confidently say that the pyramids were built by the Egyptians. The pyramids were an integral part of their living space, and the sources confirm this. If extraterrestrial civilizations were engaged in construction, then we would read this in the sources.

- Is the exact age of the pyramids known now?

- Yes. If we know that Cheops, for example, built this pyramid, we know when he lived, this is the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. We also know that each pyramid has a pyramidal temple. The space of this temple contains a huge number of royal names, we know to whom this pyramid was dedicated. Based on this, we can build a chronological chain. Starting from the initial date when any particular king reigned, we can, by summing up the terms of the reign of each king, approximately calculate the chronological scale.

The Egyptians did not have a single scale (as, for example, the ancient Jews): when the reign of a particular king ended, the chronology began anew.

— Were the pyramids built exclusively as the tombs of the pharaohs, or did they have other purposes as well?

— First of all, a pyramid is a kind of symbol that concentrates around itself ideological, religious attitudes, it is a symbol of the presence of a deity in this world. In the cult of the pyramid, the king occupied one of the places. If you strictly follow the sources, then the pyramid was dedicated to the god Ra-Atum, the goddess Hathor, and the third place in it was occupied by the king. To understand what this pyramid symbolized, one must understand the relationship of these gods with each other. God Ra is the one who gave birth to this world, the solar god. Hathor is his wife. Their son is the king-Khor. And this king occupies his proper place in this system. He is also revered along with these gods.

- That is, the last god transferred all divine power to Horus, and he transferred to his son - the king?

Quite right, but... The king is not just a son of Horus. Horus has its own lineage, and all power from the gods passed from the first god Atum to Horus, and from Horus to the king. Therefore, in the royal title, the god Horus is the main and last. He is the owner of the power - "ka", transmitted from the first ancestor god. "Ka" is a kind of manna, the life force, thanks to which everything exists. This power is an essential attribute of power. The pyramid accumulates the power of "ka".

It symbolizes the presence of not only the king, but also the first god in this world.

An ancestor god, revered in the pyramid, takes care of the king who died and at the same time is the patron of this pyramid. Therefore, the pyramid for the Egyptians is a sacred place.

- But there is no unequivocal answer to the question, what is a pyramid, in science?

The Egyptians themselves did not answer this question for us. Only fragmentary information has survived, even hints. For example, they said that the pyramid is the “house of the god”, that it is dedicated to the goddess Hathor. But the pyramid was also identified with the god of the dead, Osiris, or with the "Eye of Horus". The pyramid was associated with the name of the king. All this information must be systematized.

African reasoning is unusual. We are accustomed to the fact that every phenomenon has a single reasonable explanation: for example, for us, the sky is the sky. The Egyptians have other associations. Either this was due to the fact that their language was underdeveloped, or their thinking was simply different.

It turned out that the sky was at the same time a woman, and a cow, and an ordinary tabletop!

This unusual thinking tried to describe the phenomenon, somehow bring it closer, but did not contain the final answer to this question. Therefore, when we talk about the pyramid, it is difficult to understand what it is from the Egyptian point of view. It is clear that this is a kind of symbol of the connection between heaven and earth, between the king and the ancestral gods. But it's hard to say for sure what it is.

“But why exactly the pyramid?” Why did the Egyptians want to build just such a geometric figure, and not a cube, for example?

- Initially, the pyramid was stepped: primitive mastabas were placed one on top of the other. It was built by the first architect of King Djoser, Imhotep. He simply built a smaller mastaba above each mastaba. The result is a stepped structure. This design was present on early palettes, in ceramics. What it is, we cannot say for sure. Usually such hieroglyphs denoted the tombs or the pedestal of a god. There are many points related to why the idea of ​​​​creating an ideal design arose. The Egyptians are Africans, their worldview is different from the European one. They deified the elemental forces that are responsible for the continuation of the family, the vital forces. One of the variants of the pyramid is a kind of mother's womb, a goddess who harbors a king in herself. The womb harbors in itself the germ of the future life, which will be reborn in heaven. There is another option.

The pyramid is the first hill on which the first ancestor god arose.

- Is there any system in how the pyramids are located relative to each other?

- There is a theory proposed by the British engineer Robert Bauval that the pyramids of Giza represent the "belt of Orion" - three stars. Orion's Belt is a sacred constellation in many ancient cultures. In Egypt, Orion was identified with Osiris, the ruler of the underworld.

But we cannot prove the theory that the existing layout in Giza is connected with the cult of Osiris.

In no source do we find that the "belt of Orion" is associated with a complex of three pyramids. Two great pyramids depict a kind of celestial horizon, but the third is knocked out.

Who built the pyramids?

- In historiography, this issue is debatable. In the 19th century, it was believed that the pyramids were built by slaves who were in Egypt, including Jews who were captured by the pharaoh. In the 20th century, it was believed that an insignificant part of society worked at the construction site - advanced workers and architects, of which there were several tens of thousands. However, in fact, the entire population of the country worked on the pyramids. In fact, some part of society directly built the pyramid, but the other part supplied the builders with everything necessary, prepared food for them, the other guarded them. Another part was involved in long expeditions for stone and metal. To summarize, half of the country's population is indirectly involved in this process. The entire active working population actually worked on the pyramids. It was a large-scale example of the division of labor in the history of Egypt, when some built, others provided the construction with everything necessary, and others led the entire process. Actually, this is how the Egyptian state arose.

- There is an opinion that even an atomic bomb, similar to the one that was dropped on Hiroshima, could not destroy the pyramid of Cheops. Would the pyramid really be able to withstand such a blow?

- When the pyramid was built, it was strong enough, then over time it sagged due to its mass. They tried to destroy it in rather barbaric ways in the era of Arab rule, but the battering rams were clearly not intended for this purpose, and the pyramid survived, although it lost its lining. Therefore, now we need to think about how to preserve this amazing historical monument.

Pyramids can collapse not from an atomic bomb, but from our inaction.

- Can we say that the threat of destruction loomed over the pyramids?

— The limestone is crumbling. If the pyramids are not strengthened, they will collapse. The pyramid of Cheops was partially reinforced with a polymer-containing composition; limestone does not absorb moisture so much and is resistant to air erosion. Khafre's pyramid looks worse and is partially crumbling.

- And the last question: what can you say to everyone who believes in the curse of the pharaohs?

“The curse of the pharaohs exists in our heads. If a person believes that it exists, then he will always subconsciously expect this curse. The first people who encountered the unusual Egyptian world were amazed that it did not fit into their usual picture, they saw architecture different from European, unusual images of gods and kings. When a person descended into the dungeon of the tomb, then there he was surrounded by the same incomprehensible and monstrous world of the dead. There are also various spirits and demons that guard the rest of the deceased king in abundance. For some, this causes some kind of rejection effect, they begin to deny it. A mystically minded person, on the contrary, believes that here lies a world of special entities that can harm a living person.

Even serious scientists believed in it.

Muhammad Zakaria Ghoneim, who opened the second Saqqara pyramid of King Sekhemkhet, when he began work in the tomb, always said prayers together with his workers for the repose of the soul of a particular pharaoh. He said that he believes that the spirit of the pharaoh lives in this pyramid, because he and his team felt it. Therefore, everything depends on our consciousness and religious conviction.

Pyramids, structures scattered all over the planet - their purpose is one of the great secrets of the planet Earth, because even now scientists cannot reliably explain the purpose of the pyramids.

What is interesting about the pyramids? - many researchers who visited the pyramids that were inside these structures of ancient people for a long time note a curious fact - the mind seems to embrace unity with some other mind. As if there is a connection to some foreign network, not earthly.

According to the researchers, the accepted opinion that the pyramids were tombs for the ruling dynasties is false. Why build so megalithic structures for burial. As experts note, only a highly developed culture could do this, the legacy from which we can see in the form of pyramids.

And one more curious fact in the history of the pyramids - they appear on our planet in different places almost simultaneously. It is as if the builders-engineers receive the plans for the construction of the pyramids at the same time. But how can this be? - after all, at the time of the construction of the pyramids, and this is more than a dozen millennia ago, there was no global network. Communication between the continents was at a very, very weak level. How could the ancients independently build a single structure without intercontinental contacts.

Many believe in the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence - maybe in the case of the appearance of the pyramids, there is also the influence of extraterrestrial intelligence? Yes, say the researchers! As they believe, to build almost identical structures on five continents - 155 in Egypt, 300 in Bolivia, and in Central America and at all 10 thousand pyramids - according to the theory of paleocontact specialists, the ancient inhabitants of the Earth could not perform. They were clearly assisted by experts from extraterrestrial intelligence.

During the construction of the pyramids, the engineers had the same knowledge in the field of mathematics, astronomy, and were also well aware of the geophysical properties of the earth. Despite the fact that the pyramids still have some structural differences, nevertheless, they have one very important fact - all the pyramids (from the first ones) are located in the so-called places of “output of power”.

On the Giza Plateau, in Egypt, is the Pyramid of Khufu, the most studied and explored pyramid on the planet. But what can scientists say about her? – strangely enough, but very little. Only that for about 4,500 years the pyramid was the tallest structure. And why it was erected, what is the purpose of such a huge structure - remains a mystery in our time.

Explorer Christopher Dunn is a structure 145 meters high, consisting of 2,500,000 blocks, the heaviest of which weighs 70 tons. Thousands of tons of granite were delivered from a quarry located 800 kilometers from the construction site. An amazing structure, it is impossible to imagine how people could do such a job. What kind of technology was used for this. This is a huge scale of work.

According to most archaeologists, the pyramid of Khufu was erected around 2500 BC, as the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu. That's what the legends say about it. However, the body of the pharaoh was not found in the pyramid in the burial chamber. There were no human remains at all.

Since the beginning of the last century, archaeologists have carried out a thorough study of the Egyptian pyramids. As a result of research, by 1960, archaeologists note a curious fact. The sealed, untouched pyramids are empty, they do not contain the remains of the buried - they are empty. But how can this be? - why are the burial chambers empty if they were intended for burial. And the assumption that the plundered tombs are to blame for everything turns out to be untenable - the pyramids studied by scientists were untouched.

As the researchers suggest, our ancestors built pyramids for other purposes, and built pyramids according to drawings received from extraterrestrial intelligence. According to fans of the theory of paleocontact, our ancestors, building miracles of engineering, received inspiration from an extraterrestrial source.

This is what ancient legends say - which also came from the ancient Mayans, from the Egyptians - the gods descended from heaven and ordered them to build pyramids. The Egyptian god Thoth, or as he is called the "Creator of the Universe", - as local legends say, it was he who gave the "project" to create a complex of pyramids in Giza.

Pharaoh Amenhotep, under whose government the first pyramids were erected, also said that he received the necessary information from the gods. As ancient legends say, a certain source of information from unknown spheres was revealed to the pharaoh. After that, the construction of the great pyramids began.

Now many researchers say that the ancient civilizations that existed on Earth could not independently come to the construction of structures in the form of pyramids. How could ancient cultures that did not communicate with each other develop common drawings for the erection of pyramids, with almost the same dimensions. In compliance with all engineering requirements. Carefully maintaining the technology of construction - it was so carefully designed and sustained that the pyramids stand for millennia, not succumbing to destruction by time.

According to researchers, supporters of the theory of paleocontact, there is a single pyramid between thousands of pyramids located all over the planet. This can be proven by looking at the pyramids from the air.

At sunrise and sunset, on the days of the spring and autumn equinoxes, Great Pyramid an extraordinary mystery was discovered. It turns out that she does not have 4 sides, but eight. And you can only notice it from above, which happened in 1940 when a RAF pilot flew over the complex at this time of year.

1940 - RAF pilot notices an unusual feature of the Great Pyramid, it does not have 4 sides.

This suggests that our ancestors knew not only about these days, and what effect they can have on the sides of the pyramid, but also that the engineers had great knowledge in mathematics. And as experts note, it follows from this that the Great Pyramid from the Giza Plateau stands out from the total mass of such structures. Her true form can only be seen from above, and only on certain days and times.

How could the ancients create such a shape, visible only twice a year on the equinoxes. According to supporters of paleocontact, the pyramid was built in the center of the earth's dry land. And almost perfectly located on the cardinal points. And the mines laid out inside the pyramid are directed to the constellations Orion and Sirius.

Scientists believe that the mines carried a functional meaning - the ventilation of the pyramid. But there is another opinion among scientists. They are also called "star mines" - through them it gets to where it came from. And as the locals believed, through them the soul of the ruler would go straight to the constellation of Orion, where it would become a star.

- The Temple of the Moon, the Temple of the Sun, the Temple of Quetzalcoatl, have a common definite plan. On one of the plans of the pyramid complex, you can see the structure of the solar system. And also among these complexes one can see a single feature, not only are the complexes similar to each other - they are also located like stars in the constellation of Orion, the pyramids of Giza also correspond to this.

Looking at the pyramids, you come to the conclusion that they had a common engineer. But who was the engineer? - a man of earthly culture? - or is it a representative of alien cultures. Now researchers are increasingly inclined to believe that the pyramids were erected at the behest of an extraterrestrial culture. They served as space beacons, and were once united in a single network.

In different parts of our planet, monuments of bygone civilizations, amazing to the consciousness of a simple layman, are scattered: pyramids and other megalithic structures. There are literally hundreds of megaliths and pyramids of various sizes and styles on Earth (See William Saylor's article "The Gods of Architects") - in Europe (photo 1, photo 2 - Bosnia), Africa, the Middle and Far East, in South-East Asia(photo 3, photo 4 - China) and on the islands Pacific Ocean, in the North and South America(photo 5 - Mexico), and even on the seabed (photo 6, photo 7, photo 8), and in Antarctica (photo 9, photo 10).

The official version about the authors and methods of construction of such structures does not stand up to the slightest criticism and crumbles to dust upon impartial consideration of the accumulated facts. Despite this, modern "scientists" diligently support the inventions of their predecessors. Why support? Some of them don't know true history civilization and is sincerely mistaken, someone is afraid of losing their regalia and authority, and someone order by falsifying history.

Among the majority of adherents of alternative history, who are trying to deal with the issues raised in the title of this article, there is also no unity, but there is only a desire to take those who are interested true history people away from reality. But in order to substantiate their half-true theories, they have to show people a small part of genuine facts. This is what we will use.

Let's take a closer look at the most famous megaliths: pyramids and other structures of ancient Egypt. Before focusing your eyes on the megaliths one countries, we note that megaliths in different parts of the world have very similar"handwriting" of construction technology. The relationship of highly developed civilizations on different continents can be judged by the use of polygonal masonry from blocks of complex shape (of course, simpler, rectangular blocks were also used).

Compare for yourself, photo 11 and photo 12 were taken in Sacsayhuaman (Peru), photo 13 in Cusco (Peru), photo 14 in Abydos (Egypt), photo 15, photo 16 Temple of Apollo in Delphi (Greece). The close connection of different cultures can be concluded if you look at the stylized human head carved from the monolith at the foot of the Inca pyramid (photo 17), and a similar head near the pyramid on the ocean floor (photo 18 and photo 19)! The same continuity in stylized stone figures is observed among the Maya Indians (photo 20).

How were megaliths built?

The question of how the megaliths were built will be answered by the traces left by the tools on the processed stone blocks and the blocks themselves, their shape, structure and chemical composition.

tool marks. Lots of traces. Moreover, such traces that cannot be left by a copper tool. Traces on the blocks have been preserved for more than 10…12 thousand years and have not been erased under the influence of precipitation, winds and temperature changes, and this suggests that the blocks were either made of very hard stone or high-quality concrete (which will be discussed below). On the site "Laboratories of alternative history" there are plenty of high-quality photographs, looking at which you can draw interesting conclusions not only about how they built, but also about who built the ancient, monumental objects.

Look at photo 38, this is a trace from a drill with a cutting edge of 1.5-2 mm! Can a copper drill leave such a mark? No, he can not! It is generally impossible to drill a stone with a copper drill! And it’s completely impractical to make tubular drills from copper or bronze ... Photo 39 shows a cut made with a circular saw (not copper, of course). Such processing of stone is possible only with tools made of hard-alloy steels, the presence of which among builders testifies to the absurdity of the ideas of modern scientists about the low level of development of earthly civilization in the past and its very limited technical capabilities.

The characteristics of the equipment used in the construction of megaliths amaze specialists even today. In Aswan, a quarry has been preserved, in which gray granite was mined. It contained an uncut block weighing about 1200 tons(photo 40)! If you pay attention to side effects effects from block cutting, it immediately becomes apparent high level of technical capabilities quarry developers. When making a block, the surface of the quarry wall (not a block!!!) is very even (photo 41), the corner of the quarry is processed with a radius of curvature that is constant in height (photo 42), and the height of the quarry wall is about 5-6 meters ...

No one would specially align the walls of the quarry, this is absolutely not necessary! In addition, the bottom of the quarry is pierced by numerous pits (photo 43, photo 44) of unknown purpose. Perhaps these are holes for installing equipment, or just a machine crashed into granite more than the required depth by mistake of a person serving it ... Such side effects from working in a quarry could only appear when using high-tech machines, which easily coped with hard gray granite.

The sequence of operations during the construction of the pyramids also indicates the great technical capabilities of the builders of megaliths. On one of the faces of the pyramid of Menkaur, traces of face alignment have been preserved after laying blocks photo 45, photo 46. Alignment large areas surfaces is a technical challenge. If the pyramid were built using primitive manual technologies, then the sequence of operations would be reversed: first, the production of blocks in a finished form, and only then their laying.

Conclusion: megaliths were built using machinery for processing level stone, least, modern civilization.

Block shape. Quite a few blocks have a complex geometric shape, which requires a clear movement of the processing tool in three planes (photo 47, photo 48). With manual processing achieve such a result impossible, these are clearly the "fruits" of a highly developed civilization that had at its disposal sophisticated machinery!

Very often, ancient builders used huge blocks (of the order of a thousand tons or more). The question is why? What do you think, for semi-wild people, as our ancestors are portrayed, it was easier to build from blocks of what size: from large ones, weighing tens and hundreds of tons, or small ones, weighing tens and hundreds of kilograms? Obviously, relatively light blocks are much easier to make and move. Even at the current level of development of our civilization, small bricks are often used.

So For what in history textbooks, the myth is diligently supported that megaliths were built by primitive people who, like ants, stuck around the blocks and turned them with levers, pulled with ropes? Apparently, in order for us to continue to believe that quite recently our ancestors climbed down from the trees, crawled out of the dugouts ... And so that we would never make the obvious conclusion that only that civilization for which the manufacture and movement of such blocks is NOT difficult.

Structure and chemical composition of blocks. During the construction of megaliths, blocks were used, both from natural stone and from concrete. The use of concrete is supported by many facts.

On the upper blocks, which have not been eroded by sandstorms, the imprints of the mat left during the casting of the blocks are clearly visible (photo 53). The mat was used as a spacer between the formwork and the cast block. In addition to visible imprints on the blocks, hairs stuck into the surface layer of the blocks also remained. These facts unequivocally testify to the manufacture of concrete blocks. In addition, on the faults of the blocks, their layered structure is clearly visible, which arose as a result of filling the blocks in parts (photo 54). The chemical analysis of the blocks showed that the ratio of chemical elements in the blocks does not correspond to their natural content in natural stone, which indicates their artificial origin.

The volume of concrete used to build megaliths is millions of tons, and such concrete was made from ground natural stone (and grinding stones is much more difficult than grinding grain). This indicates that in the manufacture of such concrete, a special car equipment, and not primitive manual technologies, with the help of which it is fundamentally impossible to do this.

Conclusion: megaliths were built using concrete mixing machinery and lifting equipment to move large blocks of stone. The level of development of the technology used was not less modern, and some of its characteristics are significantly outnumbered modern counterparts.

When were megaliths built?

Megaliths were built for a variety of purposes on almost all continents and in a very wide time range, numbering tens of millennia. According to the Russian scientist Nikolai Levashov, one of the main purposes of the pyramids built after the planetary catastrophe that occurred as a result of the fall of fragments of the second moon of Fatta to the Earth and entailed a shift of the poles 13 thousand years ago, is to stabilize the Earth's axis of rotation. Various large objects have fallen to Earth before, such as fragments of the third moon Leli, destroyed about 113,000 years ago, large asteroids, so there were enough problems with the movement of continental plates before. They were solved as best they could at that time in the development of civilization. It is worth noting that today we can not solve such issues in any way!

The Egyptian pyramids were clearly built at a time in history when there were heavy rains in the area, as indicated by the gutters for the drain (Photo 55, Photo 56, Photo 57) and traces of erosion on the Sphinx from flowing rainwater (Photo 58, Photo 59). This is at least 8-10 thousand years ago. The Slavic-Aryan Vedas indicate a period of 12-13 thousand years ago, that is, after the migration of the Ants to the territory of Ancient Egypt:

“... The Gods of the Race will save the righteous people and the Heavenly Force will transfer them to the east, to the lands of people with the skin of the color of Darkness ... and the Beardless people, with the skin of the color of the flame of the Holy Fire, will be transferred by the Great Force to the boundless lands at sunset of the Yarila-Sun lying .. .

7 (71). People with skin of the color of Darkness will revere the descendants of the Heavenly Clan as Gods... and will learn many sciences from them. People from the Great Race will build new Cities and Temples, and teach people with skin of the color of Darkness to grow cereals and vegetables... The Four Kinds of the Great Race(Four Clans of the Great Race - it is now scientifically proven that the first four dynasties of the Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt were White) replacing each other, they will teach the Ancient Wisdom to new Priests... and build Trirans-Tombs, in the form of Man-made, tetrahedral Mountains...»

For the manufacture of a carbide tubular drill, it is necessary to have a developed technique for processing such materials and an energy level, at least of our civilization, to provide energy for this technique, that is, to use energy much greater than the muscle strength of a person or animals ... and so on.

Such technical devices have not survived to our time or are carefully hidden, but interesting images remain. On one of the vessels of the Mayan Indians, a curious image of representatives ancient civilization with circular saws (photo 64), and in the temple of Seti I in Abydos there is an image of a helicopter, a tank and aircraft(photo 65). In Edfu (Egypt) there is a temple that is famous for the "texts of the builders of Edfu", a significant part of which is devoted to describing "the times when the gods ruled Egypt." Some of the images on the walls of the temple resemble objects of various technical purposes: from electric batteries to "flying saucers" and nuclear bombs (photo 66). In the temple of Dendera, also located in Egypt, there are many images of devices, interpreted as electric photo 67, photo 68, photo 69, photo 70.

Thus, we have come to the unequivocal conclusion that in ancient times, there was a highly developed civilization on Earth, the level of development of which in some aspects significantly exceeded the level of development of the current civilization.

It remains to answer the last question, which people created this highly developed civilization on the ground?

To answer this question, it is necessary to look into the depths of centuries through the eyes of people who lived in those distant times, to compare the legends and traditions of various peoples about a particular event, and then we will get a more complete and correct view of historical reality than the view imposed modern "scientists".

If ancient traditions and legends of peoples, seemingly unrelated, tell about some historical events in the smallest detail, and if these details coincide, then the event preserved for centuries is part of the true History.

There is an ancient Egyptian legend according to which Ancient Egypt created nine White Gods (See Cheslav Vanger's article "White Pharaohs"), four of them came from the north, and five from the west from the earth, which plunged into the depths of the Great Waters. The Egyptians called the most important of them Ra, he came with his Brother Gods from the northern land. The Slavic-Aryan Vedas also tell about how White people appeared in Ancient Egypt and about their relationship with the local population:

“...People with skin of the color of darkness will revere the descendants of the Heavenly Clan as Gods and will learn many sciences from them. People from the Great Race will build new Cities and Temples, and teach people with skin of the color of darkness to grow cereals and vegetables. Four Clans from the Heavenly Clan, replacing each other, will teach the Ancient Wisdom to new Priests and build Trirans-Tombs in the form of Man-Made Mountains, tetrahedral ... "

The presence of the white race in China is also confirmed by archaeological finds - mummies of people of the white race, Tocharians (Photo 71 reconstruction of one of the famous Tocharian mummies (Photo 72), known as the "beauty Lulan"). The estimated age of the mummies is 3500 years. The first mummy of a white man in the Takla Makan desert in China was discovered by accident in 1977, after the sand came down, the corpse of a woman was opened, whose body was badly damaged, presumably during military operations. Excavation around her corpse later uncovered 16 mummies, so perfectly preserved by the desert that traces of tears were found on the face of the mummified baby. The bodies found were dressed in Celtic-style woolen fabrics, leather shoes and jewelry. In one grave, excavators found a saddle cover and a pair of pants with drawings of people. A face with blue eyes was painted on one leg.

The civilization that the Tokharians built consists of large cities, temples, centers of learning and art - they were also the builders of the Great Silk Road - the route for trade between the West and China. The Silk Road was originally thought to have been built by the Chinese, but the discovery of the remains of the original inhabitants of this region now shows that these are the remains of a great lost White civilization.

In the early 1990s, more than a thousand Tocharian corpses were discovered in the region, but by 1998 the Chinese government banned further archaeological expeditions to the area, quite likely for fear of exposing Chinese legends. The excavations of the Tokharians prove the fact, unpleasant for the Chinese, that they were not the discoverers of iron, saddles, they were not the first to domesticate horses, but representatives of the White race...

For several centuries, the mysteries of Ancient Egypt have been in the center of attention of historians and archaeologists. When it comes to this ancient civilization, first of all, the grandiose pyramids come to mind, many of whose secrets have not yet been revealed. Among such mysteries, which are still far from being solved, is the construction of a great structure - the largest pyramid of Cheops that has come down to our time.

Known and mysterious civilization

Of all the oldest civilizations, the culture of ancient Egypt is perhaps the most well studied. And the point here is not only in the many historical artifacts that have survived to this day and architectural monuments but also in an abundance of written sources. Even historians and geographers of Antiquity paid attention to this country and, describing the culture and religion of the Egyptians, did not ignore the construction of the great pyramids in Ancient Egypt.

And when, in the 19th century, the Frenchman Champollion was able to decipher the hieroglyphic writing of this ancient people, scientists gained access to a huge amount of information in the form of papyri, stone steles with hieroglyphs, and numerous inscriptions on the walls of tombs and temples.

The history of the ancient Egyptian civilization spans almost 40 centuries, and there are many interesting, bright and often mysterious pages in it. But the most attention is drawn to the Old Kingdom, the great pharaohs, the construction of the pyramids and the mysteries associated with them.

When were the pyramids built

The era that Egyptologists call the Old Kingdom lasted from 3000 to 2100 BC. e., just at this time, the Egyptian rulers were fond of building pyramids. All tombs erected earlier or later are much smaller in size, and their quality is worse, which affected their safety. It seems that the heirs of the architects of the great pharaohs lost the knowledge of their ancestors at once. Or were they completely different people who replaced the disappeared race, it is not clear where?

Pyramids were built in the period and even later, in the era of the Ptolemies. But not all pharaohs “ordered” similar tombs for themselves. So, at present, more than a hundred pyramids are known, built over 3 thousand years - from 2630, when the first pyramid was erected, until the 4th century AD. e.

The forerunners of the great pyramids

Before the great history of the construction of these grandiose buildings was erected, there were more than one hundred years.

According to the generally accepted version, the pyramids served as tombs in which the pharaohs were buried. Long before the construction of these structures, the rulers of Egypt were buried in mastabas - relatively small buildings. But in the 26th century BC. e. the first real pyramids were built, the construction of which began with the era of Pharaoh Djoser. The tomb, named after him, is located 20 km from Cairo and is very different in appearance from those that are called great.

It has a stepped shape and gives the impression of several mastabas stacked one on top of the other. True, its dimensions are rather big - more than 120 meters along the perimeter and 62 meters in height. This is a grandiose building for its time, but it cannot be compared with the pyramid of Cheops.

By the way, a lot is known about the construction of the tomb of Djoser, even written sources have survived that mention the name of the architect - Imhotep. One and a half thousand years later, he became the patron saint of scribes and doctors.

The first of the pyramids of the classical type is the tomb of Pharaoh Snofu, the construction of which was completed in 2589. The limestone blocks of this tomb have a reddish tint, which is why Egyptologists call it "red" or "pink".

great pyramids

This is the name of the three cyclopean tetrahedra located in Giza, on the left bank of the Nile.

The oldest and largest of them is the pyramid of Khufu, or, as the ancient Greeks called it, Cheops. It is she who is most often called the Great, which is not surprising, because the length of each of its sides is 230 meters, and the height is 146 meters. Now, however, it is slightly lower due to destruction and weathering.

The second largest is the tomb of Khafre, the son of Cheops. Its height is 136 meters, although visually it looks higher than the pyramid of Khufu, because it was built on a hill. Not far from it you can see the famous Sphinx, whose face, according to legend, is a sculptural portrait of Khafre.

The third - the pyramid of Pharaoh Mikerin - is only 66 meters high, and it was built much later. Nevertheless, this pyramid looks very harmonious and is considered the most beautiful of the great ones.

Modern man is accustomed to grandiose structures, but his imagination is also shaken by the great pyramids of Egypt, the history and secrets of construction.

Secrets and mysteries

Monumental buildings in Giza even in the era of Antiquity were included in the list of the main wonders of the world, of which the ancient Greeks numbered only seven. Today it is very difficult to comprehend the intention of the ancient rulers, who spent enormous amounts of money and human resources on the construction of such gigantic tombs. Thousands of people were cut off from the economy for 20-30 years and were engaged in the construction of a tomb for their ruler. Such irrational use of labor is questionable.

Since the time when the great pyramids were erected, the secrets of construction have not ceased to attract the attention of scientists.

Perhaps the construction of the great pyramid pursued a completely different goal? In the pyramid of Cheops, three chambers were found, which Egyptologists called burial chambers, but none of them contained mummies of the dead and objects that necessarily accompanied a person to the kingdom of Osiris. There are no decorations or drawings on the walls of the burial chambers either, more precisely, there is only one small portrait in the corridor on the wall.

The sarcophagus discovered in the pyramid of Khafre is also empty, although many statues were found inside this tomb, but there are no things that, according to Egyptian customs, were placed in the tombs.

Egyptologists believe that the pyramids were looted. Perhaps, but it is not entirely clear why the robbers also needed the mummies of the buried pharaohs.

There are many mysteries associated with these cyclopean structures in Giza, but the very first question that arises in a person who saw them with his own eyes: how did the construction of the great pyramids of Ancient Egypt take place?

Amazing Facts

Cyclopean structures demonstrate the phenomenal knowledge of the ancient Egyptians in astronomy and geodesy. The faces of the Pyramid of Cheops, for example, are precisely oriented to the south, north, west and east, and the diagonal coincides with the direction of the meridian. Moreover, this accuracy is higher than that of the observatory in Paris.

And such an ideal figure from the point of view of geometry has a huge size, and even made up of separate blocks!

Therefore, the knowledge of the ancients in the field of building art is even more impressive. The pyramids are built from giant stone monoliths up to 15 tons in weight. The granite blocks lining the walls of the main burial chamber of Khufu's pyramid weighed 60 tons each. How did such colossus rise if this chamber is at a height of 43 meters? And some stone blocks of Khafre's tomb generally reach 150 tons in weight.

The construction of the great pyramid of Cheops required the ancient architects to process, drag and raise to a very significant height more than 2 million such blocks. Even modern technology does not make this task easy.

There is a completely natural surprise: why did the Egyptians need to drag such colossus to a height of several tens of meters? Wouldn't it have been easier to build a pyramid of smaller stones? After all, they were able to somehow “cut out” these blocks from a solid mass of rock, why didn’t they make it easier for themselves by sawing them into pieces?

In addition, there is another mystery. The blocks were not just laid in rows, but they were so carefully processed and tightly fitted to each other that in some places the gap between the plates was less than 0.5 millimeters.

After the erection, the pyramid was still lined with stone slabs, which, however, had long been stolen by enterprising local residents for the construction of houses.

How were the ancient architects able to solve this incredibly difficult task? There are many theories, but they all have their drawbacks and weaknesses.

Herodotus version

The famous historian of Antiquity Herodotus visited Egypt and saw the Egyptian pyramids. The construction, the description of which was left by the ancient Greek scientist, looked as follows.

Hundreds of people dragged a stone block to the pyramid under construction on drags, and then, using a wooden gate and a system of levers, lifted it to the first platform equipped on the lower level of the structure. Then the next lifting mechanism came into play. And so, moving from one platform to another, the blocks were raised to the desired height.

It is hard to even imagine how much effort the great Egyptian pyramids required. Construction (photo, according to Herodotus, see below) was indeed an extremely difficult task.

For a long time, most Egyptologists adhered to this version, although it raised doubts. It is difficult to imagine such wooden lifts that could withstand the weight of tens of tons. Yes, and dragging millions of multi-ton blocks on drags seems difficult.

Can Herodotus be trusted? Firstly, he did not witness the construction of the great pyramids, since he lived much later, although he may have been able to observe how smaller tombs were erected.

Secondly, the famous scientist of Antiquity in his writings often sinned against the truth, trusting the stories of travelers or ancient manuscripts.

The "ramp" theory

In the 20th century, a version proposed by the French researcher Jacques Philippe Luer became popular among Egyptologists. He suggested that the stone blocks were moved not on drags, but on skating rinks along a special ramp, which gradually became higher and, accordingly, longer.

The construction of the great pyramid (photo image below), thus, also required great ingenuity.

But this version also has its drawbacks. Firstly, it is impossible not to pay attention to the fact that the work of thousands of workers in dragging stone blocks was not at all facilitated by this method, because the blocks had to be dragged uphill, into which the embankment gradually turned. And it's extremely hard.

Secondly, the slope of the ramp should be no more than 10˚, therefore, its length will be more than a kilometer. To build such an embankment, labor is needed no less than the construction of the tomb itself.

Even if it was not one ramp, but several, built from one tier of the pyramid to another, it is still a colossal work with a dubious result. Especially when you consider that several hundred people are needed to move each block, and there is practically nowhere to place them on narrow platforms and embankments.

In 1978, admirers from Japan tried to build a pyramid only 11 meters high using drags and mounds. They could not complete the construction, inviting modern technology to help.

It seems that people with the technology that was in antiquity are beyond their powers. Or were they not people? Who built the great pyramids at Giza?

Aliens or Atlanteans?

The version that the great pyramids were built by representatives of a different race, despite its fantastic nature, has quite rational grounds.

First, it is doubtful that the people who lived in bronze age, possessed tools and technologies that allowed them to process such an array of wild stone and put together a perfect, from the point of view of geometry, structure weighing more than one million tons.

Secondly, the assertion that the great pyramids were built in the middle of the III millennium BC. er, debatable. It was expressed by the same Herodotus, who visited Egypt in the 5th century BC. BC. and described the Egyptian pyramids, the construction of which was completed almost 2 thousand years before his visit. In his writings, he simply recounted what the priests had told him.

There are suggestions that these cyclopean structures were built much earlier, perhaps 8-12 thousand years ago, or maybe all 80. These assumptions are based on the fact that, apparently, the pyramids, the sphinx and the temples around them survived the era of floods. This is evidenced by traces of erosion that were found on the lower part of the Sphinx statue and the lower tiers of the pyramids.

Thirdly, the great pyramids are clearly objects connected in one way or another with astronomy and space. Moreover, this purpose is more important than the function of the tombs. Suffice it to recall that there are no burials in them, although there is what Egyptologists call sarcophagi.

The theory of the alien origin of the pyramids in the 60s was popularized by the Swiss Erich von Daniken. However, all of his evidence is more of a figment of the writer's imagination than the result of serious research.

Assuming that aliens organized the construction of the great pyramid, the photo should look something like the picture below.

The Atlantean version has no less fans. According to this theory, long before the rise of the ancient Egyptian civilization, the pyramids were built by representatives of some other race, who possessed either super-advanced technology or the ability to force colossal blocks of stone through the air by force of will. Just like Master Yoda from the famous Star Wars movie.

To prove, as well as to disprove these theories, by scientific methods is almost impossible. But perhaps there is a less fantastic answer to the question of who built the great pyramids? Why could not the ancient Egyptians, who had a variety of knowledge in other areas, do this? There is one that lifts the veil of mystery surrounding the construction of the great pyramid.

concrete version

If the movement and processing of multi-ton stone blocks is so laborious, could not the ancient builders have used an easier method of pouring concrete?

This point of view is actively defended and proved by several well-known scientists, and different specialties.

The French chemist Joseph Davidovich, having made a chemical analysis of the material of the blocks from which the pyramid of Cheops was built, suggested that this was not a natural stone, but concrete of a complex composition. It was made on the basis of ground rock, and is the so-called Davidovich's conclusions were confirmed by a number of American researchers.

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. G. Fomenko, having examined the blocks from which the pyramid of Cheops was built, believes that the “concrete version” is the most plausible. The builders simply ground the stone in excess, added binding impurities, such as lime, lifted the concrete base in baskets to the construction site, and then loaded it into the formwork and diluted it with water. When the mixture hardened, the formwork was dismantled and transferred to another place.

Decades later, the concrete was so compressed that it became indistinguishable from natural stone.

It turns out that during the construction of the great pyramid, not stone, but concrete blocks were used? It would seem that this version is quite logical and explains many of the mysteries of the construction of ancient pyramids, including the difficulties of transportation and the quality of block processing. But it has its weaknesses, and it raises no fewer questions than other theories.

Firstly, it is very difficult to imagine how the ancient builders were able to grind more than 6 million tons of rock without the use of technology. After all, this is the weight of the pyramid of Cheops.

Secondly, the possibility of using wooden formwork in Egypt, where wood has always been highly valued, is questionable. Even the boats of the pharaohs were made of papyrus.

Thirdly, the ancient architects, of course, could think of making concrete. But the question arises: where then did this knowledge go? Within a few centuries after the construction of the great pyramid, not a trace remained of them. There were still tombs of this kind erected, but they were all but a pitiful imitation of those that stand on the plateau at Giza. And until now, most often shapeless piles of stones have remained from the pyramids of a later period.

Therefore, it is impossible to say with certainty how the great pyramids were built, the secrets of which have not yet been revealed.

Not only Ancient Egypt, but also other civilizations of the past hold many mysteries, which makes getting to know their history an incredibly exciting journey into the past.

There are several hundred pyramids on Earth - from relatively small ones to buildings with a 30-story building. But scientists still have questions about their functionality.

Common features

Despite the fact that the pyramids scattered all over the planet differ in their size, shape, and time of construction, they have much more in common than it might seem at first glance. Researchers note a largely similar handwriting of the construction of the pyramids. This applies to both stone processing and laying. Some pyramids, in particular, Mexican ones and those in ocean depths united by the presence at the foot of a “stylized head” carved from a monolith.

Scientists at the University of California recently mapped all the known pyramids and found that they are roughly in line. If we take the pyramids of Giza as a starting point, then this line ends at the pyramids of Guimar, erected in the Canary Islands.
According to the Norwegian traveler Thor Heyerdahl, the similarity of the ancient megalithic structures is explained by the fact that there was an exchange of experience between the islands and continents. With his expeditions, Heyerdahl proved the possibility of sailing ancient people over fairly long distances.

Tomb

The most popular hypothesis for the construction of the pyramids is the desire of contemporaries to perpetuate the name of the earthly ruler by building a tomb for him. For these purposes, according to most historians, special burial chambers were created in the Egyptian pyramids, which were equipped for the posthumous life of the pharaoh: he was left with jewelry, household utensils, furniture, and weapons. And false corridors and stone doors, according to popular belief, were supposed to protect the pharaoh from uninvited guests.

However, according to archaeologists, mummies have never been found in the pyramids. Burials were made in necropolises. For example, the mummy of Tutankhamun was found in the Valley of the Kings, Ramses II - in rock tombs, and the mummy of Cheops - the "owner" of the largest Egyptian pyramid was never found.

Knowledge repository

One of latest versions The functional purpose of the pyramids suggests that they were built as a repository of knowledge of previous civilizations, in which astronomical and geographical information is expressed in the language of geometry.
Domestic and foreign scientists, including the British mathematician John Legon, carried out numerous calculations of the length of the faces and the base of the pyramids, their volumes, areas and even the distances between the pyramids, found strict patterns of multiplicity of series of numbers.
In particular, the ratio of the perimeter of the base of the pyramid of Cheops to its height is equal to the number 2Pi. Based on this fact, scientists conclude that the pyramid serves as a cartographic projection on a scale of 1:43200 of the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth.

navigation station

French researchers A. de Belizal and L. Chaumery made an unusual assumption that the Great Pyramid of Egypt served as a transmitting station. According to the researchers, due to the huge mass of the pyramid and the peculiarities of its shape, which was a "false vibrational prism", an opportunity was created for powerful radiations.

Radiaesthetic studies carried out by French specialists, in their opinion, showed that radiation could be detected at a very large distance using a reduced model of such a pyramid. This allowed ancient people to navigate the route of a ship in the sea or a caravan in the desert without a compass.

Calendar

Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Olga Dluzhnevskaya suggests that the Mexican pyramid of Kukulkan could serve as a calendar. Along the entire perimeter, the structure is surrounded by stairs: on each side there are 91 steps - a total of 364, which is equal to the number of days in the year of the Mayan calendar. The stairs are divided into 18 flights, each of which corresponds to a month - that's how much the Mayan calendar counted.
Moreover, the location of the pyramid is very clearly oriented to the cardinal points, which creates an opportunity for an unusual visual effect on the days of the equinox. When the rays of the sun fall on the steps, something like a huge snake is formed: its head appears at the base of the stairs, while the body extends up the entire pyramid.

energy transformer

According to one of the hypotheses, the pyramids are the most powerful generators that are able to convert negative energy into positive. Thus, it is assumed that the accumulated energy of the pyramid of Cheops is focused in the royal room at the location of the sarcophagus.
The Russian engineer Alexander Golod indirectly confirms the functional purpose of the ancient pyramids by building the so-called energy pyramids, which, in his opinion, harmonize the structure of the surrounding space and positively affect a person. However, official science is skeptical about the theories of the Russian researcher.

Observatory

Recently, scientists are increasingly inclined to the version that the ancient pyramids were observatories. In particular, this is indicated by the "astronomical orientation" of the pyramids: the sunset during the summer solstice, and the sunrise - during the winter solstice.
Egyptologist Nikolai Danilov says that the Great Pyramid as an observatory was mentioned by Arab historians. However, for a long time it was not clear how astronomers could climb the smooth walls of the pyramid, or how the internal structure of the pyramid corresponded to the tasks of the observatory.

The answer was found by the English astronomer Richard Proctor, studying the works of the ancient Greek philosopher Proclus. It noted that the Great Pyramid was used as an observatory when it was completed to the level of the Great Gallery, which overlooked a square platform.

Modern researchers are puzzled by one fact: why does the ascending tunnel of the Great Pyramid suddenly give way to a gallery whose height exceeds 8 meters? Proctor attributes this to the convenience of observing the stars. “If an ancient astronomer needed a large viewing slit, exactly bisected by the meridian across the North Pole, in order to observe the passage of celestial bodies, what would he require from an architect? A very tall tunnel with vertical walls,” concludes the researcher.