Sydney(English Sydney, pronounced [ˈsɪdni]) - the largest and most Old city Australia with an area of ​​12,144.6 km² and a population of 5,131,326 as of June 2017. Sydney is the state capital. The city was founded in 1788 by Arthur Phillip, who arrived here at the head of First Fleet, and was the site of the first colonial European settlement in Australia. The city was named by the colonists in honor of Lord Sydney, who was at that time the Minister of the Colonies.

Sydney is located on the southeast coast of Australia. The settlement was built on the shore of a round small bay - Sydney (Eng. Sydney Cove), located in the middle part of the long Sydney Harbor Bay - the southern branch of the bay (harbour) of Port Jackson, separated by a narrow strait (~ 1 km) from the Tasman Sea. Subsequently, the city was built to the south of Sydney Harbor Bay (it is up to 20 km long, 1 to 3 km wide and up to 50 m deep), and then around it. This was the reason that Sydney is often called "The city near the bay" (eng. The harbor city).

Over time, urban buildings completely covered Port Jackson Bay, which includes three bays - Sydney Harbor, Middle Bay (Eng. Middle Harbor) and North Bay (Eng. North Harbor). Currently, Sydney has grown even more and includes Botany Bay located to the south (eng. Botany Bay) of the Tasman Sea, on the northern shore of which is located international Airport them. Kingsford Smith.

The city of Sydney is famous for its opera house, the Harbor Bridge and its beaches. Residential areas of greater Sydney are surrounded by national parks. Coastline(both the outer "marine" and the inner city) is extremely indented. It is replete with numerous bays, coves, islands and beaches.

According to the 1999 University of Lowborough classification, the city is categorized as a beta city. Sydney has hosted numerous international political and sporting events such as the 1938 British Empire Games, the 2000 Olympics, and the 2003 Rugby World Cup. In September 2007, a meeting of APEC leaders took place in Sydney, and in July 2008, International Youth Day was held here.

Sydney is one of the most multicultural and multinational cities in the world, due to the fact that the city is the main residence of immigrants arriving in permanent place residence in Australia. According to Mercer's research, Sydney ranks first in Australia for the cost of living and 66th in the world for this indicator.

Story

Modern studies based on radioisotope analysis indicate that the indigenous inhabitants of Australia, the Aboriginal people, first came to the area where Sydney is now located, about 30,000 years ago. The natives who inhabited this area belonged to the Cadigal group. Before the arrival of Europeans, they owned the territory located south of Port Jackson Bay, where today central regions cities. Although the exact number of Aboriginal people who lived in this area before the arrival of Europeans is difficult to name, it is assumed that there were 4000-8000 people.

In 1770, James Cook, on his first circumnavigation of the world, sailed west from New Zealand new land named New South Wales. Moving north along the coast, he landed on the Carnell Peninsula in Botany Bay, named after the botanists Banks and Solander of his expedition. The expedition spent eight days here, surveying the flora, fauna and mapping these places, after which they moved along the coast to the north.

After the American War of Independence began in 1776, the Americans refused to accept convicts sent to them from Great Britain, and British prisons began to overflow. Parliament and Colonial Secretary Sydney (who was a friend of the botanist Banks) decided to send prisoner settlers to Botany Bay to establish a new British colony there.

Sydney in 1932

The first fleet organized by the British Navy, of 11 ships and vessels (2 warships - the flagship HMS Sirius, a ten-gun armed merchant ship, 511 tons, and an armed tender HMS Supply 175 tons for messenger service, 6 prisoner transports, from 278 up to 452 tons, and 3 ships with supplies, from 272 to 378 tons) led by Captain Arthur Phillip arrived in Botany Bay in January 1788. Upon closer examination of the shores of Botany Bay, the site was found to be insufficiently suitable for founding a new colony, primarily due to lack of fresh water, salt, and exposure to winds. Arthur Phillip himself, on HMS Supply, surveyed Port Jackson Bay, just 12 km to the north, which James Cook marked on the map, but did not examine in detail. Entering Port Jackson, HMS Supply found it to be a large three-arm bay. Having examined the small North arm (now it is North Harbor), he then went into the wide curved and inaccessible to oceanic winds and waves the southern arm of the bay (now: Sydney Harbor), where he found a very convenient round bay.

On January 26, 1788, the entire First Fleet moved from Botany to Port Jackson, and anchored in this small round bay, later called Sydney cove, located in the middle of the long 20-kilometer Sydney Harbor ) of the forked bay of Port Jackson. Captain Arthur Phillip announced the annexation of New South Wales to Great Britain, the creation of the first settlement here, and that he is henceforth the first governor of New South Wales. This day is now a national holiday in Australia. The original idea was to name the new settlement Albion, but at the last moment Arthur Phillip decided to name it after Lord Sidney, who was then Secretary of State for the Colonies.

The First Fleet was soon followed by the Second, and then the Third. In essence, they were no different from the First, since the main purpose of these expeditions was, as in the first case, the transportation of prisoners from British prisons to the newly formed colony (the Second Fleet, however, was noted for the fact that many people died on the way from scurvy and other diseases).

Sydney has long been the main place of exile for prisoners from. Although free immigration began to gain momentum beginning in 1815, after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, in 1820 approximately 40% of the population were prisoners.

Shortly after 1789, a severe smallpox epidemic broke out among the Aboriginal peoples who inhabited the area immediately adjacent to Sydney, as a result of which thousands of them died.

Political cartoon. It depicts Governor Bligh as a coward hiding under a bed.

In 1808, the so-called Rum Riot took place in Sydney. It was caused by an attempt by the Governor of New South Wales, William Bligh, who became famous as one of the main participants in the events associated with the mutiny on the Bounty ship, to break the monopoly of officers of the New South Wales Corps on alcohol. Using unlimited power in the colony, the officers turned the inhabitants into practically slaves, using alcohol instead of money when paying for goods and services. After much debate and negotiations, the confrontation turned into an open confrontation, which led to the arrest and removal from office of Governor Bligh. This rebellion was the only example of a successful armed seizure of power in Australia. After the arrival of new military contingents in Sydney, the Corps was disbanded, the officers involved in the riot were punished. However, Governor Bligh was removed from his post and replaced by the more liberal Lachlan Macquarie.

Geography

Topography

The urban areas of Sydney are located in the coastal valley, which is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, the Blue Mountains on the west, the Hawkesbury River on the north and the Royal National Park on the south. The coastline is indented by numerous bays and bays, which were formed as a result of the fact that as the climate warmed at the end of the Ice Age and the level of the World Ocean rose, water flooded the coastal river valleys and gorges of low mountains. Port Jackson Bay, which includes Sydney Harbor, is just such a formation and is the largest natural bay in the world. There are approximately 70 small bays and beaches in the residential areas of the city, including the famous Bondi Beach in the southern part of the city and the beaches of Manly in the north. The area of ​​residential areas of the city in 2001 was 1687 km². However, the Sydney Bureau of Statistics uses much large area, including the Blue Mountains, the Central Coastal Region and adjacent to the city National parks. Thus, the total area of ​​greater Sydney is 12,145 km².

Panorama of Port Jackson Bay and Sydney from a cruise ship

Geographically, Sydney lies between two regions: the Cumberland Plain, a relatively flat area to the south and west of the bay, and the Hornsby Plateau, located north of the city. The oldest historical districts of the city are located on south coast Bay Port Jackson. north coast began to develop much later due to its more mountainous terrain and the lack of easy access here in the initial period of the city's development. The main communication with the northern shore of Sydney Harbor and remote points of Port Jackson Bay was then carried out (and still continues) by ferries from the central pier of the city. It is called "Circular Key" - translated as "Circular Pier" or "Circular Pier" and is located on the shore of the historic Sydney Cove, from which the development of the city began. The situation with the development of the northern districts of the city changed dramatically only after 1932, when the construction of the Harbor Bridge was completed.

Panorama from the Sydney TV Tower

Climate

Sydney has a subtropical oceanic climate with moderately hot summers and moderate warm winter. The amount of precipitation falling in the city is distributed throughout the year with a preference in the winter months. Areas of the city directly adjacent to the ocean experience a more even climate, but the western areas of the city, located deeper in mainland Australia, often experience more extreme temperature spikes. The warmest month is January average temperature air temperature 16.6-25.8 °C and the average number of days with air temperature over 30 °C - 14.6. The absolute temperature record was recorded on January 18, 2013 during a severe heat wave in Australia, the air temperature was 45.8 ° C, in the suburbs up to 47 ° C. Powerful heat for several hours was brought by a strong hot western wind, which, together with the sun, warmed the city by 24 ° C in a few hours. At the same time, the next day the wind changed to the reverse, and the temperature did not rise above 22 ° C. Winter temperatures rarely drop below 5°C in coastal areas. The coldest month is July with an average daily temperature of 8-16.2 °C. record breaking low temperature was recorded in Sydney at 2.1 °C.

Precipitation is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year, with some predominance in the first months of the year, when the weather in the city is determined by easterly winds. The average annual rainfall in Sydney is 1217 mm, the average number of rainy days per year is 138. Snowfall was recorded in the central part of the city for the last time in 1836. However, a snow pellet that fell in the city in 2008, which is sometimes mistaken for snow, makes one think that the phenomenon of 1836 could have been of the same nature and was not snow. In 1947, a hailstorm hit Sydney, injuring more than 1,000 people.

Although Sydney is not heavily affected by cyclones, El Niño plays a big role in shaping the city's climate. Depending on the phase, this phenomenon can, on the one hand, cause droughts and forest fires, and, on the other hand, provoke storms and floods. Many urban areas that are located in close proximity to the forest and bush are at immediate risk of wildfires. The fires were especially strong near the city in 1994, and also in 2001-2002. Especially fire-prone seasons are spring and summer. The city often experiences heavy hail and strong storm winds. One of the strongest hailstorms fell on the territory of the city in 1999. He caused significant damage to the central and eastern regions of Sydney. During this storm, individual ice floes that fell from the sky reached sizes of about 9 centimeters in diameter. This resulted in damage estimated by insurance companies at about $1.7 billion.

Sydney is prone to flooding, which occurs as a result of heavy rains that fall in the city mainly in winter and spring time. Abundant precipitation during this period, in turn, is caused by the passage of a low pressure area over the territories of eastern Australia. In addition to heavy rainfall, the weather during this period is characterized by strong winds and frequent storms at sea. The worst flooding occurred in Sydney on August 6, 1986, when 327.6 millimeters of rain fell on the city within 24 hours. This flooding resulted in the paralysis of traffic in some parts of the city, and also caused damage to many buildings.

According to the Australian Meteorological Bureau, the period between 2002 and 2005 was characterized by the hottest summer months since records began in 1859. In 2004, the average maximum daily temperatures were 23.39 °C, in 2005 - 23.35 °C, in 2002 - 22.91 °C, in 2003 - 22.65 °C. Between 1859 and 2004, the average daily maximum temperature was 21.6°C. Since November 2003, there have been only two months in Sydney when the average daily maximum temperature was below the average for the period: March 2005 (1°C below average) and June 2006 (0.7°C). However, according to the Bureau, the summer of 2007/08 was one of the coldest on record. According to these data, the summer of 2009/10 was the coldest in 11 years and also the wettest in 6 years. It was only the third summer in history when daytime temperatures did not rise above 31°C.

Architecture

Architecturally, Sydney combines multi-story houses in the center and a vast private sector with colonial houses with verandas Around him.

The Sydney Opera House is a facility world heritage UNESCO.

City government

The New South Wales Parliament Building. The state government controls life in Sydney

Sydney has never had a common city government body, on the contrary, the city is divided into local government areas (prefecture districts) - councils subordinate to the local government (local government areas). The elected councils of these districts are empowered by the New South Wales government and have a wide range of responsibilities from garbage collection to local planning. The districts are in turn divided into districts - suburbs. Each county elects a mayor.

Sydney City Hall - Sydney County Hall

Mayor of one of the city's oldest wards, the Sydney urban area - City of Sydney, called the Lord Mayor of Sydney - Lord Mayor of Sydney but is only responsible for his district. True, in some cases, the Lord Mayor may represent the whole of Sydney, for example, during the Olympic Games.

Basically, the life of the city is controlled by the state government. This includes public transport, major roads, management road traffic, police, education above kindergarten level, planning of large infrastructure projects.

Since the bulk of the population of New South Wales lives in Sydney, the state government has always been reluctant to share power with local governments and even change the boundaries of districts. Thus, since 1945, the boundaries of the City of Sydney have been changed by the state government at least four times.

There are currently 38 districts in Sydney:

Sydney local government areas

Population

According to the 2006 census, there were 4,119,190 inhabitants in and around Sydney, with 3,641,422 in Sydney itself. Most often, Sydney people noted that they were of Australian, English, Irish, Scottish and Chinese origin. The census also showed that Sydney was 1.1% Aboriginal and 37.7% of the population was born outside of Australia. 18.1% of the city's residents are from Asia. The three main sources of immigrants are the UK, China and New Zealand. They are followed by Vietnam, Lebanon, India, Italy and the Philippines. Many residents speak at least one other language in addition to English, most commonly Chinese (Cantonese or Mandarin), Arabic, Greek, and Vietnamese. 13,220 people spoke Russian, 156 of them did not answer the question about their level of English proficiency. Sydney ranks seventh in the world in terms of the percentage of residents born abroad. The average age of residents is 36, 15.4% are over 65, and 15.2% have at least a bachelor's degree.

According to the 2011 census, 15,431 people speak Russian, 181 of them did not answer the question about English. The city had 4,391,674 inhabitants. 60.9% of them considered themselves Christians, 17.6% - do not adhere to any religion, 7.6% did not answer the question, 4.7% - Muslims, 4.1% - Buddhists, 2.6% - Hindus, 0.9% - Jews and 1.6% - representatives of other religions.

Economy

The most important sectors of Sydney's economy, judging by the number of workers employed in them, are the service sector, trade, manufacturing, healthcare and utilities. Since the 1980s, the overall situation on the labor market has changed in such a way that more and more jobs are moving from the manufacturing sector to the service sector and the information technology sector. Sydney's economy makes up approximately 25 percent of the entire Australian economy. The city is home to the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) and the Reserve Bank of Australia, as well as the headquarters of 90 banks and more than half of the country's largest companies. Sydney is the main center of Australia, which houses the regional offices of international companies (there are about 500 of them). Of the ten largest Australian companies, four are headquartered in Sydney (Caltex Australia, Commonwealth Bank, Westpac and Woolworth). Fox Studios Australia has a large film studio in the city. The Sydney Futures Exchange (SFE) is one of the largest exchanges of its kind in the Australian-Pacific region. It is the 12th largest futures exchange in the world and the 19th largest in terms of options turnover. In 2014, Sydney ranked eighth in the list of the most influential cities in the world in terms of the amount of foreign investment attracted, as well as the state of the economy as a whole, according to a Forbes study.

Residents of the city have the highest average per capita income in Australia, which is US$ 42,599 per person. As of 2004, the city's unemployment rate was 4.9 percent. According to a journal study The Economist, Sydney ranks 16th in the list of the most expensive cities peace. Other studies show that the city is in 15th place in terms of income of its residents. As of September 20, 2007, the median house price in Sydney was the highest among major Australian cities at A$559,000. Sydney also has the highest median rental rate in Australia at A$450 per week.

The central part of the city besides a large number has a large number of offices shopping centers, shops and stalls. Shopping, numerous cultural and sporting events, architecture, historical places and the amazing beauty of the nature of the city attracts numerous tourists from Australia and from all over the world. According to statistics, in 2004 the city was visited by 7.8 million Australian tourists and 2.5 million visitors from abroad.

Transport

The Anzac Bridge extending over Johnson Bay between Pewmont and Glebe Island, in close proximity to the City

Sydney has a well-developed road network, as residents of the city widely use cars to get around. There is a system of express roads (motorway), some of which are paid (tollway), some are free (freeway). Major roads are combined into 10 highways (Metroads), which include a 110-kilometer orbital network (Sydney Orbital Network).

Sydney has a well developed network public transport - bus routes, taxis and trains. Passenger ferries run in Sydney Bay and on the Parramatta River, which flows into the bay.

From January 2, 2012, the one-time bus fare in the central part of the city (Multi-1 zone) is: AUD 3.5 (6.1 - round trip) for adults and 1.7 and 3.0 for children, respectively . A weekly ticket in the same zone for all modes of transport (bus, train, ferry) costs AUD 43 and 21.5, respectively, without limiting the number of trips.

In December 2012, the paper ticket system was abolished and the last ticket vending machines were dismantled at the end of 2016. The introduced system of contactless travel cards Opal has covered all modes of transport. Now it can be used for travel by bus, tram, metro and ferry.

Trains

Double-decker train on the main railway station central station

The first railway line was opened in 1855 between Sydney and Parramatta. Currently, trains run 20 hours a day on a 2080 km network with 306 stations (including out-of-town ones). The interval of train traffic is approximately 15 minutes during peak hours, the rest of the time - 30 minutes. In the City and Eastern regions, trains run underground. The transition to electric locomotives began in 1926. Currently, the entire city railway fleet is electrified, the supply voltage is 1500 V DC. Approximately 270 million passengers a year use trains.

Metropolitan

Main article: sydney metro

On May 26, 2019, Australia's first and only subway system opened in Sydney with a single line 36 km long with 13 stations. It connects the suburbs of Rose Hill and Chatswood, as well as the Sydney business center and port.

Buses

Sydney's bus network roughly coincides with the now abolished tram network. The bus number is usually a three-digit number, the first digit of which, as a rule, indicates the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe city where this route operates. So, for example, buses numbered 3XX run in eastern regions Sydney, and 8XX routes are in the southwestern. The State Transit Authority (STA), owned by the government of New South Wales, operates Sydney's bus network and passenger ferries. The bus fleet of both cities is more than 2100 cars based in 13 depots.

Ferries

The Dee Why ferry, early 1930s. In the background, the Harbor Bridge under construction

The history of the first Sydney ferries can be traced back to the time of the arrival of the First Fleet, when as early as 1789 a ferry sailed from Sydney Bay upriver to the farming settlements of Parramatta. The first official ferry was built by prisoners and sailed and oared. The journey to Parramatta took about a week. By 1899 the Sydney Ferry Company had become the largest ferry company in the world. But after the opening of the Harbor Bridge on March 19, 1932, the number of passengers dropped sharply from 30 million to 13 million a year.

Ferries parked at Circular Quay

Now, approximately 14 million passengers are transported by ferries every year, many of whom travel not only for business, but simply for pleasure, especially on weekends. So in 2009-2010, routes going to the Manly area, famous for its beaches and an aquarium with the world's longest 110-meter underwater tunnel. The latest single-day ticket sales record was on January 2, 2011, with 94,918 tickets sold, almost half of them on the Manly route. To date, the fleet consists of 28 ferries connecting 38 marinas in a network, the length of the network is 37 km.

Tram

Trams in Sydney in 1920 near Queen Victoria House at the corner of Druitt and George Streets

The now abolished Sydney tram network was once the second longest in the British Empire after London and one of the largest in the world. The first horse-drawn tram existed from 1861 to 1866. Steam-powered tram lines appeared in 1879. The electrification of the tracks began in 1898 and was largely completed in 1910. The network reached its maximum length in 1923, 291 km (181 miles). By 1930, the fleet was about 1600 cars, the maximum number of passengers was transported in 1945 - 405 million. Increasing competition from private cars and buses, as well as traffic congestion, has led to the gradual closure of routes. The last tram passed through Sydney in 1961. In some places, the rails are still there, but the old trams run only on the short 3.5-kilometer track from the tram museum deep into the Royal National Park.

More than 30 years after the closure of the last tram route, in 1997, a new light rail route opened. metro light rail(not to be confused with the subway). It was extended in 2000 and 2014 and now runs from Central Station to Dulwich Hill. The length of the route is 12.8 km with 23 stops, approximately 3.9 million passengers use this route annually. There is a project to build a new line from Central Station across the City to the central Circular Quay ferry pier, located within walking distance of the Opera House, the Royal Botanic Gardens and other tourist attractions. The construction started in 2015. There is also an idea to lay lines to the University of Sydney and the University of New South Wales.

Main Attractions

Sydney Opera House. Night view from the Harbor Bridge

Fireworks on the Harbor Bridge to mark the closing of the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney

• Sydney Opera House
• The Australian Museum is one of oldest museums Australia, formerly known as the Museum of Sydney ( The Sydney Museum).
• Museum "Power Station" Powerhouse Museum), Museum of Science.
• Australian National Maritime Museum Australian National Maritime Museum).
• Sydney City Hall.
• sydney aquarium
• sydney tower
• Centennial Parklands is a park in Sydney.
• House on Elizabeth Bay.
• Elizabeth's Farm.
• Museum of Justice and Police (Justice & Police Museum)
• House of Rose Sidler.
• Rouse Hill Manor
• Meroogal House
• Susannah Place Museum
• Sydney Mint
• Vaucluse House
• Hyde Park Barracks
• government house
• Harbor bridge
• Cathedral of the Virgin Mary
• Woolloomooloo bay jetty
• Quay Darling Harbor
• Bondi Beach
• Taronga Zoo.

twin cities

Sydney has 6 sister cities:

• , California,
• , Italy

Notes

1. What's driving population growth in Australia's cities?(English) (unavailable link). Australian Bureau of Statistics(24 April 2018). Retrieved 3 July 2018. Archived from the original on 25 April 2018.
2. Gorodetskaya I. L., Levashov E. A.// Russian names of inhabitants: Dictionary-reference book. - M. : AST, 2003. - S. 263. - 363 p. - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-17-016914-0.
3. According to the "Dictionary of Proper Names" (author - F. L. Ageenko), the stress is on the first syllable, in the "Dictionary of Exemplary Russian Stress" (author - M. A. Shtudiner), both options are acceptable, and the stress on the second syllable is preferable.
4. Macquarie ABC Dictionary. - The Macquarie Library, 2003. - S. 1000. - ISBN 1-876429-37-2.
5. City of Sydney - General Introduction (indefinite) (unavailable link). Archived from the original on March 18, 2011.
6. History of Australia (indefinite) (unavailable link). Retrieved November 22, 2008. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011.
7. Beaverstock, J.V.; Smith, R.G.; Taylor, P.J. Research Bulletin 5: A Roster of World Cities (indefinite) . Globalization and World Cities. Retrieved November 23, 2008. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011.
8. Designing for Diversity: the Multicultural City (indefinite) (unavailable link). 1995 Global Cultural Diversity Conference Proceedings, Sydney. Australian Government Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Retrieved November 23, 2008. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011.
9. Cost of living - The world's most expensive cities (indefinite) . City Mayors. Retrieved November 23, 2008. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
10. Macey, Richard Settlers" history rewritten: go back 30,000 years(English) . The Sydney Morning Herald(September 15, 2007). Retrieved September 15, 2007.
11. City of Sydney. City of Sydney Indigenous History of Sydney Cove
12. The 10 people Who Shaped Sydney (indefinite) . Fairfax Media. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved December 21, 2008. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011.
13. The Harbor City (indefinite) (unavailable link). Showcase Destinations Sydney, Australia. Retrieved November 24, 2008. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011.
14. 2016.0 Census of Population and Housing: Selected Characteristics for Urban Centres, Australia (indefinite)
15. 1217.0.55.001 Glossary of Statistical Geography Terminology, 2003 (indefinite) . Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 24 November 2008.
16. Sydney weather hail, not snow, AAP(July 27, 2008). Retrieved 11 August 2008.
17. The Sydney Hailstorm - 14 April 1999 (indefinite) . Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved October 5, 2006. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011.
18. Rain in Sydney 1986 (indefinite) . Archived from the original on November 23, 2009. in Australian Climate Extremes, Bureau of Meteorology, accessed 9 September 2006.
19. Cool, cloudy and rainy end to March in Sydney in
20. Sydney has coldest June in 24 years in Sydney Monthly Climate Summary - NSW Regional Office, Bureau of Meteorology, accessed 21 October 2007.
21. Sydney has the coolest summer in 11 years in Sydney Climate Summary - NSW Regional Office, Bureau of Meteorology, accessed March 25, 2008.
22. skyscraper 505 George Street will be the tallest residential building in Sydney; 270-meter tower with a total area of ​​about 66 thousand square meters. meters designed by Ingenhoven Architects; Construction will start in 2021 and finish in 2024.
23. Michael Spens. Sydney. - Oxford University Press, 2003. - (Grove Art Online). (subscription required)
24. 2006 Census Community Profile Series
25. Expanded Community Profile - Sydney _ Sheet X01f
26. 2006 Census QuickStats
27. Australian Census 2006, Ancestry by Region (indefinite) . censusdata.abs.gov.au. Retrieved June 1, 2010. Archived from the original on January 14, 2013.
28. When diversity means cultural richness (indefinite) . webdiary. Retrieved June 1, 2010. Archived from the original on January 14, 2013.
29. Expanded Community Profile - Sydney _ Sheet X05e
30. Expanded Community Profile - Sydney _ Sheet X05f
31. 2011 Census QuickStats
32. 2011 Census Data - Greater Sydney Community Profile
33. Sydney - Basic Community Profile and Snapshot - 2001 Census (indefinite) (unavailable link). Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2002. Retrieved November 23, 2008. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011.
34. City Commerce (indefinite) (unavailable link). City of Sydney Media Centre. Retrieved November 23, 2008. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012.
35. Of the ten largest corporations in Australia (based on revenue) (indefinite) . BRW 1000. Retrieved November 23, 2008. Archived from the original on August 20, 2007.
36. Overview (indefinite) (unavailable link). Sydney Futures Exchange website. Date of treatment July 3, 2006. Archived from the original on December 30, 2006.
37. The World's Most Influential Cities 2014] (indefinite) . economics. Forbes is an American business magazine (2014). Retrieved 8 August 2014.
38. Sydney Sydney Statistical Division (indefinite) (unavailable link). Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2005. Retrieved November 23, 2008. Archived from the original on June 1, 2008.
39. London is the most expensive city in the world while Swiss cities are home to highest earners (indefinite) . economics. City Mayors (2007). Retrieved November 23, 2008. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011.
40. Still strong confidence in the housing market (indefinite) (unavailable link). press release. Retrieved November 23, 2008. Archived from the original on July 19, 2008.
41. Tourism Data Card - Forecasts, Economic Impacts and selected Regional Data - 2004 (indefinite) (PDF) (unavailable link). Tourism NSW. 2004. Retrieved November 23, 2008. Archived from the original on May 22, 2006.
42. City of Sydney: Sister City

Links

• Dictionary of Sydney - the history of Sydney
• Sydney Official History Archives
• State Records New South Wales
• National Archives of Australia
• Understanding Society Through its Records - John Curtin Library (indefinite) (unavailable link). Archived from the original on May 2, 2015.
• Directory of Archives in Australia

Where is the city of Sydney located? What continent is it on? And what are the exact coordinates of Sydney? You will find answers to all these questions in our article.

Sydney: the main features of the geographical location

Sydney is a large cosmopolitan city, the main financial and Cultural Center Australia. It was founded at the end of the 18th century by the Englishman Arthur Phillip as the first colonial settlement of Europeans in southern mainland. Sydney is located on the Pacific coast, surrounded by national nature reserves. The city is famous for its beautiful parks, gardens and beaches.

Sydney is located on the southeast coast of the country, on the shores of Port Jackson Bay. City blocks and residential areas are located between the Pacific Ocean on one side and the Blue Mountains on the other. The coastline within the city is generously indented with small coves and harbors. total area the so-called Greater Sydney is about 12 thousand square kilometers.

Sydney has a well-developed network of highways. In addition, the city has excellent rail and bus connections. The areas located on different shores of the bay are connected by ferry crossings.

Sydney: 8 interesting facts

• According to the results of a large-scale survey conducted by Forbes magazine in 2010, Sydney was in the TOP-12 of the most beautiful cities in the world.
• Sydney is one of the most expensive cities in the world.
• The air temperature in this city has never dropped below +2 degrees Celsius.
• Every year, a fashion show is held here with the participation of ... ducks!
• Every third resident of Sydney is a foreign immigrant.
• Melbourne and Sydney for a long time could not decide which of them would become the capital of Australia. This long-standing dispute was resolved in an original way: in 1905, the country's authorities built new town- Canberra.
• The famous organ has over 10 thousand pipes. Moreover, each of them has its own name.
• If you add up all the hemispheres of the Sydney theater, you get a perfect ball.

What are the coordinates of Sydney? Where exactly is this city located on the map? More on this later.

Geographic coordinates of Sydney

There are very few cities in Australia with a population exceeding one million people. Sydney is the largest locality this island nation. It is home to almost five million people. The table below contains the geographical coordinates of Sydney. They will help to determine the exact location of the city on the map.

Thus, Sydney is located in the Southern and Eastern Hemispheres of the Earth, 3750 kilometers south of the equator line. The city is in the tenth time zone (UTC+10). The time difference with Moscow is eight hours. The average height of Sydney above sea level is 58 meters.

Australia, Sydney

On this page you can find out the geographical coordinates of Sydney (Australia) in all existing formats: in decimal degrees, in degrees and decimal minutes, in degrees, minutes and seconds. This information will be useful for travelers, sailors, tourists, pupils and students, teachers and teachers, and for all other people who for some reason need to know the geographical coordinates of Sydney.

So, below are the geographical coordinates of Sydney in different formats, as well as the height of Sydney above sea level.

City of Sydney

Coordinates of Sydney in decimal degrees

Latitude:-33.8678500°
Longitude: 151.2073200°

Coordinates of Sydney in degrees and decimal minutes

Coordinates of Sydney in degrees, minutes and seconds

About the coordinate system

All coordinates on this site are given in the world coordinate system WGS 84. WGS 84 (English World Geodetic System 1984) is the world system of geodetic parameters of the Earth in 1984, which includes the system of geocentric coordinates. Unlike local systems, WGS 84 is a single system for the entire planet. The predecessors of WGS 84 were the systems WGS 72, WGS 66 and WGS 60. WGS 84 determines coordinates relative to the center of mass of the Earth, the error is less than 2 cm. east of the Greenwich meridian. An ellipsoid with a larger radius - 6,378,137 m (equatorial) and a smaller one - 6,356,752.3142 m (polar) was taken as a basis. The practical implementation is identical to the reference basis of the ITRF. WGS 84 is used in the global positioning and navigation satellite system GPS.

Coordinates (latitude and longitude) determine the position of a point on the Earth's surface. The coordinates are angular quantities. The canonical representation of coordinates is degrees (°), minutes (′), and seconds (″). In GPS systems, the representation of coordinates in degrees and decimal minutes or in decimal degrees is widely used. Latitude takes values ​​from −90° to 90°. 0° is the latitude of the equator; −90° is the latitude of the South Pole; 90° is the latitude of the North Pole. Positive values ​​correspond to north latitude (points north of the equator, abbreviated N or N); negative - southern latitude (points south of the equator, abbreviated S or S). Longitude is measured from the prime meridian (IERS Reference Meridian in the WGS 84 system) and takes values ​​from −180° to 180°. Positive values ​​correspond to east longitude (abbreviated east or E); negative - west longitude (abbreviated W or W).