Lesson topic: MIGRATIONS OF THE POPULATION OF RUSSIA
Goals and objectives:
Educational: consolidate and systematize knowledge and skills on the topic “migration of the world’s population” using ICT.
Developmental: continue training in intellectual techniques of independent cognitive activity, drawing up conclusions; development of logical thinking; formation of computer literacy and the need to acquire knowledge.
Educational: promote understanding of one's own intellectual achievements.
Tasks:
Consider population migration and its types.
Study the reasons for population migration.
Get acquainted with indicators that study migration processes.
1. Repetition of previously studied.
In previous lessons we became acquainted with the topics: “Population of Russia”, “Number and reproduction of the population. We wrote down a number of definitions that I asked you to learn. Therefore, before starting a new topic, we will conduct a geographical dictation.
In front of you are pieces of paper with terms. I will now call the question number and read the definition. Your task is to put the question number on the desired term.
Fertility
Demography
Population explosion
Demographic policy
Natural increase
Demographic crisis
Mortality
Reproduction
The science that deals with problems of population and its reproduction. (Demography)
Sharp decline in population (Demographic crisis)
The process of continuous change of generations (Reproduction)
Difference between the number of births and the number of deaths (Natural increase)
Sharp increase in population (population explosion)
Number of births per year per 1000 inhabitants (fertility)
Number of deaths per year per 1000 inhabitants (Mortality)
Measures taken by the state to regulate birth rates
(Demographic policy)
Now let's do a cross-check. Exchange leaves. This is what you should get.
So, if there are 8 correct answers we put “5”
If 6-7 put “4”
If 4-5 Put “3”
If 3 or less put “2”
Who has “5”, “4”, “3”, “2”
2. Studying new material.
Guys, let's remember where Russia ranks in terms of population?
(On the eighth)
Which countries are ahead of our country in terms of population?
1 China 1 321 851 888
2 India 1,130,866,154
3 USA 303 139 947
4 Indonesia 234,693,997
5 Brazil 186 010 647
6 Pakistan 164,741,924
7 Bangladesh 150 448 339
8 Russia 141,927,900
9 Nigeria 133,031,164
10 Japan 127 433 494
11 Mexico 105 700 891
Until recently, Russia was in 9th place. Now it has moved to 8th. Do you think this was due to an increase in the birth rate or are there other reasons?
Indeed, according to statistics, 14 million 422 thousand entered Russia last year foreign citizens, 85% of whom are of working age.
So, what do you think is the topic of our lesson?
MIGRATIONS OF THE POPULATION OF RUSSIA
The epigraph to our lesson will be Baransky’s statement
“People are not migratory birds, and their migration is explained not by biological, but by social laws.”
What goals should we achieve at the end of the lesson? What should we find out?
Get acquainted with the concept of “migration” and its types;
Study the features of migration in the Russian Federation; identify problems that arise when
active migration of the population and determine ways to solve problems.
Throughout the lesson you will fill out the table. Some data has already been entered there, and some, listening carefully to me and your classmates in class, you must fill out yourself. At the end of the lesson we will check this table.
What is migration? (children's answers)
Can we call all population movements migration?
Migrations- population movement crossing administrative or state borders and change permanent place residence. (writing the definition in a notebook)
Migration is also called “Mechanical movement of population”
The whole history of Russia is the development of new territories.
Migration is considered a national phenomenon. To solve problems related to migration, the Federal Migration Service was created.
All migrations can be divided into 2 large groups according to the form of territory development:
1. internal
What do you think these migrations are? Where can you move within the country?
small town - Big city
village - city (urbanization process)
city - village (process of suburbanization)
inter-district
2. External
What kind of migrations are these?
1. immigration
(entry)
2. emigration
(check out)
3. re-emigration
(return of emigrants to their homeland)
Internal migrations account for 80-85%
External 15-20%
Can migrations also be divided by duration?
How do you think?
Open the textbook to page and look at the diagram. Name these types of migrations.
Give examples of migrations.
Seasonal migration– temporary movement of the population caused by the need to attract additional labor for seasonal work, tourism, etc.
Pendulum - regular, usually daily movement of the population from one locality to another to work or study and back. Particularly developed in suburban areas major cities.
What do you think could be the reasons for Migrations? What can make people move from one place of residence to another?
Reasons for migration
Political – disagreement with the existing system.
National – oppression of nationalities.
Religious – hostility based on different religions.
Environmental – environmental pollution.
Economic – problems of an economic nature.
Migrations can also be divided according to the degree of voluntariness; these same migrations can be considered the largest in Russia:
Voluntary
Forced
Forced
Messages from students (Markina, Zaitsev, Ilyin)
In our country there was another unique type of migration - the forced mass eviction of prisoners to hard labor and exile during the period of Stalinist repressions of the 30s - 50s, during this period hundreds of prison camps were created throughout the country. (Nazarova)
Show video.
Let's look at the map on the slide. Name the regions of Russia from which the outflow of population predominates?
A strong outflow of population began from the regions of the Far North and Far East, which previously attracted the population with high wages (“northern coefficients” and “polar bonuses” to wages). Most of the migrants went there for a while to earn money and then spend it in more favorable areas for living (for example, buy a house or apartment, a car, etc.). However, inflation has “eaten up” their savings, and the current income of the population of the North does not compensate for either living in harsh conditions or food costs. For example, the cost of a minimum food package in Magadan is twice as high as the Russian average and three times higher than in the regions of the Central Chernozem region.
Former regions of migration outflow, on the contrary, have become centers of attraction for migrants. This is primarily Central Russia and the Ural-Volga region. Many of those who previously left for the northern and eastern regions.
Migration between urban and rural areas has also changed. The migration outflow from the village to the city has stopped. Moreover, there were even relocations of city dwellers to the countryside (albeit very small in volume). But seasonal migrations of city dwellers to the countryside have become widespread: to relatives, to garden plots, to inherited village houses.
From which countries do people most often come to Russia? Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Belarus, etc.
For what purpose do they come to Russia? (Earnings)
This means we can say that mainly labor migrants come to us. This is how we look compared to other countries.
Video.
Does Russia need immigrants?
Calculations show that, under the accepted hypotheses of changes in fertility and mortality, in order to maintain a constant population size for 50 years, the total volume of net migration to Russia should be from 35 million people (approximately 690 thousand per year, in the case of the most favorable evolution of fertility and mortality, and up to 69 million (about 1.4 million per year) with their unfavorable dynamics.
It turns out that we need immigrants.
So let's check the table. What did you get? (table check)
3. Consolidation
Well, now let's consolidate the knowledge gained. We work in pairs. training in identifying types of migration.
Assignment: Determine what type of migration each participant in the story makes. Maybe several types at the same time.
Ivanov complained that he did not find his friend and ran to share his joy with his sister Natasha. But my sister was also not at home: she signed a contract and went to Nefteyugansk for 2 weeks to supervise oil production in Western Siberia. But he met his aunt, who used to live in Tajikistan, but due to the worsening situation of the Russian population, she moved to live in Russia forever.
“This is migration,” Ivanov thought and went home to pack his bags.
Answer: Ivanov – temporary, seasonal, episodic. Sidorov is an emigrant. Great-grandmother Sidorov - during the war - violent; after victory - repatriation. Natalya (Ivanov’s sister) – labor rotational and expeditionary migration. Aunt Ivanova - re-emigration.
4. RESULT
Well done. We did a good job today. Do you think we have achieved the objectives of the lesson? What new did we learn today?
Grading.
5. D/Z
Paragraph retelling. Additionally. Features of migration of the Orenburg region.
Examples of internal and external migrations
Population migration
Migration (from the Latin “migration”) is the movement of people between individual territories and settlements associated with a permanent, temporary or seasonal change of their place of residence. main reason migration is economic, but political, national, religious and other reasons also play a significant role. The forms of migration are very diverse: every day hundreds of millions of people participate in pendulum (shuttle) work trips due to the large distance between people’s places of residence and work; the scope of seasonal movements is large, associated with seasonal work, trips for recreation and treatment, tourism, as well as religious pilgrimages to holy places.
Population migration is the leading cause of the most important changes that have occurred in the settlement of people on Earth over the past centuries.
Internal migrations
Internal migrations include the movement of population from rural to urban areas, which in many countries is the source of their growth (it is often called the “great migration of peoples of the 20th century”). Territorial redistribution of the population also occurs between large and small cities. Both of these species are very widely represented, particularly in our country.
Colonization and development of new lands are associated with migrations. This type of migration is typical primarily for large countries with sharp contrasts in population density - Russia, Kazakhstan, Canada, Brazil, Australia, China and others.
Although internal migration is typical for all states, in various countries they are at different stages of development. In developing countries, streams of rural residents who do not have land and work rush to cities in search of a better life, and in the most developed countries, “reverse” migrations of the population predominate (from cities to the suburbs, and partly to the countryside).
External migrations
External migrations are divided into emigration (from the Latin “emigro” - moving out) - the departure of citizens from their country to another permanent residence or more or less long term and immigration (from the Latin “immigro” - I move in) - the entry of citizens into another country for permanent residence or a more or less long term.
External migrations, which arose in ancient times, received their greatest development in the era of capitalism. In countries where external migrations of the population are becoming widespread, they can have a significant impact on their numbers (for example, in the USA, Canada, Australia, Israel). Intercontinental migrations that prevailed in the past (including forced ones - the export of tens of millions of slaves from Africa to America in the 16th century - 19th centuries) have now decreased in volume, but inland migration flows have increased. At the same time, the so-called labor migration has become especially widespread. This especially affected Western Europe, which from a center of emigration (existing for several centuries) has turned into a center of attraction for labor from the countries of the Mediterranean and Asia. Important centers of labor immigration are the United States and oil-producing countries of the Middle East.
In the second half of the 20th century, a new form of external migration emerged, called “brain drain.” It first appeared after World War II, when several thousand scientists were exported from Germany to the United States. Nowadays, along with the outflow of “brains” from Europe, there is an outflow of them from developing countries.
Along with economic ones, external migrations are often caused by political reasons. Examples of such a series are the emigration of citizens from fascist Germany, Italy, Francoist Spain, Chile (after Pinochet came to power), the outflow of the white population from former colonies to the metropolis after the collapse of the colonial system in the 50-70s, etc.
Population migration is the movement of people across the borders of certain territories with a change of permanent residence or return to it. There are two types of migration: internal and external (emigration and immigration). Internal migration is relocation from city to city or from village to city, i.e. it does not extend beyond the boundaries of one country. For example, labor migration, which we will specifically focus on later. External - migration in which people leave their country to go to another. This type is very common nowadays. People believe that life is easier in other countries, there are no problems there and everyone has a job. But when they arrive (immigrate), they realize that they were mistaken. Every country has its own problems. The main one is population migration. This is related to the population of the country, which is declining. Different states approach this problem differently. For example, Latin America, which has almost the largest number of states, expresses its negative attitude towards the current emigration situation. And 7.3 million foreigners live in Germany, who make up about 10% of the total population. Migration occurs: from less developed to more economically developed the developed countries(Brazil), in the USA, where about 2.5 million people work from Mexico, El Salvador, Colombia and Jamaica. Natural population losses, characterized by basic demographic indicators, are to a certain extent compensated by increased migration growth. For example, in 1994, 4.3 million people arrived in the cities and villages of the Russian Federation, and 3.4 million people left them. Contrary to numerous forecasts about the impending mass emigration from Russia and other republics of the collapsed USSR, with which the West frightened itself at the turn of the 80-90s, large flows of refugees from the former Soviet republics created the greatest problems precisely for Russia itself. The aggravation of interethnic conflicts in various regions of Russia and neighboring countries led to the flow of refugees and internally displaced persons (mainly Russian-speaking population). According to the Federal migration service, over the past six years, approximately 2.7 million people from neighboring countries have moved to the territory of the Russian Federation. Many of them became victims of changes that were not reflected either on the new maps or in the intergovernmental agreements of the new republics. Among the forced migrants to Russia, the overwhelming majority are Russians, followed by Tatars, Armenians, Ossetians, Georgians, etc. Against expectations, there was a sharp increase in emigration from Russia after the Law on Free Exit and Entry came into force in 1993 , Did not happen. In the last three years, the volume of emigration has fluctuated at 100 thousand people per year. The destinations are very stable: Germany, Israel and the USA. The basis is made up of ethnic emigration (more than half are Germans, then Russians, Jews, etc.). If Germans go mainly to Germany, Jews - to Israel, then the geography of Russian emigration is much wider - they literally explore the whole world. The phenomenon of immigration in Russia is new. Meanwhile, Russia's accession to the UN Refugee Convention creates favorable conditions for the development of this process. Moreover, immigrants come from poor countries. These are people looking for work in Russia; political immigrants who seek asylum in our country (Afghans); as well as transit migrants
Currently, the world is experiencing intense spatial mass mobility of the population. Moreover, international migration is becoming increasingly important as a consequence of the internationalization of life on the entire planet. Migrations generate major changes in the distribution of people both within countries and between them and individual large regions peace.
Accounting migration processes very important for the socio-economic development of any country, since they have a strong influence on the structure and size of the population and on the entire social and economic sphere of society.
There are two types of migration: external (relocation of people from country to country) and internal (relocation of people from region to region within the country). Moreover, leaving one’s country for permanent residence in another is called emigration, and entry is called immigration.
Character and directions migration flows changed in different historical eras depending on various causes and events on a planetary and local scale (development of territories, colonization and decolonization, wars and conflicts, natural and environmental disasters). Let's take a closer look at the main types of migrations.
External migrations can vary in nature, reasons, territorial scope, duration, etc. Speaking about nature, one should first of all distinguish between voluntary and forced migrations. Examples of the latter include the “export” from America (and to a much lesser extent to Europe) in the 16th-19th centuries of tens of millions of black slaves or, for example, the forced deportation of 9-10 million people from the countries it occupied during the Second World War .
The second type is migration associated with contractual labor contracting. Moreover, today the international labor force, caused by relative overpopulation and lack of jobs in dozens of underdeveloped countries and regions of the world, has taken on a much larger scale than before.
At the beginning of the 90s, in Western countries alone there were at least 25 million migrant workers (half of them came from). The largest center of attraction for foreign workers (13 million people) has currently emerged in countries (EU). Other large immigration areas have emerged in the United States, the Gulf countries, and South Africa.
Economic reasons also underlie such a relatively new migration phenomenon as “brain drain.” Moreover, this process has already fully affected Russia and other countries.
Along with economic ones, external migrations can also be caused by political reasons. Examples of this kind are the emigration of almost half a million citizens, mainly “intellectuals” (Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, Lion Feuchtwanger, etc.) from Nazi, fascist and Francoist Germany. After General Pinochet came to power in Chile in the mid-1970s, more than 1 million people left this country, etc.
Political emigration on a large scale also took place in pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR, in, in, and many other countries.
The formation of two states on the territory of the former colony - India and Pakistan, with the subsequent transformation of East Pakistan into a state, led to the resettlement of a total of 18 million people. It was carried out mainly on a religious principle: Hindus moved to Bangladesh, and Muslims moved to Bangladesh.
Based on territorial coverage, it is customary to distinguish between intercontinental and intracontinental migrations. Recently, the second of these types has become predominant.
Based on their duration, migrations are divided into permanent, temporary and seasonal. Most modern labor migrations fall into the category of temporary (one year, several years).
The events of the late 80s - early 90s all over the world, but especially in the East and in the USSR (after its collapse) gave rise to a new wave of external migrations. More than 1 million people immigrated to Germany alone in 1989, including 720 thousand ethnic Germans from the GDR, countries of Eastern Europe and the USSR.
Since 1988, the flow of migrants from the former republics has increased sharply. USSR, primarily “ethnic” and “intellectual” migration. A very serious problem is the migration of the Russian-speaking population from the CIS countries to Russia.
It is impossible not to touch upon another serious problem of our time. An unprecedented number of people on the planet have become refugees in recent years as a result of international and interregional conflicts, civil wars, natural disasters, and often due to poverty. Large flows of refugees have been and are being observed in many countries (India, Sri Lanka, etc.), Africa (
Four main types of spatial population movement can be distinguished. These include episodic, pendulum, seasonal and permanent migrations. All four types of migration are specific in nature, and the populations participating in them pursue completely different goals.
Episodic migrations represent business, recreational and other trips that are not only made regularly in time, but also not necessarily in the same directions. If able-bodied contingents participate in business trips, then the rest of the population also participates in recreational trips. The composition of participants in episodic migration is very diverse. In terms of scale, this type of migration apparently surpasses all others. Unfortunately, it is studied very poorly. The only exception is, perhaps, tourist trips, the volume of which is constantly growing.
Pendulum migrations represent daily or weekly trips of the population from places of residence to places of work (and back) located in different localities. In many countries, a significant part of the urban and rural population participates in pendulum migration. On the most significant scale it occurs in those agglomerations whose centers are large and Largest cities. In a number of countries, the scale of daily commuting migrations is close to the volume of annual irrevocable migrations or even exceeds them. Commuting migrants increase quantitatively and change qualitatively the labor resources of settlements - centers of gravity, where the number of jobs exceeds their own labor resources or does not correspond to the professional and qualification structure of the population. On the other hand, pendulum migration creates conditions for satisfying the diverse labor needs of residents, as a rule, of small settlements, in which the choice of jobs is qualitatively and sometimes quantitatively limited.
Seasonal migrations - this is the movement of mainly the working-age population to places of temporary work and residence for a period, usually several months, while maintaining the possibility of returning to places of permanent residence. Seasonal migration not only raises the real standard of living, although this is very important, but also satisfies the needs of industries experiencing labor shortages. Such migrations arise due to the fact that in the economy of a number of regions the dominant position belongs to industries in which the need for labor is uneven over time. As a result, during busy seasons, these industries experience greater than normal labor demand. Since it cannot be satisfied from local labor resources, additional labor is attracted from other areas.
Industries with a seasonal nature of production include primarily agriculture. In this industry, during the sowing and harvesting seasons, the need for labor is much greater than at other times, especially in winter. The seasonal industries include the processing of agricultural raw materials. The integration of this industry with agriculture significantly reduces the need for seasonal migration. Industries with a seasonal nature, or stages, of production are also logging (rafting), fishing (coastal fishing) and a number of others.
At the same time, the seasonal nature of production is not necessarily accompanied by the seasonal nature of labor. Agro-industrial integration, inter-sectoral cooperation in the use of labor, the use of new technologies and production methods (for example, ocean fishing) essentially negates the need for seasonal migration.
Irreversible view (or resettlement) can be called migration in the strict sense of the word, corresponding to it in etymological terms. This explains the fact that a number of researchers call irrevocable migration complete, complete, i.e., taking place for good. Irreversible migration simultaneously meets two conditions: firstly, the population moves from one settlement to another, and, secondly, the movement is accompanied by a change of permanent residence. The first condition excludes from migration all kinds of population movements within settlements, and the second is return or short-term trips to other populated areas.
Types of migration differ not only in formal characteristics, but also in essence. Thus, irrevocable migration, unlike others, is the most important source of the formation of a permanent population in populated areas. Naturally, there is no insurmountable wall between irrevocable migration and its other types. One type of migration can turn into another or act as its starting point. In particular, episodic, pendulum and seasonal migrations are sometimes the precursors of irrevocable migration, since they create conditions (primarily informational) for choosing a possible permanent place of residence.
Each of these types of migration can be considered in two ways: as interterritorial and intersettlement movement. The movement of a population from one locality to another also means its territorial movement. Moreover, inter-settlement movements can also be intra-territorial. As a general rule, intra-settlement movements are not considered migrations. Both interterritorial and intersettlement movements represent different sections of the same phenomenon - either irrevocable or return migrations.
The classification of interterritorial migrations based on geography depends entirely on the existing administrative structure in the country. In migrations, flows are usually distinguished: intra- and interregional, intra- and inter-republican. Since planning practice also distinguishes large economic regions, including groups of adjacent regions that are economically interconnected, migration is further divided into inter-district and intra-district.
Migration flows can be divided into four directions: within urban areas, i.e. between cities and urban-type settlements; within rural areas, i.e. between rural settlements; between rural and urban settlements, with separate movement from villages to cities (rural-urban migration movement) and from cities to villages (urban-rural movement). The last two directions are usually called rural-urban migration. Let us add that intra-rural migration and population migration from villages to cities are different processes in their social content, as are, indeed, other directions.
Migration of both urban and rural residents is characterized by great diversity, due to the size of the population of settlements, differences in their function and genesis. Just as the forward and reverse movement of migrants is interconnected with the geography of regions, the structure of migration flows is interconnected with the specifics of settlements.
Having clarified the essence of territorial movement and determined its main types, we can move on to defining population migration.
Modern definitions of this phenomenon date back to recent decades. V.I. Perevedentsev gives a detailed analysis of the evolution of the concept of “migration”. Migration translated from Latin (migratio) means movement, relocation. When applied to humanity, the term migration is usually used in conjunction with the term population.
Displacement and resettlement are by no means synonymous. Thanks to this, it became possible to use different terms to refer to migration in the narrow and broad sense of the word. In the narrow sense, migration is a complete type of territorial movement, ending with a change of permanent residence, i.e., in the literal sense of the word it means relocation. The term resettlement, widely used in literature of the 19th century. very accurately reflects the essence of such a phenomenon as migration. In other words, this is a case where precision of definition is not sacrificed for brevity. Territorial displacement is a broader interpretation of migration. Many researchers consider migration in a broad sense, along with irrevocable migration (relocation), also seasonal and pendulum movements. We currently take the view that this is a narrow definition. Migration in the broad sense of the word, as already mentioned, covers all four types of movements: irrevocable, seasonal, pendulum and episodic. The latter do not differ from seasonal ones either in their duration or sometimes in their goals: they can be not only recreational, but also labor. The duration of episodic migration of residents of northern regions for recreational purposes is often longer than seasonal labor migration.
The population is not only a collection of people, but also a specific system of social connections and relationships, thereby acting as a subsystem of “society”.
