thermal springs, lakes Boiling and Goryachee are located in the caldera of the Golovnin volcano, in the southern part of Kunashir Island, 14 km north of the village of Golovnino, South Kuril urban district Sakhalin region.
The lake is called Boiling, as the waters are heated by volcanic gases. Numerous hydro- and simple solfataras are active on the shores of Lake Boiling and in the lake itself, as well as fumaroles - sources of gases and steam coming out of the bowels of the earth on the slopes and at the foot of the volcano.
There are volley emissions of hot water and gases. Swimming in the lake is prohibited, because it is not known when the next release will occur, and there have been cases when people received burns of varying severity.
Near the shore in some places the water boils, swirls in pairs. On the shore, columns of vapors and gases saturated with sulfur burst out with hissing and whistling from holes of various diameters.
Solfatars are located not only along the shores of the lake, but also under water, in its coastal part. The water temperature in the lake ranges from a few degrees (where cold surface streams flow into it) to 90 ° C or more - in the places where the solfataras exit. The temperature of the water in the channel flowing out of the lake is 36°C. Black sulfuric foam floats on the surface of the lake; the shore of the lake is covered with black sulfuric sand, and the bottom is covered with sulfuric silt.
Most of the gas outlets and bubbling springs are in the northwestern corner of the depression. The water along the lake "boils" due to the release of gases from the bottom of the lake. Many wisps of gases make their way to the surface through modern lake sand.
Water from Lake Boiling flows through a channel into Lake Hot. The Japanese at one time, when they mined sulfur here, dug through the overflow and lowered the level of Lake Boiling.
Boiling Lake is not very hot and some people swim carefully. Lake Hot is very cold. You can also swim in the channel between the lakes.
Apparently, due to the explosion of volcanic gases, a large crater with a diameter of about 350 m was inscribed into the southern slope of the dome and the territory adjacent to it. The bottom of the crater is occupied by a hot lake 236 m in diameter and 22 m deep (Fig. 22).
As of September 1973 given short description twenty hot springs of the Central solfataric field, made by Yu.A. Anikiev:
Source 1 (First). Source near the shore of the lake. Dimensions 2x1 m, dark color. In the middle, a rapid release of gas bubbles. The water temperature in the source is 93°C, pH = 5.
Source 2 (Small). A small puddle up to 50 cm in size, from the bottom of which there are several outlets for hot water and gases. The source has a drain in the lake. Boiling. Water temperature 92°C, pH=5. The water is clear with a gray tint.
Source 3 (Sour). A shallow oval cauldron with an average radius of 1.5 m. The color of the water is gray with a green tint. On the surface of the sulfur film. In different places, a calm exit of gas bubbles is observed. The water temperature in the boiler at different points differs by 1-2°C. The average temperature is 60°C, pH=1.5.
Source 4 (Triple). Three adjacent shallow boilers with dark hot water, temperature 92°C. A calm release of gases is observed, pH = 3.
Source 5. Dark gray puddle with a fountain of gas bubbles in the middle. Size 2x2 m, temperature 95°С, pH= 2.0.
Source 6. A small puddle of dark gray color with the release of gas bubbles on the surface. Temperature 95°C, pH=3.
Source 7 (Kotel). The cauldron is 80 cm in diameter and 50 cm deep. Dark oily mud "boils" at the bottom. Temperature 96°C, pH not measured.
Source 8 (Stormy). Hot fountain of dark gray liquid with gas bubbles. Temperature 94°C, pH = 3.5.
Source 9 (Light). Fountain of transparent water with bubbles of gas. Fountain height 20-30 cm. Temperature 95°C, pH = 5.
Source 10 (Big). A small lake with a diameter of 5 m of dark gray water. There is a large fountain in the middle of the lake. Temperature 87°C, pH = 5.0.
Source 11 (Calm). A small puddle, light gray in color, from the bottom of which small bubbles of gas rise. Water temperature 89°C, pH = 4.
Source 12 (Quiet). A shallow cauldron, light gray opaque water. Rare release of gas bubbles. Temperature 84 C, pH = 4.5.
Source 13 (Mud). A mud volcano in which dark mud "boils" in large bubbles. Temperature 89 C, pH not measured.
Source 14 (Green). A small depression measuring 2x2 m with clear green water, temperature 76 C, pH=8.1. The source has a drain into Lake Boiling. At the bottom of this drain there are deposits of a white jelly-like mass.
Source 15 (Dark). A small depression with dark water and a slight release of gas bubbles. Temperature 61 C, pH=5.
Source 16 (Saladny). A small puddle of light green clear water. Gas bubbles are periodically observed from the bottom. Temperature 49°C, pH=8.6.
Source 17. A stream flowing from Lake Boiling. The width of the stream is ~1.5 m, the depth is about 20 cm. The flow rate is 156 l/sec. The temperature of the flowing water in the stream is 34.5°C. pH=4. (Measured August 20, 1973).
Source 18 (Curly). Near a fresh stream 20 m from south coast lake Boiling. There is a rapid release of gas bubbles over the entire surface. The escaping gas is suffocating and leaves a bitter taste in the mouth.
Source 19 (Black). A deepening with black water measuring 1 x 1.5 m. The water acquires black color due to the formation of a black jelly-like sediment. Temperature = 54°C, pH = 7.5.
Source 20 (Transparent). Two puddles of clear water with a gray tint. Weak release of gas bubbles. There is a gray film on the surface. At the bottom of the gray "jelly". Temperature = 70°C, pH = 4.0.
It should be noted the observed shaking of the soil on the shore of the lake in the area of the source "First". It is likely that there are voids in the depths of the rock, in which gas and steam under high pressure periodically break through, thus causing small rock vibrations.
In addition to the described field, there are four more solfataric fields in the caldera of Golovnin volcano.
Central Western Solfatar Field
It is located on the north side of the Western Central Dome, where its wall was apparently broken by an explosion of volcanic gases. In the lower part of the field, a few tens of meters from the caldera lake, a very small but very hot stream flows out of a small crack (T=98.5°C).
The water of the stream, to a large extent, apparently, is a natural condensate of solfataric vapors.
Turtle solfatar field
Associated with the "turtle" structure (Markhinin, 1959). Many solfataras are located linearly along the northwestern edge of the structure among loose, destroyed lacustrine gravelstones. Below and further to the northwest, small hot springs and numerous outcrops of solfataras are confined to heavily decomposed, whitewashed, clay-turned rocks. Many wisps of gas make their way from the bottom of the caldera lake.
Nabokov solfatara field
Located on the northeastern shore of the caldera lake. It is 70 meters long and 40 meters wide. 35 m from the shore of the lake there are 4 weak springs with a temperature of 38-52°C and pH = 6. Noticeably weak emission of gas bubbles. Sources are in the process of extinction.
Nameless solfataric field
Located on the shore of the caldera lake. The exits of the solfatara are concentrated in two points: directly on the shore of the lake and a few tens of meters from it on the shore of a 2-5-meter terrace. This solfataric field is especially characterized by the development of mud pots, which are 1-1.3 m in diameter and 0.5-1 m deep.
Underwater fumarole field (according to K.K. Zelenov, 1963)
It is located in the northwestern part of the caldera lake on an underwater slope with a steepness of 40-50°. It occupies an area of approximately 400 m2, from which numerous streams of gas rise. Within the boundaries of the field, the lake bottom is clearly distinguished by the whitish color of the rocks, which can be seen directly from the shore. The water of the lake in this place has a blue tint and is highly opalescent.
When volcanic gases pass through the lake water, sulfur and chloride gases dissolve, enriching the water with chlorides and sulfates. A similar process is displayed by the composition of gas condensates. As a result, the freely released gas of lake water consists almost entirely of carbon dioxide. The presence of a large amount of hydrogen sulfide (up to 48%) in the composition of freely released gases of hot springs indicates, apparently, that in these sources the process of dissolution of sulfur dioxide does not have time to reach its end.
The waters of the hot springs of the Golovnin Volcano and the Boiling Lake of the Central Eastern Group differ in chemical composition.
The springs are classified as hot, methane-hydrogen sulfide-carbonic, highly acidic (pH = 1.3-3.0), moderately mineralized, sulfate aluminum-hydrogen thermal springs. In the water of the springs, a sharply increased content of hydrogen sulfide (164 mg/l), iron (up to 200 mg/l) and silicic acid should be noted. In addition, in her in large numbers contains manganese (up to 1.7 mg/l), strontium (up to 1.8 mg/l), bromine (up to 3.1 mg/l), fluorine (up to 1.6 mg/l) and phosphorus (up to 5 mg /l).
An exception is the "boiling reservoir" in the Central Eastern group with less acidic (pH = 6.5), sulfate-bicarbonate-magnesium-calcium waters. Moreover, these waters contain 124 mg/l of hydrogen sulfide.
The water of the Boiling Lake is also strongly acidic (pH = 2.3-3.7). At the greatest distance from coastal sources (temperature 31°C), the water contains 880 mg/l (82% equiv.) of chlorine and 450 mg/l (54% equiv.) of sodium). As you approach the fumaroles (temperature up to 97°C), the content of sulfates, silicic acid, iron, hydrogen increases and the amount of chlorine and sodium sharply decreases.
The water of the channel from the lake has a sulfate-chloride-calcium-sodium composition.
Thus, lake waters are carbonic, highly acidic, slightly mineralized, sulfate-chloride calcium-sodium. In water, as well as in hot springs, the content of biologically active components is sharply increased: silicic acid, iron, hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus. At the same time, it is interesting to note that boron is absent in the waters of hot springs, and the water of the lake contains up to 50 mg/l of metaboric acid.
The water of the underwater fumarole field differs sharply from the rest of the water of the caldera lake and from the waters mineral springs(K.K. Zelenov, 1963). If in the water of mineral springs aluminum and iron predominate in cations, and sulfate in anions, then in the water of the underwater fumarole field, sodium, calcium and magnesium sharply predominate in cations, and chlorine in anions. K.K. Zelenov explains this by the fact that “with a direct exit into a vast body of water, the dissolving gases are not able to form concentrated acids of the type of terrestrial therms. Therefore, the acidic decomposition of therms in the form observed on land does not occur under water and only a relatively small amount of easily soluble alkali metals. The predominance of chlorine can be explained by the high solubility of hydrogen chloride, while hydrogen sulfide is oxidized to elemental sulfur and only partially turns into sulfate ion. Fine particles of liberated sulfur, clearly visible under water, just form those light spots around gas outlets, which create a general white background of the fumarole field. CO2 does not dissolve in water and makes up the bulk (82.5%) of gases escaping into the atmosphere. "
V.V. Ivanov (1956, 1958) classifies the waters of the mineral springs of the Golovnin volcano as surface-forming fumaroles, and the waters of the hot lake as deep-forming fumaroles.
The waters of the sources of the Golovnin volcano are sour in taste, transparent, and smell of hydrogen sulfide.
Coordinates: 43.863760 145.501470
The dream where you swim in the lake portends a hidden danger threatening you.
Sailing on the lake in a rowboat - commit an extravagant act that you bitterly repent of.
If you are sailing on a large lake on big ship- there is a long journey ahead, which will bring you a lot of new experiences.
Water skiing on the lake means the desire to speed up the course of events, which is unlikely to succeed.
Catching fish in the lake is a long absence of your husband, when you have to pull the whole load of worries around the house alone.
A calm lake in calm weather means a happy marriage and complete understanding between spouses who love each other.
A stormy lake in bad weather portends obstacles in love.
clear lake with clear water, through which the coastal bottom is visible, indicates that you will fully fulfill your duty towards your parents.
Dirty water in the lake - your plans will be destroyed by the intervention of competitors.
The muddy bottom of the lake - you will be drawn into a dubious enterprise, because of which you will lose the favor of an influential person.
Clean sandy bottom - do what you like.
The swampy deserted shore of a dreaming lake means that you are under the influence of false beliefs.
The wooded shore is a sign of affection and friendly disposition.
Drowning in the lake - you will find yourself in a critical situation, out of which you can only thanks to resourcefulness and cunning.
Seeing a mermaid in the lake is a dream warning: do not give in to illusions that can lead you to a dead end.
To see the famous monster in Loch Ness Lake - you will succeed in what you have been striving for so long and unsuccessfully so far.
Subscribe to the channel Dream Interpretation!
Hydrologists have determined that there are only about 5 million lakes on Earth. There are about 2 million 850 thousand of them on the territory of the CIS (considering water bodies with an area of more than 10 hectares as lakes).
Most big lake in the world - Caspian lake, which, because of its huge size, is even called the sea. It has an area of 376 thousand square meters. km and the greatest depth - 1025 m.
Among freshwater lakes, Lake Superior is considered the largest in terms of area on the globe, located in North America. Its area is 82.4 thousand square meters. km. It is part of the world's largest single freshwater sea, consisting of 5 lakes: Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie and Ontario. It contains 23 thousand cubic meters. km fresh water Earth.
The largest underground lake located in the African Republic of Namibia. It is located in a karst cave with the peculiar name "Drachen hauklok", which means "dragon's nostrils". Warm air constantly comes out of the cave. underground lake is located at a depth of 59 m. Its area is 1.9 hectares, the depth is 200 m, and its unusually clear water at any time of the year has a constant temperature of about +24 degrees. The mystery of the increase in the temperature of this lake has not yet been solved. If it had something to do with volcanic activity, the water in it would be mineralized, while here it is of well purity.
From freshwater lakes the longest is the African Lake Tanganyika. It stretches for 670 km from north to south. Interestingly, in terms of its depth (1435 m), this lake is second only to Baikal - it is of exactly the same origin. Tanganyika, like Baikal, receives many rivers, but releases only one. But if in winter Baikal freezes for 5 months, and the water in it never heats up above +12 degrees, then in Tanganyika it does not cool below +23 degrees. But in terms of water reserves, Baikal is 2 times richer than Tanganyika.
fresh- salt Lake . Balkhash is the only lake in the CIS countries that has different water. It is divided into two parts by a narrow strait - eastern and western. In the first - brackish water, in the second - fresh. The area of this Kazakh lake is extremely "mobile": from 17 to 22 thousand square meters. km, its greatest depth is 26.5 m.
hottest lake in Kamchatka - Fumarole. average temperature water in it + 50 degrees. The secret of this natural "bath" is that it heats up the lake next to the Uzon volcano.
The largest alpine lake in the CIS - Sevan, located in Armenia. Its area is about 1240 sq. km. It is located at an altitude of 1903 m above sea level. IN this moment the greatest depth - up to 52 m.
"Highest" lake on Earth is Lake Arport-tso in China. It is located at an altitude of 5465 m above sea level in Tibet.
The largest among alpine lakes considered the South American lake Titicaca. Its height above sea level is 3812 m, and its area is 8300 sq. km. The lake, despite such a height, never freezes and has a constant temperature of +11 degrees. Titicaca is still a mystery to scientists. It turns out that the chemical composition of its water is the same as in the Pacific Ocean. In addition, it is home to many representatives of the ocean fauna, and even sharks. And this is in a lake located at such a height! But that's not all: on its shores, the ruins of very ancient cities built by unknown people with the remains of port buildings were found ... All this indicates that Titicaca was not always a lake and was associated with Pacific Ocean. But how many thousands of years did it take for the lake to rise so high above the ocean? What then is the age of the ruins of the cities located on its banks?
Most deep lake on the ground- Siberian Lake Baikal. Its average depth is 730 meters, the deepest place is 1620 meters. Baikal is considered the world's largest natural reservoir of fresh water, which contains about 23 thousand cubic meters. km - this is much more than in the Baltic Sea. The area of Lake Baikal is 31.5 thousand square meters. km.
dead lake. An unusual reservoir, which is called dead lake, is located in Kazakhstan, in the village of Gerasimovka, Taldy-Kurgan region. There is nothing alive in its pool, which is 100×60 meters in size. Scientists suggest that a very toxic gas is released from a crevice at the bottom of the lake, which kills all life. And one more specific feature of the Dead Lake is that the water in it is icy even in the summer heat.
ghost lake. It appears, then ... the lake Ertso, located in South Ossetia near the city of Tskhinval, completely disappears. Its area in the "high water" is about 0.5 square meters. km. The lake lies at an altitude of 2000 m above sea level. Every 3-5 years, the lake… disappears, as if someone had taken out the cork in a large bathtub. Water from the lake pours into an underground reservoir for about a month. Sometimes this disappearance occurs in winter. Then the ice that covered the surface of the lake becomes the ceiling of a gigantic vault. The ceiling often falls ... to the bottom. Only newts live in the lake. Fish in such an unreliable reservoir, apparently, “avoids” settling. Scientists interpret the phenomenon of the disappearing lake by existence under its bottom karst caves, where and from where from time to time, depending on the "mood" of groundwater, lake water overflows.
salt lakes. It is simply impossible to drown in a salt lake, even if a person does not know how to swim at all. After all, the Tuvan lake Dus-Khol (which means "salt lake") is a natural concentrated salt solution.
In the territory former USSR the saltiest lake is Baskunchak. Nothing living can live in it.
sweet lake. IN Chelyabinsk region in the Urals amazing lake- Sweet. In it, laundry is washed without soap and even oil stains are washed off. The water of the lake contains table salt and soda, which, as you know, has a sweetish aftertaste. The presence of these elements in a certain chemical combination gives special qualities to the water of Lake Sladkoe.
"Floating" lake. The Uzon Volcano, located in Kamchatka, is not only a giant gray-black crater with steep walls and an icy lake at the bottom. This is also its caldera - a grassy plain with rare hills overgrown with birch, cedar and mountain ash. This is an abundance of warm, cold and hot lakes, boiling springs, mud pots. One of the curiosities of the Uzon caldera is the so-called "floating" lake. The released gases sometimes cover its entire surface with small and large bubbles.
The largest swamp on the planet covering an area of 46,950 sq. km is located in the basin of the Pripyat River - a tributary of the Dnieper.
In the south of the island of Kunashir is the caldera of Golovnin volcano - the southernmost volcano of the Kuril chain. This active volcano, last eruption which happened already in historical time - around 1848.
A characteristic feature of this volcano is the absence of a clearly defined cone - once upon a time, thousands of years ago, there was a giant explosion comparable to the explosion of Tambor or Krakatoa. The cone was destroyed, only a ring of mountains remained from it - the caldera. With subsequent eruptions and increased activity, new cones began to grow at the bottom of the caldera and near it, of which there are now 5-6. There are two lakes in the caldera - Hot and Boiling. The first occupies the northern half of the caldera and is essentially not hot (the water in it is at a normal temperature for the Kunashir lakes, and only near its two solfataric fields is its increase observed). The second lake is the de facto main attraction of Kunashir and the southern Kuriles in general - this is the Boiling Lake, formed in an explosive funnel that arose during an eruption a hundred and fifty years ago. At the same time, the central eastern cone also grew, rising more than 100 meters above the caldera floor during this time. The boiling lake, which is remarkable, does not boil over most of its surface either - it is so named because of the steam that rises above it in wet weather.
The caldera of the Golovnin volcano is unique in its ongoing volcanic activity. From the bottom of the Boiling Lake, a jet of superheated steam and boiling water can suddenly hit - that is why swimming in it is dangerous for life. One of the solfataric fields of Lake Goryachy once erupted a stream of liquid sulfur, which poured into the lake and solidified there in a bizarre tongue. A layer of siliceous rock steamed with other solfataras turned into a silicic acid gel, better known to us as silica gel. One fine day, the staff of the reserve, descending into the caldera, discovered a strip of dead vegetation several hundred meters wide and about two kilometers long - a trace of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide from one of the cones.
Despite all this, the caldera and the Boiling Lake are definitely worth a visit. It is only very important to be especially careful there, and not to meddle where a person is not supposed to be ...
Boiling lake.
Its name is figurative. Water has a temperature of 50-80 o C and boils only at the foot of the volcanic cone - where the fumaroles are located.
The caldera of the Golovnin volcano is the remnant of an ancient explosive eruption. It has a diameter of about 5 km.
Descent to the caldera.
Road to the Boiling. The yellow vegetation is not grass, but Kuril bamboo. Mountains visible in the background Japanese island Hokkaido.
Bottom of the caldera. Bamboo thickets at Lake Goryachechee.
Central eastern volcanic cone. Together with Lake Boiling, it arose during an eruption presumably in 1848.
In wet weather, the lake really seems to be boiling...
Lake Shore.
There are fumaroles at the foot of the cone.
We come closer.
The water in this puddle boils.
Bubbles of boiling mud often occur.
Rockfalls are frequent from the slope above the lake.
Martian landscape. This channel with white hot water connects the Boiling and Hot lakes.
Farewell look at the lake.
And the caldera.
A distant and mysterious land - Kamchatka. The land is also virgin, still little explored and still almost not mastered by man. It is not surprising that there are many mysterious things here, including a life-threatening person.
Deadly Fumarole Lake
There are many volcanoes in Kamchatka, the landscapes around which literally fascinate with their kind of piercing beauty. No exception in this regard is Lake Fumarolnoe at the foot of the Uzon volcano, which looks more like a huge bowl of hot water floating in cool air.
Indeed, even on the surface of this unique reservoir, the temperature of the liquid is about 50 degrees Celsius, and in the depths, the water simply boils. This is the hottest lake in Russia.
The name of the reservoir "Fumarole" can be translated as a source of hot gases, but it would be more correct to say - a source of poisonous gases, since the haze over this lake is not just a harmless park from hot water, but various gas formations that are deadly to all living things. For this reason, there is not even a path to Fumarolnoye Lake - neither tourists nor hunters with fishermen go here, rare visitors to the mysterious reservoir - scientists who explore not only the lake itself, but also the influence of the Uzon volcano on it.
The reservoir is relatively large, about 600 meters long and 300 meters wide, its depth reaches 25 meters. In addition, it is so beautiful that it is difficult to take your eyes off, but it is better to admire this lake in photographs or videos without approaching this natural “trap” - it is deadly!
death valley
Who does not know the famous Valley of Geysers of Kamchatka (see the video below about it), it was in this place, fantastic in its beauty and contrast, that the wonderful film “Sannikov Land” was filmed in Soviet times. However, few people have heard that not far from this life-affirming valley there is another one - the Valley of Death.
The most interesting thing is that until the mid-seventies of the last century about this creepy place no one even knew. Firstly, Kamchatka is huge and little studied so far, and the Death Valley is not so big - about 2 kilometers long and half a kilometer wide. In 1975, forester V.Kalyaev and volcanologist V.Leonov, who were studying Kronotsky, accidentally got into this dangerous canyon. nature reserve this edge. It almost cost them their lives. In subsequent years, many expeditions of scientists visited here, trying to understand what kills animals and birds in this valley, including humans, if he turns out to be so careless that he does not leave bad place As soon as possible.
At first glance, everything seems simple - all life here is killed by volcanic gases, like carbon monoxide. However, why do animals and birds in the canyon die almost instantly? Then scientists suggested that these gases may contain, say, cyanogen chloride, which in its action is similar to cyanide poisons. But this theory is also bursting at the seams, since the concentration of cyanogen chloride in this case should be very large, cause tearing, but this is not observed. Moreover, cyanide poisons kill all living things, including bacteria, while animals and birds poisoned in the Death Valley do not turn into mummies, but quietly decompose ...
The valley of death still remains an unsolved mystery of a distant and fantastic land - Kamchatka. However, there are many other mysteries here, it’s like a snuffbox of an old and kind wizard, in which real fairy-tale miracles are collected ...
