Basic principles of formation of ship premises. The premises of fishing vessels are formed primarily by dividing the main hull into a number of compartments by transverse bulkheads. The final compartments (bow - forepeak and stern - afterpeak) are usually used to receive water or ballast. In the forepeak there is a small enclosure for placing anchor chains - a chain box. The shape and size of these compartments do not allow them to be put to better use. The remaining compartments of the main hull are used for cargo spaces - holds, to accommodate the power plant, fish processing shops and technological lines.
The height of the main hull is divided by decks and platforms. On multi-deck ships, decks are numbered from top to bottom, starting with the upper continuous deck (main).
Most dry cargo ships, including fishing vessels, have a double bottom - a space occupied by a bottom frame and separated from holds and other rooms by a second bottom flooring. A double bottom, divided into compartments - tanks, is used to receive liquid ballast in order to increase the stability margin (non-capsize), as well as for storing liquid fuel and supplies fresh water. The presence of a second bottom increases the unsinkability of the vessel in case of damage to the outer bottom. On tankers, the second bottom is installed only in the engine room area.
Collectively, all ship spaces are divided as follows: cargo spaces and ballast tanks, office premises, accommodations for crew and passengers.
Cargo spaces of dry cargo ships include
holds and tween decks (between-deck space). To keep the cargo in the holds, the second bottom flooring is covered with wooden flooring made of pine boards (payol) 40-60 mm thick, 60-100 mm wide.
To close the bilges (catchment space) formed by the outermost double-bottom sheet and the outer skin, removable wooden panels are used, which are placed on the zygomatic brackets.
To protect the cargo from damage by the on-board set, longitudinal slats are used - fishbins with a thickness of 40-50 mm and a width of 100 - 120 mm. They are placed along the hull of the vessel in special brackets at a distance of 200-250 mm from each other.
On refrigerated ships, cargo spaces have special thermal insulation made of cork, polystyrene foam, etc. Two layers of tongue and groove boards are laid on top of the insulation, and they are covered with anti-corrosion aluminum sheets on top. The holds are cooled by cold air supplied from refrigeration units through pipes, or by batteries located on the sides.
On some fishing vessels, cargo is transported in special cells - attics, made of boards laid in the grooves of special pillars and plinths. Attic transportation eliminates deformation of containers and fish products.
When transporting bulk cargo, permanent or removable longitudinal bulkheads (shifting boards) are used to avoid spilling them.
To increase fuel or water reserves, and sometimes for ballasting, ships are provided with special tanks located outside the double bottom. These include deep tanks, occupying space from side to side, and in height - from the second bottom to the lower deck; onboard tanks located in the area of the engine room or holds.
On large fishing vessels, intra-hold mechanization of loading and unloading operations is provided - elevators and conveyors, and on transport refrigerators - electric cars.
Office premises include engine room, refrigerator room, wheelhouse, navigation room, radio room, tiller room, log shaft, echo sounder, gyrocompass room, service and utility rooms (lantern room, painting room, skipper's storerooms).
The engine room is usually located in the middle or aft part of the vessel. Here are the main and auxiliary engines, electric generators, and the main power distribution board. If a steam engine or turbine is used as the main engine, they are usually placed in one compartment, and steam boilers in another compartment (boiler room).
Rotation from the engine to the propeller is transmitted using propeller shaft, which is located in the propeller shaft tunnel, which has a slight expansion at the end - recess.
To ensure natural ventilation, a shaft is provided above the engine room, which ends with a skylight - the engine hood. The skylight covers have portholes.
The steering and charthouses are the place where the navigational duties are carried out. From here the operation of the vessel as a whole is controlled. The wheelhouse is equipped with a steering column, track magnetic compass, gyrocompass repeaters, engine telegraph, radars, fish-finding devices, various signaling devices. On modern ships, many of these devices are installed in a remote control version. In the chart room, which is always adjacent to the wheelhouse, there is a navigation and storage table nautical charts. Part of the navigational instruments (direction finders, receiver indicators of radio navigation and satellite systems, echo sounder depth indicators, log repeaters) and navigational work tools are also located here.
On old-built vessels of the BMRT type there are two wheelhouses: bow (running) and stern (fishing - for steering the vessel while working with fishing gear). On modern RTM vessels of the "Atlantic" type, BMRT of the "Prometheus" type, BMRT of the "Horizon" type and others, the vessel is controlled from a single navigation and fishing room.
The radio room is located in the area of the navigation bridge or in close proximity to it. This is dictated by the need for prompt communication between the radio operator and the watch officer.
The log and echo sounder shafts are made separate or combined. They are made in the form of a sealed pipe, in the lower part of which, near the bottom, there is a central log device with a receiving tube and an echo sounder sending unit with vibrators.
All gyrocompass devices are located in the gyrocompass room, with the exception of peripheral ones.
Service and utility premises, as a rule, are placed under the forecastle due to their increased fire hazard. This arrangement allows you to keep these premises under surveillance and prevent dangerous situations in a timely manner. All office premises differ from others in that staying in them is permitted only for official purposes.
Premises for crew and passengers are divided as follows: residential, public, utility, sanitary and hygienic, medical.
Living quarters on ships are usually located in superstructures and deckhouses. First of all, for this purpose they strive to use the middle superstructure - a place least susceptible to pitching and flooding.
On modern ships, the living quarters of command personnel are, as a rule, single cabins, and for ordinary personnel, depending on the size of the ship and purpose, they are single, double and less often four-berth cabins. Cabins are usually located along the sides of the ship, which allows for natural light and ventilation through portholes.
On passenger ships, living quarters are located not only in superstructures and deckhouses, but also in inter-deck spaces. Cabins for passengers are divided into classes. Single and double cabins Classes I and II are usually found in the mid superstructure and deckhouses, while Class III four-berth cabins are found on the lower decks.
Cabins are usually arranged along a corridor system. The doors open into the cabins to allow free movement along the corridors.
Public premises are a dining room and a lounge for the crew, a wardroom for the command staff, on large modern ships there are gyms, swimming pools, rest rooms, etc. On passenger ships, public premises are usually much larger. These could be restaurants, canteens, smoking rooms, music salons, cinema halls, reading rooms, children's cabins, gyms, etc.
Utility premises include a galley, bakery, provision pantry, pantry, and storage rooms.
Sanitary and hygienic premises are divided into sanitary (laundries, dryers, ironing rooms for bed linen and work clothes) and sanitary and hygienic (washbasins, showers, baths, toilets, etc.).
Medical facilities include an isolation ward, a hospital, and an outpatient clinic. On floating bases, as a rule, there are operating rooms, x-rays, dental rooms and others.
Requirements for ship premises. To ensure the safety of cargo, cargo areas are thoroughly cleaned before loading and, if necessary, washed. After washing the holds, the water from the bilges is completely pumped out and the holds are dried using natural ventilation and sometimes heaters. Bilge wells are thoroughly cleaned of dirt. Fresh water tanks should be kept extremely clean. They are cleaned of dirt at least once every 6 months, as well as before the start of each long voyage.
Morning cleaning is carried out daily in residential areas. The cabins of the senior officers and the wardroom are cleaned by the barman, the team dining room and the command staff's cabins are cleaned by the orderly, the common areas are cleaned by the cleaner, the team cabins are cleaned by the crew members living in them. If infectious diseases are detected on the ship, the patient is isolated and the room is disinfected.
If signs of harmful insects (fleas, mosquitoes) appear on the vessel
pov, cockroaches) disinsection is carried out using dust, fluorophos, dichlorvos and other preparations.
On ships traveling abroad twice a year, and on other ships once, deratization is carried out - fumigation of premises with poisonous gases to exterminate rodents.
At least once a week, open decks are washed on the ship using soap solutions and sand.
Questions for self-control
1. Name the characteristics by which ships are classified.
2. Name the most common types and design numbers of fishing vessels.
3. Name the main characteristics of the ship's hull.
4. Name the types of ship sets and elements of power structures.
5. Name the premises for the transportation of cargo and ship stores.
6. Name the office premises.
7. Name the accommodations for the crew and passengers.
8. List the requirements for ship premises.
The general arrangement of the ship is understood as the general layout in the hull, superstructures and deckhouses of all premises intended to accommodate on the ship the main and auxiliary mechanisms, ship equipment, ship stores, transported cargo, crew and passengers, as well as all service posts, household, utility and sanitary premises. Their relative arrangement, layout and equipment depend mainly on the type and purpose of the vessel, the size of the vessel, as well as the requirements placed on it.
To orient the location of a particular room on a ship, the following names of decks and inter-deck spaces are adopted (see Fig. 1).
In the hull (from top to bottom): upper deck, second deck, third deck (on multi-deck ships the last deck is called the lower deck), second bottom. In superstructures and deckhouses (from bottom to top): the deck of the first tier of the superstructure (forecastle, poop, middle superstructure), the deck of the second tier of the deckhouse, the deck of the third tier of the deckhouse, and so on. Sometimes these terms are supplemented with names that characterize the purpose of the decks: pleasure deck, saloon deck, boat deck, sports deck, lower (navigation) bridge, upper (navigation) bridge.
The position of the room along the length and width of the vessel is indicated, respectively, by the numbers of the frames that limit the room along the length, and by the name of the side on which the room is located (starboard and left sides - PrB and LB).
Fig.2.1. Names of decks and inter-deck spaces
1 - second bottom; 2 – second platform; 3 - first platform; 4 - third (lower) deck; 5 - second deck; 6 - upper deck; 7 - deck of the superstructure of the first tier (deck of the forecastle, poop deck, etc.); 8 - wheelhouse deck of the second tier (promenade deck); 9 - deckhouse deck of the third tier (boat deck); 10 - deckhouse deck of the IV tier (lower, navigation bridge); 11 - wheelhouse deck of the V tier (upper, navigation bridge).
Fig.2.2. Example of a general layout drawing
Names of the main parts of the vessel:
Ship's premises
Depending on the purpose, all ship premises are divided into special, service, residential, public, consumer services, catering, sanitary and hygienic, medical purposes, workshops, ship supplies and fuel, water, oil and water ballast compartments.
Special Depending on the purpose of the vessel, the premises serve: to accommodate cargo (cargo holds) - on cargo and cargo-passenger ships; for special technological equipment for fish processing - on fishing vessels; for laboratories - on research vessels. Special ones also include hangars for placing helicopters on board ships and rooms for their maintenance.
Service the premises are designed to ensure normal operation of the vessel as a floating structure. These include:
Premises of main and auxiliary mechanisms;
Premises for the placement of deck mechanisms and mechanisms of ship systems - tiller compartment, carbon dioxide fire extinguishing stations, remote cargo level measurement station, fuel receiving and dispensing stations, fan rooms, air conditioning rooms, etc.;
- wheelhouses, navigation rooms and posts - steering room, navigation room, radio room, log and echo sounder room, gyrocompass room, fire stations, emergency stations, automatic telephone exchange, broadcast room, battery room, aggregate room, etc.;
- workshops - mechanical, plumbing, electrical, welding station, repair shop for watercraft, instrumentation, etc.;
- administrative premises - ship, engine room, cargo office, administrator's office, ship archive, dispatch room, etc.
Living spaces(cabins) are intended for permanent residence of the ship's crew and for accommodating passengers. Crew cabins are divided into command cabins and crew cabins, differing in location, area and equipment. Crew quarters designed to accommodate more than four people are usually called a forecastle. Passenger cabins, depending on their location, area, number of seats and equipment, are divided into luxury cabins, cabins of I, II and III classes. On most modern liners, class II and III cabins are usually replaced by one, so-called tourist class. On passenger ships of local lines, premises for seating are provided.
Public premises serve for organizing and holding various cultural events, collective recreation and meals for crew and passengers. This category includes public premises for the ship's crew and separate public premises for passengers, as well as areas on open decks and passage rooms.
The public premises of the crew include a wardroom, salons for officers and crew, canteens for command staff and crew, dining rooms for command staff and crew, smoking rooms, a gym, a swimming pool, a room for sports activities, a library, and cabins for public organizations. Large sea vessels have cinema halls.
Public premises for passengers include restaurants, canteens, buffets, bars, cafes, salons (music, smoking, games, recreation), concert hall, gym, swimming pools, library with reading room, children's rooms. Outdoor deck areas include verandas, promenade decks, solariums, outdoor swimming pools (for adults and children), sports fields, dance floors and so on. Passage spaces include corridors, vestibules, lobbies, foyers, and closed promenade decks.
Medical premises include an outpatient clinic, a doctor's reception room, an operating room, X-ray, dental and other rooms (on ships with a large number of passengers), an infirmary, an isolation ward, a pharmacy, medical and sanitary storerooms. Typically, a complex of medical care facilities on ships is called a medical unit.
Ship's stores premises and supplies are used to store supplies of provisions, skipper, navigation and other ship supplies. These include: non-refrigerated provision pantries (for dry provisions, bread, flour) and refrigerated ones (for wet provisions, meat, fish, vegetables, dairy products, fats, canned food), as well as refrigerated chambers; utility storage rooms - for storing rugs, carpets, covers, sports equipment, cleaning equipment; skipper's storerooms - skipper's, painting, lamp, carpentry, rigging, awnings and tarpaulins, sailing; navigational and navigational storerooms - navigational equipment, maps and other things; linen and clothing storage rooms.
Compartments and tanks are used to accommodate liquid cargo - oil, water, oil and water ballast. In addition to the compartments formed by the structures of the main hull and intended to accommodate the bulk of liquid cargo, ships also have tanks in which large, consumable reserves of fuel, water and oil are placed (the so-called loose tanks).
The main hull includes all spaces formed by the outer plating, the upper continuous deck, as well as decks, platforms, main transverse and longitudinal bulkheads and partitions located inside the hull. There are rooms formed by main bulkheads, decks and platforms - compartments and other ship spaces formed by enclosures and platforms in superstructures, deckhouses, as well as in the main hull.
The most important compartments of the main body include: forepeak- extreme nasal compartment; afterpeak- extreme aft compartment; double bottom space- the space between the outer skin and the second bottom; hold- the space between the second bottom and the nearest deck; twin decks- spaces between adjacent decks of the main hull; deep tanks- deep tanks located above the second bottom; rubber dams- narrow oil- and gas-tight dry compartments located between compartments or tanks for oil products and adjacent rooms; compartments of main and auxiliary mechanisms, propeller shaft tunnel- on ships with MKO in the middle part of the ship, etc.
The presence of one or another of the above compartments on specific vessels is determined by the purpose and design of the vessel.
The superstructures are located on the upper continuous deck of the main hull. They extend across the width of the vessel, either from side to side, or so that their side walls are somewhat spaced from the sides, but not more than 0.04 of the width of the vessel (otherwise they are called deckhouses). Superstructures serve not only to accommodate premises, but also to improve the seaworthiness of the vessel.
Bow superstructure– tank– reduces deck flooding, aft superstructure– ut– by increasing the freeboard in the stern, it increases the buoyancy reserve and unsinkability of the vessel in case of damage to the stern end and the vessel is trimmed to the stern, middle superstructure increases buoyancy reserve.
The deckhouses are smaller in width than the superstructures. They are installed on the upper deck of the main hull or on superstructures.
Classification of ship premises
Depending on the purpose, all ship premises are divided into special, service, residential, public, consumer services, catering, sanitary, medical, workshops, ship supplies and fuel, water, oil and water ballast compartments.
Special rooms depending on the purpose of the vessel, they are used: to accommodate cargo (cargo holds) - on cargo and cargo-passenger ships; for special technological equipment for processing fish - on fishing vessels; for laboratories - on research vessels.
Special ones also include hangars for placing helicopters on board ships and rooms for their maintenance.
Office premises are designed to ensure normal operation of the vessel as a floating structure. These include: premises of main and auxiliary mechanisms; rooms for housing deck mechanisms and ship systems mechanisms- tiller compartment, carbon dioxide fire extinguishing stations, remote measurement of cargo level and management of cargo operations, fuel receiving and dispensing stations, fan stations, air conditioning rooms, etc.; deckhouses, navigation rooms and posts- steering room, navigation room, radio room, log and echo sounder room, gyrocompass room, fire and emergency stations, automatic telephone exchange, broadcast room, battery room, unit room, etc.; workshops- mechanical, plumbing, electrical and radio engineering, welding station, workshop for repair of fishing equipment, watercraft, instrumentation, etc.; administrative premises- ship, engine, cargo offices, administrator's bureau, ship's archive, cash desk, dispatch room, printing house, etc.
Living quarters (cabins) are intended for permanent residence of the ship's crew and accommodation of passengers.
Crew cabins are divided into cabins for command staff, crew and maintenance personnel, differing in location, area and equipment. Crew quarters designed to accommodate more than four people are usually called cubicles. Passenger cabins, depending on their location, area, number of seats and equipment, are divided into luxury cabins, cabins of I, II and III classes. On most modern airliners, classes II and III are usually replaced by one, the so-called tourist class. On passenger ships of local lines, premises for seating are provided.
Public premises serve for organizing and conducting various cultural events, collective recreation and meals for crew and passengers. This includes public areas for the crew and separate public areas for passengers, as well as open deck areas and walk-through areas.
TO crew public areas include the wardroom, command and crew salons, command and crew canteens, smoking rooms, gym, swimming pool, study room, red corner, library, cabins public organizations. Large fishing and research vessels have cinemas; On ships with a small crew, films are usually shown in the dining rooms.
TO public areas of passengers include restaurants, canteens, buffets, bars, cafes, salons (music, smoking, games, recreation), cinema and concert hall, gym, swimming pool, library with reading room, children's rooms.
Outdoor deck areas include verandas, promenade decks, solariums, outdoor swimming pools (for adults and children), sports fields, dance floors, etc.
TO passage rooms include corridors, vestibules, lobbies, foyers, closed promenade decks.
Equipped on passenger, expedition ships and large fishing bases. These include: consumer service ateliers, hairdressers, beauty salons, photo studios, ship shops, kiosks, storage lockers, etc.
Food service premises serve for preparing and distributing food to the crew and passengers, as well as for washing and storing tableware. Distinguish galley premises (passenger galley, crew galley, bakery, galley and bakery supply stores) and preparatory(cutting meat, fish, vegetables, bread slicer, pantry, dishwasher, pantry for dishes and table linen).
Sanitary facilities divided into sanitary(laundries, drying rooms, ironing rooms, storage rooms for clean and dirty linen, disinfection chamber, work dress rooms, etc.) and sanitary and hygienic(men's and women's washrooms, showers, baths, baths, sanitary inspection rooms, toilets, etc.).
Medical premises include an outpatient clinic, a doctor's reception room, an operating room, X-ray, dental and other rooms (on ships with a large number of people), an infirmary, an isolation ward, a pharmacy, medical and sanitary storerooms, etc. Typically, a complex of medical service premises on ships is called a medical unit.
Serve for storing provisions, skipper, navigation and other ship supplies. These include: provision pantries- non-refrigerated (for dry provisions, bread, flour) and refrigerated (for wet provisions, meat, fish, vegetables, dairy products, fats, canned food), as well as refrigerated chambers; utility pantries- for storing carpets, paths, covers, sports and cultural equipment, films, cleaning equipment, etc.; skipper's storerooms- skipper, painting, lamp, carpentry, rigging, awnings and tarpaulins, sailing, chemical, etc.; navigational and navigational storerooms - navigational and navigational equipment, maps, etc.; linen and clothing storage rooms.
Compartments and tanks are used to accommodate liquid cargo: oil, water, oil and water ballast. In addition to the compartments formed by the main hull structures and designed to accommodate the bulk of liquid cargo, ships also have tanks for storing small consumable supplies of fuel, water and oil (the so-called loose-leaf tanks).
general layout of the vessel
Under general arrangement ships understand the general layout in the hull, superstructures and deckhouses of all premises intended to accommodate on the ship the main and auxiliary mechanisms, ship equipment, stores, transported cargo, crew and passengers, as well as all service, household, utility and sanitary premises. Their relative arrangement, layout and equipment depend mainly on the type and purpose of the vessel, its size and the requirements placed on it. For example, the layout of rooms inside the hull is influenced by the division of the hull into watertight compartments, and the layout of rooms in superstructures depends on the location of the machinery installation, etc. On ships of the same type and similar in size, their general arrangement may vary depending on the tastes and requirements of customers. However, in recent years, a lot of work has been done in shipbuilding to typify ship premises, primarily residential, public and service (helms and radio rooms, galley, storerooms, bathrooms, etc.) and deckhouses in general. Therefore, we will consider only the basic principles of their planning.
Location of ship premises. To orient the location of a particular room on a ship, the following names of decks and inter-deck spaces are adopted (Fig. 4.6).
In the hull (from top to bottom): upper deck, second deck, third deck (on multi-deck ships the last deck is called the lower deck), second bottom.
In superstructures and deckhouses (from bottom to top): deck of the 1st tier of the superstructure (forecastle, poop deck, middle superstructure), deck of the 2nd tier of the deckhouse, deck of the 3rd tier of the deckhouse, etc. Sometimes names are added to these terms that characterize the purpose of the decks: promenade , salon deck, boat deck, sports deck, lower (navigation) bridge, upper (navigation) bridge, etc.
The space between the outer bottom skin and the second bottom is called double bottom space or double bottom The space between the second bottom and the nearest deck is called hold, the remaining inter-deck spaces - twin decks. The position of the room along the length and width of the vessel is indicated, respectively, by the numbers of the frames that limit the room along the length, and by the name of the side on which the room is located (starboard and left sides - PrB and LB). All rooms on the ship are assigned serial numbers (on the starboard side - odd, on the left - even).
In Fig. Fig. 4.7 shows the location of the main groups of premises on dry cargo and passenger ships, and Fig. 4.8 shows a diagram of the general arrangement of premises on the Pobeda tanker.
Special rooms- cargo holds, rooms for processing and storing catch, etc. - occupy the bulk of the hull volume on cargo and fishing vessels. The layout of these premises is determined
requirements for cargo operations, storage and placement of cargo, reception, processing and storage of catch, etc.
The location of all other ship premises depends on the location of special premises that determine the operational and economic performance of the vessel.
Office premises distributed throughout the ship, mostly in the hold, at the ends of the ship, in wheelhouses on the upper deck, in the forecastle, poop rooms, etc., sometimes where living quarters are not allowed, for example above the fore and after peaks and below the waterline . Part of the navigation rooms - the helmsman's room, the navigation room, and the radio room - are located on the bridge; the log and echo sounder room is on the second day.
Workshops usually placed in the MKO area.
Crew living quarters on cargo ships they are usually located in the superstructure or under the upper deck of the main hull, but not below the waterline, mainly closer to the middle part of the ship, where pitching and vibration from operating propellers is less felt. The exception is most types of cargo ships with a purely stern MKO arrangement: on them, all the crew’s living quarters are located in the aft superstructure (on some types of cargo ships, for example, lighter carriers with a stern MKO arrangement, the living superstructure is located in the bow). To reduce noise in the cabins located in the area of the MKO mine, the latter is equipped with auxiliary premises (storage rooms, switchboards, etc.), creating a kind of noise barrier. On large-tonnage tankers and
Captions for Fig. 4.8: A - side view; b – view from above; V - upper deck; G - deckhouse deck of the first tier; d - deckhouse deck of the second tier; e - deckhouse deck of the third tier; and - deckhouse deck of the IV tier; h - deckhouse deck of the V tier; And - upper bridge; To- hold.
1 – afterpeak; 2 – machine and boiler room; 3 – cargo pump room; 4 – fuel tanks; 5 – settling tanks; 6 – sludge collection tank; 7 – cargo tank; 8 – ballast tanks (double bottom and double sides); 9 – deep tank; 10 – nasal pump compartment; 11 – forepeak; 12 – emergency diesel generator; 13 – air conditioners; 14 – shower room with steam room; 15 – laundry room with storage rooms for dirty and clean linen; 16 – outpatient clinic; 17, 29 – volumetric foam extinguishing station; 18 – provision storerooms; 19 – incinerator; 20 – inert gas station; 21 – welding workshop; 22 – sports cabin; 23 – dining room and salon; 24 – smoking room; 25 – cargo operations control post (CUGO); 26 – cabin II of the assistant captain; 27 – wardroom and salon; 28 – galley; 30 – swimming pool; 31 – trainees’ cabins (double); 32 – crew cabins (single); 33 – electrician’s cabin; 34 – doctor’s cabin; 35 – cabin of the first mate; 36 – cabin of the chief mate; 37 – IV engineer’s cabin; 38 – cabin III engineer; 39 - cabin II engineer; 40 – elevator; 41 – chief engineer’s cabin; 42 – pilot’s cabin; 43 – captain’s cabin; 44 – cabin of the head of the radio station; 45 – cabin III of the assistant captain; 46 - cabin IV of the mate; 47 – radio operator’s cabin; 48 – boatswain’s cabin; 49 – Donkerman’s cabin; 50 – operator room; 51 – steering; 52 – hardware room; 53 - broadcast
On ships for transporting bulk cargo, they practice complete separation of the residential cabin from the MKO shaft; the residential cabin is placed separately, in front of the shaft, in the form of a structure resembling a dotted house. On passenger ships, crew cabins are located in the bow, aft and below the passenger cabins, and crew cabins are located on one of the upper tiers of the superstructure, usually in the area of the wheelhouse (the tier below).
The captain's cabin is usually located on the starboard side, one tier below the wheelhouse. All cabins of assistant captains (navigators) are located here or below the tier; the cabins of the chief (chief) engineer, mechanics and other personnel of the vessel's technical operation service are located, if possible, closer to the MKO; the radio station chief's cabin is closer to the wheelhouse; The cabins of the maintenance service personnel (deck crew) are located on the starboard side, and the technical operation personnel (engine crew) cabins are located on the port side.
Passenger accommodations on passenger ships they are located, if possible, in the middle part of the ship, mainly in the superstructures and in the upper tween decks of the main hull. Placing passenger cabins below the bulkhead deck is not recommended, and below the waterline is not permitted. Passenger cabins usually have natural light, but on large ships carrying a large number of passengers, there are cabins without natural light.
Under public areas withdrawn best areas superstructures and decks with good review. Some public premises - restaurants, cinema and concert hall, indoor swimming pool, gym, etc. - installed in rooms without natural light.
Household service premises are installed in the area of public premises, but they, as a rule, do not have natural light.
Food service premises must be located near the facilities they serve. Thus, the galley, bakery, etc. are placed near the crew mess, wardroom or restaurant, usually on the same deck, or under them, with the equipment of a special elevator for serving food. In turn, provision pantries are located next to or one or two tiers below the galley. When placing provision storerooms, be sure to take into account the convenience of loading provisions onto the ship using ship facilities.
Sanitary facilities located in close proximity to living quarters or in the same block with them (for example, toilets in cabins). The bath and laundry unit is located in the aft part of the hull below the upper deck, in an area not used for permanent human habitation.
Medical premises located in the superstructure, usually in the middle part of the ship, away from the main main corridors and places where crew and passengers gather.
Ship stores and supplies premises located in the area of residential and public premises (storerooms for cleaning equipment, carpets, paths, covers, cultural and sports equipment), as well as in the area of open decks (storerooms for emergency rescue equipment, diving equipment, etc.).
Reserves of fuel, boiler feed water, oil, as well as ballast water placed in compartments double bottom and in deep tanks, which are equipped in the MKO area, forepeak, as well as in double sides, if they exist. The forepeak and afterpeak are usually used as ballast tanks. Consumable fuel tanks are located in the MKO area. Fresh water supplies are stored in storage tanks.
Layout and equipment of ship premises.
As noted above, the unification and typification of planning solutions for similar rooms and blocks (cabins for various purposes, catering unit, medical unit, storerooms, utility rooms, helmsman, navigation and other posts, etc.) is currently widely practiced, and work is also underway to development of entire standard fellings based on the modular method. This progressive direction creates the prerequisites for the use of electronic computer technology in the development of general layout drawings and for the introduction of advanced technology for the manufacture of ship deckhouses at all stages. When planning and equipping ship premises, the requirements for them depending on their purpose are taken into account.
Residential and public spaces for the crew and passengers must be comfortable for people to live in. These requirements are regulated in our country by the Sanitary Rules for sea vessels of the Russian Federation, the provisions of the 1970 International Convention on Crew Accommodation, the RMRS Rules, and are also established by the departments operating ships. They determine the minimum area, cubic capacity and height of residential and public premises, as well as the range of equipment necessary to create normal living conditions. The width of passages, slope and width of ladders, fire-fighting design measures and other safety requirements are also regulated.
The command personnel are accommodated, as a rule, in single cabins, and the cabins of the senior command personnel - captain, senior navigator and senior (chief) engineer - consist of an office, a bedroom and a toilet with a bath (shower). On large ships, the captain's block also has a salon, and all crew cabins have a toilet with shower.
The crew (rank and file) is accommodated in single and double cabins, equipped with everything necessary (on ships where it is impossible to provide a bathroom in each crew cabin, one is provided for no more than every six people). In each cabin, in addition to soft single- and two-tier bunks (the minimum internal dimensions of a bunk are 1900x800 mm), there is a sofa, chairs (armchair), wardrobes, a desk, shelves for books and a decanter with glasses, a washbasin with hot and cold water (on modern supertankers - toilet with shower).
All crew cabins are equipped with air conditioning systems, are well lit, and have natural light through the porthole.
Marine equipment of the premises is manufactured in a marine design, i.e. it can function normally in sea conditions. For this purpose, all ship furniture, which can be moved under normal conditions, has storm fastenings that securely hold it during a storm. Ship berths have a small lip that prevents them from falling off the berth when rocking. Low edges are also placed around the perimeter of the tables. On shelves, especially with dishes, sockets are made for each item. All other equipment - radios, televisions, telephones, table lamps, etc. - are also equipped with a storm mount. For safe passage along the corridors, storm handrails are installed along the bulkheads. They provide reliable fastening of cabin doors in both closed and open positions.
The crew's public areas, located near the cabins, are equipped in such a way as to create good conditions for rest and eating.
Residential and public spaces for passengers on passenger ships are even more comfortable. Ocean liners, which have recently been increasingly used for long sea voyages, are equipped as the best modern hotels. Passengers are accommodated in single and double (less often, quadruple) cabins with all amenities. They provide relaxation salons, music and dance halls, smoking rooms, restaurants, cafes, bars, games rooms, a swimming pool, a gym, a children's room, a library, a cinema hall, etc.
Plastics and new synthetic materials are widely used for finishing and equipping residential and public premises. Particular attention is paid to the placement of open verandas, solariums, swimming pools, sports grounds, which occupy a significant area on the upper deck and superstructure decks in the aft part, protected from the wind.
On passenger ships, passenger accommodation and public areas are separated from those of the crew. Therefore, great importance is attached to communications, i.e., the routes of movement of passengers and crew around the ship. Both should have access to “their” public premises, isolated from each other, and the crew, in addition, to their workplaces. For this purpose, special main corridors and stairways are equipped - separately for passengers and crew.
Of the utility rooms, the catering unit with food pantries is of greatest interest.
When planning medical unit especially take into account, first of all, the convenience of transporting patients to and from the infirmary. The isolation ward must have an entrance from open deck through the vestibule. The bed in the isolation ward must be approached from three sides.
Special cargo spaces on cargo ships - cargo holds, occupying about 60% of the cubic capacity of the main hull, are equipped in accordance with their purpose. The length of cargo holds is taken to be as long as possible (within the limits of the requirements for ensuring unsinkability when one compartment is flooded). The inside of the cargo hold of a dry cargo ship is lined with wood: along the flooring of the second bottom from side to side - with continuous flooring - payol- from boards about 50 mm thick, laid on bars (joists) running in the transverse direction about 40 mm thick; along the sides - with removable wooden beams with a section of 50 x 200 mm - fish, installed along the hold on top of the side kit at a distance of 200–300 mm from one another.
The fishnets not only isolate the cargo from contact with the wet side, but also protect the cargo and the side from accidental damage. Cargo tween decks are also equipped in a similar way to holds.
On ships carrying cargo unloaded by grab, the wooden flooring in the holds is replaced with a second bottom flooring reinforced by at least 4 mm.
On ships transporting grain, temporary removable longitudinal bulkheads in the cargo hold are installed in the upper part of the cargo hold, with a height equal to approximately 1/3 of the height of the hold. These bulkheads, called shifting boards, prevent grain from spilling onto one side when the vessel is rocking, which can lead to the vessel capsizing. Shifting boards are made from metal racks and embedded boards or are provided as standard ones and are made in the form of folding boards.
The internal surfaces of refrigerator holds are covered with heat-insulating material and sewn with light alloy sheets. Such holds are equipped with good ventilation and devices for stowing and securing cargo: cages - on refrigerated fishing vessels, shelves - on banana carriers, hooks under the ceiling - on ships for transporting meat, etc.
The holds of specialized container ships have a cellular structure, i.e. they consist of special vertical racks guide cells, into which containers are inserted. On ro-ro ships, car ferries and other ships transporting wheeled vehicles, cargo holds and tween decks are equipped with special fastenings for securing cargo in them - cars, trailers, containers, and also provide good ventilation (up to 20 air changes per hour ), preventing the formation of explosive concentrations of gasoline vapors from transported vehicles.
Vessels of the civil fleet or warships, regardless of their purpose, size and type, they all have many essentially identical structural elements, shapes and interior spaces.
Thus, the hull of any vessel or ship is limited by the bottom, sides and decks. In the bow it is closed by a strong figured beam - the stem, and in the stern - by the sternpost.
Since there can be several decks, the first one from the top is called the upper deck. On large mining vessels it is called the fishing deck.
This deck has a smooth rise from the midship frame to the bow and stern, called sheer, which provides the ship with less flooding when sailing on rough seas. A structurally constructed transverse flume ensures rapid drainage of water falling on the deck during a storm.
The sheerness of the upper deck, together with the configuration of the bow and stern ends, characterize the external shape of the main hull of the vessel.
The nasal extremity is closed by the stem. In ordinary sea vessels it is straight and inclined forward, which gives the surface part of the hull swiftness and improves the vessel's ability to ride the wave. On high-speed transport ships, the underwater part of the stem has the shape of a bulb, brought forward, and above the water it has a so-called clipper formation, which makes it possible to obtain a forward-flying shape. In addition to a purely architectural and aesthetic appearance, this shape of the bow reduces wave formation and flooding of the upper deck while the vessel is underway.
The stern ends most often have a rounded, so-called cruising shape. But on many fishing vessels, as well as dry cargo transport vessels, the stern is flat in the above-water part (transom) and rounded-cruising in the underwater part.
The external architecture of the ship, in addition to the shape of the main hull, depends on the number, shape and location of superstructures and deckhouses located on the upper deck. In this case, the superstructures are a continuation of the sides of the vessel, and the deckhouses have a smaller width and there are passages between their side walls and the sides of the hull.
Based on the number and location of superstructures, three-, two- and single-plane architectural types of ships are distinguished, as well as ships with a continuous superstructure along the entire length of the vessel and smooth-deck ships without superstructures, which have only deckhouses.
Superstructures of three-island ships: in the bow there is a forecastle, in the stern there is a poop and a middle superstructure.
Double island vessels most often have forecastle and poop superstructures. They may also have an extended forecastle or an extended poop, where the middle superstructure merges with the forecastle or poop.
Single island vessels have only a forecastle or poop.
The architecture of a ship is significantly influenced by the location of the engine room along the length of the ship, as this determines the location of the accommodation and chimney. Currently, almost all oil tankers, bulk carriers and most dry cargo ships have a stern location of the engine room and accommodation superstructure.
The appearance of the vessel is significantly influenced by such details as the shape and size of the chimney, the type, number and location of masts and their rigging, cargo devices and other less significant structures.
The transformation of the external architectural form of the vessel can be clearly seen in Fig. 1.1.
If in the 60s the superstructures, deckhouses and chimneys had streamlined shapes that were distinguished by the complexity of their manufacture, then in recent years they have begun to be replaced by simplified flat structures that are technologically more rational. This makes it possible to widely use new, more progressive technologies when designing and manufacturing them. planning solutions, automation in the construction of individual structures and a modular method of forming and equipping individual blocks of ship premises.
Depending on the purpose, all ship premises are divided into special, service, residential, public, consumer services, catering, sanitary, medical, workshops, ship supplies, containers (cisterns, tanks, deep tanks) for fuel, lubricating oil, fresh water and water ballast.
Rice. 1.1. The stern end of the tanker: a - built in the 30s; b - buildings built in the 60s; c - built in the 90s
The placement of ship premises is carried out both in the main building and in superstructures and deckhouses.
In the bow superstructure - the tank, the main purpose of which is to protect the ship from being flooded with water when sailing on rough seas, the ship's supply rooms (skippers' equipment, cable storeroom), as well as a paint storeroom and lamp room are usually located.
The aft superstructure, the poop, the main purpose of which is to protect the stern from the effects of sea waves, usually houses sanitary and medical premises and living quarters.
The middle superstructure, which protects the engine room from being flooded with water in stormy conditions, houses residential, service, public and catering premises.
The deckhouses installed on ships are designed to increase the volume and area of residential and office premises. Usually they are built in several floors (tiers).
The decks of superstructures and deckhouses have their own names: forecastle deck, poop deck, middle superstructure deck, navigation bridge deck.
The internal volume of the ship's hull is divided into compartments using decks, platforms, transverse and longitudinal bulkheads.
The decks from top to bottom are called the second, third, and the last one is called the bottom. On double-deck ships, the lower one is called a twin-deck. Platforms are horizontal floors, unlike decks, extending only along the length of the ship.
Transverse bulkheads are arranged to ensure unsinkability and lateral strength of the hull.
Longitudinal bulkheads play a separating role and provide the overall longitudinal strength of the hull.
The following transverse bulkheads are required to be installed on all types of ships:
- forepeak (ram) - first stem; - stern peak - the first from the stern post;
- bulkheads delimiting the engine room.
The bow compartment, formed by the forepeak bulkhead, upper deck and stem, is called the forepeak, and the outermost aft compartment, formed by the afterpeak bulkhead, upper deck and sternpost, is called the ahterpeak. These compartments are used to store fresh water supplies and receive seawater ballast.
Ahead of the forepeak bulkhead there is a chain box where anchor chains are stowed in a stowed manner.
Above the afterpeak there is a room called the tiller compartment, which serves to house the steering mechanisms.
In addition to the main premises considered, a number of other premises are installed on ships, depending on their types and purpose.
An idea of them can be obtained by considering the most common types of vessels, such as dry cargo ships, tankers and large fishing vessels.
Dry cargo ships (see Fig. 1.2, a).
On these vessels, as well as on mining vessels, with the exception of the smallest ones, a second bottom is installed, which extends from the forepeak to the afterpeak bulkhead and is intended to protect the vessel if it receives a hole in the bottom. If the flooring of the second bottom at the sides ends with an inclined sheet, then spaces called bilges are formed along the sides, which serve to collect water generated when the sides sweat and when washing the holds.
Compartments (tanks) of the double bottom space are used for storing ship supplies of fuel, lubricating oil and fresh water, as well as for receiving ballast sea water when sailing without cargo (in ballast). To protect fresh water from contamination by fuel or oil from adjacent compartments, they are separated by special narrow, always empty rooms called cofferdams.
It often turns out that the volume of double bottom, fore and after tanks is not enough for ballasting when the vessel is sailing without cargo. In such cases, additional deep containers called deep tanks are installed. They are placed either horizontally or vertically.
On ships where the engine room is located in the middle part, to pass the shafting that transmits rotation from the main engine to the propeller, a special room is arranged, called a tunnel (corridor) of the propeller shaft, which at the afterpeak bulkhead has an extension called the aft recession.
When the engine room is located aft, a tunnel is not required. This placement has a number of advantages. Firstly, the length of the shafting line is reduced, which greatly simplifies its design and maintenance. Secondly, volumes are released in the middle part of the body, convenient for transporting goods. Thirdly, the absence of a tunnel passing through the aft holds increases their useful cubic capacity and improves the conditions for carrying out cargo operations in them.
Above the second bottom flooring there are cargo compartments, the length of which is limited by transverse bulkheads. Their number and installation locations are determined based on the conditions for ensuring the ship's unsinkability.
Moreover, if the transported cargo is not afraid of stacking at any height, or is transported in bulk (timber trucks, grain trucks, ore carriers), then the height of the cargo compartments is not limited by the arrangement of decks and platforms and they are called holds. In all other cases, it is necessary to take into account the strength of the packaging and part of the cargo is taken into inter-deck spaces called wind-decks.
Rice. 1.2. Diagrams of ship premises: a - dry cargo ship; b - tanker; c - fishing
In order to make it possible to conveniently and quickly receive cargo into the holds and tween-decks, cutouts are installed in the decks for cargo hatches, which are securely closed with waterproof closures.
Tankers (tankers) (see Fig. 1.2, b)
These vessels are designed specifically for the transportation of liquid cargo (crude oil, petroleum products, fresh water, vegetable oils, acids).
Due to the high mobility of such cargo, it is necessary to take a number of measures in advance to protect the vessel from capsizing when liquids are poured during rolling, as well as to ensure that the strength of the hull structures is maintained during hydraulic shocks.
The main measures are to limit the length and width of cargo tanks by installing transverse and longitudinal bulkheads.
The engine room of tankers is always located in the stern, and directly in front of it there is a pumping room for carrying out cargo transfer operations.
To facilitate and improve differentiation, a deep tank, and sometimes a small-sized dry cargo hold, is provided in the bow of the hull.
For fire safety, cargo tanks are limited by vertical cofferdams.
Until recently, the presence of a double bottom was required only under the engine room.
However, the intensive development of global oil transportation by sea, which resulted in an increase in the number of accidents involving pollution of large water areas, forced us to reconsider the requirements for the design of ships of this type. And currently, all oil tankers with a deadweight of more than 5,000 tons must have a double bottom and double sides all the way from the forepicado to the afterpeak.
Tankers are vessels of a double- or single-island type with a residential poop deck and deckhouses of three or four tiers above.
Fishing vessels (see Fig. 1.2, c)
On large mining vessels, tween decks and sometimes holds are used to house processing shops and other process equipment, as well as living quarters for production personnel.
The elongated middle superstructure with deckhouses in several tiers houses crew living quarters, service, medical, public, catering and a number of others.
As a rule, the engine room on such vessels is located in the middle part, which ensures the availability of free space in the aft part of the fishing deck for working with fishing gear.
Due to the lack of volume in the double bottom and peak compartments, deep tanks are provided to provide normal ballasting.
On production and receiving and transport refrigerators, and often on floating bases, the engine room is located in the stern.
Since large floating bases and canneries perform the functions of production, dry cargo and refrigerated transport vessels, passenger and oil tankers, the composition and location of their ship premises differs significantly from the vessels discussed above. Typically, these ships have 3...4 decks, necessary to accommodate multifaceted technological equipment and production personnel of about 400...500 people. To accommodate engineering and technical services and control personnel, floating bases have developed superstructures and multi-tiered deckhouses.
The rooms in the main hull formed by the sides, main bulkheads, decks and platforms are called compartments.
The main body houses the following compartments:
1. Forepeak and afterpeak.
2. Double-bottom space, limited by the second bottom flooring.
3. Hold - cargo space between the second bottom and the lower deck.
4. Tweendeck - inter-deck cargo space.
5. Deep tanks - tanks located above the second bottom.
6. Cofferdams are dry, impermeable compartments separating fuel tanks from adjacent rooms.
7. Compartments of main and auxiliary mechanisms.
8. The propeller shaft tunnel is a room for placing and servicing the propeller shaft on ships with a middle or intermediate engine room. Holds and tween decks are assigned serial numbers from bow to stern.
Classification of ship premises:
1. Service premises are the premises in which the crew maintains watch and performs various work. In turn, office premises are divided into premises:
a) ship control: engine and boiler room (MKO), wheelhouse, radio room, radar room, battery room, tiller room;
b) administrative: ship's office, accounting, cinema booth;
c) ship workshops: carpentry, mechanical, electrical and radio workshops.
2. Utility premises include:
Food - food - galley, bakery, confectionery, pantry, dispensing, serving, food pantries;
Sanitary and household facilities - dishwasher, laundry, clothes drying room, work clothes drying room, ironing room, storage room for clean and dirty linen;
Passenger service premises - post office, savings bank, photo laboratory, information desk, hairdresser, various kiosks and studios;
Ship supply storerooms - skipper's, lamp, paint and engine storerooms.
3. Medical premises - they provide first aid to sick crew members and passengers. These include an outpatient clinic, an isolation ward, a hospital, a pharmacy, various specialized rooms (X-ray, dental, etc.), as well as household premises (bathrooms, washbasins, toilets).
4. Crew quarters and passenger quarters on sea passenger ships are arranged separately from each other. Living quarters are one-, two-, four-berth cabins. Crew cabins are single; senior command staff (office, bedroom, bathroom).
5. Public premises are premises intended for recreation or for holding various general ship events. These include: wardrooms, salons, dining rooms, smoking rooms, buffets, restaurants, cinema halls, libraries, swimming pools.
6. Household premises are designed to ensure personal hygiene and sanitary services for the crew and passengers. These include washbasins, showers, bathtubs, toilets, baths, laundries, etc.
7. Special premises. These are cargo holds on cargo ships; laboratories on research vessels; workshops - for processing fish on fishing vessels.
Location of the engine room on ships.
Rice. 2. Location of the engine room and the main residential superstructure: a - average; b - intermediate; c - stern.
Amidships:
Pros - the identification of the vessel is simplified, the magnitude of the bending moment at the top of the wave for a vessel without cargo and at the bottom of the wave for a vessel with cargo is reduced,
Disadvantages - reduced carrying capacity due to the large length of the shafting line and tunnel, reduction in the useful volume of the stern holds and deterioration of their shape due to the propeller tunnel passing through them, difficulty in centering a long shafting line and disruption of normal operating conditions during prolonged bending of the vessel.
At the stern of the ship:
Pros - better volumes are provided for cargo, conditions for placement and operation of the cargo device on dry cargo ships are improved, shafting is shortened and there is no need to construct a tunnel,
Disadvantages - the conditions for identifying a vessel without cargo worsen, since ballast has to be taken into the bow compartments. Receiving ballast into the bow compartments worsens the seaworthiness of the vessel and increases the bending moment at the top of the wave.
Intermediate arrangement of the MO, in which one hold, or less often two, is located behind the MO. Cofferdams - dry, impermeable compartments separating fuel tanks from adjacent rooms;
6. Compartments of main and auxiliary mechanisms;
7. Propeller shaft tunnel - a room for placing and servicing the propeller shaft on ships with a middle or intermediate engine room. Holds and tween decks are assigned serial numbers from bow to stern.
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The superstructures are located on the upper continuous deck of the main hull. They extend across the width of the vessel, either from side to side, or so that their side walls are somewhat spaced from the sides, but not more than 0.04 of the width of the vessel (otherwise they are called deckhouses). Superstructures serve not only to accommodate premises, but also to improve the seaworthiness of the vessel.
Rice. 3. Layout of compartments and main groups of premises of dry cargo (a) and passenger (b) ships. I - peaks; N - cargo compartments; III - double-bottom compartments; IV - deep tanks; V - compartments of main and auxiliary mechanisms. 1- wheelhouse deck of the 4th tier (upper bridge); 2- deckhouse deck of the 3rd tier (lower bridge); 3- wheelhouse deck of the 2nd tier (boat deck); 4- second platform; 5- superstructure deck of the 1st tier (forecastle deck, poop deck); b- upper deck; 7- first platform; 8- second bottom; 9- deck of the 2nd tier of the superstructure (promenade deck); 10- second deck (bulkhead deck); 11 - third deck
Bow superstructure-(tank)- reduces deck flooding.
Middle superstructure-(spardeck)- increases buoyancy reserve.
Aft superstructure-(s)- increases the freeboard in the stern, increases the buoyancy reserve and unsinkability of the vessel in case of damage to the stern end and the vessel is trimmed to the stern.
The deckhouses are smaller in width than the superstructures. They are installed on the upper deck of the main hull or superstructure decks.
To determine the position of the premises on the ship, the following names of decks and inter-deck spaces are accepted.
In the main body (from top to bottom):
1. Upper deck; 2. Second deck; 3. Third deck (on multi-deck ships, the last deck is called the lower deck); 4. Second bottom.
In the superstructure and deckhouses (from bottom to top):
1. Deck of the 1st tier of the superstructure (forecastle, poop, middle superstructure); 2. Deck of the 2nd tier of the cabin; 3. Deck of the 3rd tier of the cabin, etc.
The names of decks can be added to these terms depending on their purpose: pleasure deck, boat deck, lower (navigation) bridge, upper (navigation) bridge.
The position along the length is indicated by the numbers of the frames, and in width - by the names of the side (right and left side).
