(lakes, rivers), called the coast.

The banks are subdivided depending on their steepness (sloping, steep) and the nature of the materials that compose them (silty, sandy, pebbly, rocky). From the side of the water area, a strip adjoins the shore seabed, which is constantly affected by the wave movements of water. This strip is called the underwater coastal slope.

The coast and the underwater coastal slope together form coastal zone of the sea, within which the complex interaction of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere is constantly carried out. This zone is characterized by the variability of landforms and their various combinations within even small areas. Job sea ​​water manifested in the destruction of the coast - abrasion, as a result of which they retreat inland, as well as in the deposition of destruction products - accumulation, which leads to a change in the underwater relief of the coastal zone and to the formation of new types of coasts. The shores formed mainly as a result of the destructive work of the waves are called abrasion, and the shores created by the deposition of sediments are called accumulative.

The main factor in the formation of abrasion shores is the destructive work of breaking waves, as a result of which a depression is formed at the base of the slope - wave-cutting niche. Over time, this niche deepens more and more, the overhanging parts of the slope fall into the sea, breaking up into a mass of debris, with the help of which breaking waves continue to further destroy the coastal ledge.

The creative work of the sea is expressed in the accumulation off the coast of materials thrown by the sea (sand, pebbles, shells of marine animals, etc.). Pebbles and sand on the surface of the abrasion platform constantly move within it under the influence of the surf. As a result, landforms of accumulative origin are created.

As a result of repeated changes in the depth of the ocean during glacial and interglacial epochs, peculiar landforms formed in the coastal zones of the seas, which are called ancient coastlines. They may sometimes be located on land and correspond to a position of the sea higher than at present. Ancient coastlines matching more low level are now flooded by the sea.

Elevated coastlines are expressed as sea ​​terraces. These are steps stretched along the coast.

In each terrace stand out: the surface of the terrace; ledge; edge; back seam. They fix the position of the ancient coastline.

Depending on the structure, there are:

1. Accumulative terraces, that is, completely composed of coastal marine sediments;
2. Abrasive terraces, which are composed only of bedrock;
3. Basement terraces having a root base covered with marine sediments.

To identify the history of the development of the coast, the so-called terrace spectra, which allow comparison of different parts of the coast and contain information about neotectonic movements.

Shore types (according toD. G. Panov)

(a – rias, b – fjord, c – skerry, d – firth, e – Dalmatian, f – watt (1 – watts, 2 – runoff troughs), g – thermal abrasion, h – coral, i – volcanic).

Literature.

1. Smolyaninov V. M. General geography: lithosphere, biosphere, geographical envelope. Teaching aid / V.M. Smolyaninov, A. Ya. Nemykin. - Voronezh: Origins, 2010 - 193 p.

(lakes, rivers), called the coast.

The banks are subdivided depending on their steepness (sloping, steep) and the nature of the materials that compose them (silty, sandy, pebbly, rocky). From the side of the water area, a strip of the seabed adjoins the shore, which is constantly affected by wave movements of water. This strip is called the underwater coastal slope.

The coast and the underwater coastal slope together form coastal zone of the sea, within which the complex interaction of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere is constantly carried out. This zone is characterized by the variability of landforms and their various combinations within even small areas. The work of sea water is manifested in the destruction of the coast - abrasion, as a result of which they retreat inland, as well as in the deposition of destruction products - accumulation, which leads to a change in the underwater relief of the coastal zone and to the formation of new types of coasts. The shores formed mainly as a result of the destructive work of the waves are called abrasion, and the shores created by the deposition of sediments are called accumulative.

The main factor in the formation of abrasion shores is the destructive work of breaking waves, as a result of which a depression is formed at the base of the slope - wave-cutting niche. Over time, this niche deepens more and more, the overhanging parts of the slope fall into the sea, breaking up into a mass of debris, with the help of which breaking waves continue to further destroy the coastal ledge.

The creative work of the sea is expressed in the accumulation off the coast of materials thrown by the sea (sand, pebbles, shells of marine animals, etc.). Pebbles and sand on the surface of the abrasion platform constantly move within it under the influence of the surf. As a result, landforms of accumulative origin are created.

As a result of repeated changes in the depth of the ocean during glacial and interglacial epochs, peculiar landforms formed in the coastal zones of the seas, which are called ancient coastlines. They may sometimes be located on land and correspond to a position of the sea higher than at present. The ancient coastlines corresponding to the lower level are now submerged by the sea.

Elevated coastlines are expressed as sea ​​terraces. These are steps stretched along the coast.

In each terrace stand out: the surface of the terrace; ledge; edge; back seam. They fix the position of the ancient coastline.

Depending on the structure, there are:

1. Accumulative terraces, that is, completely composed of coastal marine sediments;
2. Abrasive terraces, which are composed only of bedrock;
3. Basement terraces having a root base covered with marine sediments.

To identify the history of the development of the coast, the so-called terrace spectra, which allow comparison of different parts of the coast and contain information about neotectonic movements.

Shore types (according toD. G. Panov)

(a – rias, b – fjord, c – skerry, d – firth, e – Dalmatian, f – watt (1 – watts, 2 – runoff troughs), g – thermal abrasion, h – coral, i – volcanic).

Literature.

1. Smolyaninov V. M. General geography: lithosphere, biosphere, geographical envelope. Teaching aid / V.M. Smolyaninov, A. Ya. Nemykin. - Voronezh: Origins, 2010 - 193 p.

The origin of the shores

By origin, the following main types of coasts are distinguished.

1. Ingressive shores formed as a result of the advance of the sea on land:

A) fjords, formed as a result of the impact of tectonic forces at different times, as well as water and glacial erosion. These coasts are cut by long narrow and deep bays and straits with high and very steep sides (fjords). Fiords are characterized by a winding coastline, overdeepening of the middle part and the presence of a depth threshold at the mouth;

b) skerry, formed as a result of flooding of a complex of glacial-denudation forms such as sheep foreheads, large glacial outliers, less often accumulative glacial forms (drumlins, ozes, etc.). They are characterized by fractional and complex dissection, an abundance of rocky islets, straits, bays, capes and peninsulas;

V) rias - the result of the flooding of mountain river valleys by the sea. They are characterized by rias - narrow winding bays with high sides;

G) firth and lagoon, formed during the flooding of lowland river valleys or coastal lowlands. An estuary is a shallow, deep-lying bay with spits and embankments, and a lagoon is a shallow bay, elongated along the coast, connected to the sea by a small strait or separated from the sea by a spit. A characteristic feature of this type of coast is the leveled coastline from the sea.

2. Shores formed by continental accumulation:

a) deltaic, formed as a result of the removal of sediments by rivers;

b) composed of eolian deposits, such as dunes;

c) landslide, formed as a result of the landslide of land washed away by the sea. They are recognized by the heap of earthen masses on the shore and the landslide relief of the adjacent areas.

3. Coasts formed by tectonic movements, for example, faults. Characterized by rectilinear outlines and steepness. Moreover, the underwater slope is as steep as the coast.

In addition to the listed types, there are coasts that owe their origin to volcanic activity, the death of plants, the vital activity of corals, etc.

According to the nature of the relief, the coasts are divided into mountainous and flat. Mountainous shores are usually high and well protect the coast from winds from land, while low flat shores open the way for winds.

Depending on the relief of the bottom of the coastal zone, there are the shores are shallow and steep. Near shallow shores, the bottom slope is on average less than 0.01, and for deep ones, more than 0.03.

A peculiar element of the coastal zone of the tidal seas are drying (drying) areas of the coastal zone that are flooded with water at high tide and dry at low tide. The upper and lower boundaries of the drying pass, respectively, along the marks of the spring tide and ebb.

The conditions for drilling operations within the dry zone are very peculiar: at high tide they are similar to drilling conditions in sea conditions, and at low tide they are similar to drilling conditions on land. This periodic change of conditions complicates drilling operations and imposes special requirements on them.

Coastline (coast line) - a line along which the horizontal water surface of the sea (or lake) intersects with land. Since the level of reservoirs does not remain constant, the coastline is a conditional concept applied relative to some average long-term position of the reservoir level.

An underwater coastal slope is a coastal strip of the seabed, within which waves are able to carry out active work (erode the bottom, move sediments). The coastal zone includes the coast and the underwater coastal slope.

The shores are: ♠ High (for example, the coast of the Kola Peninsula) ♠ Low (the northern coast of the Caspian Sea); ♠ Dissected (Black Sea coast between Crimean peninsula and the mouth of the Danube) ♠ Aligned (Black Sea coast between Gelendzhik and Sochi); ♠ Deep, with significant slopes of the underwater coastal slope with the predominant development of abrasion (destructive) processes (the Black Sea coast south of Novorossiysk), ♠ Shallow, characterized by small angles of inclination of the underwater coastal slope, with a predominance of material accumulation processes (shores of the Northern Caspian).

Waves. The wind, acting on the water surface, causes oscillatory movements of water in its surface thickness. Water particles begin to make orbital movements in a plane perpendicular to the sea surface, and the movement along these orbits occurs in the direction of the wind.

Shallow water waves as opposed to waves high seas affect the bottom (on the underwater coastal slope) and experience its effects themselves. Waves of the open sea consume energy only to overcome internal friction and to interact with the atmosphere.

Waves carry eroded material parallel to the shore, depositing it elsewhere, forming shoals or sand bars that can develop into a chain of barrier islands.

Masses of clastic material moving in the coastal zone by waves are called marine sediments. If the coast is accumulative, that is, the seabed near it is composed of sediments, above the coastline in the surf zone, an accumulation of sediments is formed - a beach (French plage - a gentle sea coast).

Due to the alongshore transport, bays that do not go deep into the land are filled with sediments. Where the sediment flow cannot turn along the coastline that goes to the side, spits can form - long ridges that rise low above the water. If some obstacle - an island, a shoal, a sunken ship, an artificial structure - impedes the movement of waves, creates a wave shadow, the accumulation of sediment usually leads to the creation of a bridge between the coast and this obstacle - a crossing, or tombolo (Italian tombolo - roller, dune). The crest of the pereima may be below sea level, it may protrude above it constantly or only at low tide.

If a tectonic uplift occurs or the level of the World Ocean drops, the flat coastal areas that were previously below the water level turn out to be above it, characteristic coastal forms are formed - marine terraces that have a flat platform and a relatively steep ledge to the water or terrace of a lower tier.

Shore - a strip of land adjacent to the coastline, the relief of which is formed by the sea at a given average level of the reservoir.

Root coast - a coast composed of bedrock, often dislocated. It is contrasted with shores composed of alluvial (in river valleys, loose sea) or organogenic (sea coasts, coral reefs) formations.

flat - this is a coast that has a simple outline. Found in lowland countries; bay - characteristic of mountainous coasts. Heavily cut; rias - formed when mountain ranges approach the sea at an angle or perpendicular. At the same time, the sea floods the intermountain depressions, forming long wedge-shaped bays (for example, the coast of Spain); Dalmatian - characteristic of the Adriatic coast. At the same time, the sea melts the mountains, which were cut by gorges like a lattice. As a result, numerous islands are formed, separated by wide longitudinal and narrow transverse bays; fjord - characteristic of the coast of Norway, Greenland and Novaya Zemlya. The sea floods ancient river valleys and tectonic depressions carved by the glacier, and forms long and narrow bays with high and steep rocky shores that cut deep into the land. Such bays are called fjords. The length of some of them is more than 200 km, the depth is up to 1000 m or more;

skerry - arose on the coasts, composed of crystalline rocks, also subjected to processing by glaciers. As a result, a mass of small islands is formed, located close to each other and from the coast. The skerry type of coast is typical for the south of the Scandinavian Peninsula, for the coasts of Finland and Iceland. In Russia, this type of shore is found in the Ladoga and Onega lakes; firth - in its origin is close to ria-sov, occurs when the mouths of river valleys of low-lying coasts are flooded. Over time, a shallow bay, called an estuary, is separated from the sea by a shallow water zone or oblique. With complete separation, an estuary lake appears. This type of coast is typical for the Black and Seas of Azov; lagoon - develops on young lowlands, composed of loose sediments. Distributed in the southern regions Baltic Sea. Long sandy spits are formed parallel to the coastline, which separate chains of lagoons stretched along the coast from the open sea.

Coastal landforms

abrasive and accumulative. Abrasive forms: a steep, often sheer coastal ledge, or cliff, a wave-cutting niche and a coastal, or abrasion, platform; surf karrs, miniature quest-like beds, gigantic cauldrons. Coastal accumulative forms are of great variety. According to morphological features, they are divided into three types: joined- accumulative surface formations adjoining the coast along their entire length; free- narrow alluvial strips of land adjacent to the coast at only one end, and then departing from it at an ever-increasing angle; closing- connected to the shore both by their root part and by the growing end. According to the conditions of formation and the composition of the constituent material, accumulative coastal landforms are divided into beaches, beach festoons, coastal ridges, underwater ridges, bars, spits, bay-bars and tombolos, or brims. Beach- this is a cloak of loose material from pebbles, gravel, sand and shell detritus covering the abrasion platform. beach festoons- a row of rollers, parallel to the coastline, is created by the surf at the sea margin of the beach. Coastal swells- a two-sided full-profile beach, composed of sand, pebbles or shells. Underwater shafts- sandy linear, forming a series of shafts, appear parallel to the coast and isobath lines by transverse movements along coastal sediments caused by wave movements. bars- underwater shafts brought to the surface. braids- free linear accumulative forms of simple and complex structure, straight and crescent-shaped in plan, connected to the shore at one end. Peresyp- linear accumulative forms blocking bays. tombolo- narrow linear, usually sandy forms, tying the islands to the coast.

• - convex landforms; relatively elevated areas of the earth's surface, rising above the average level of a given area of ​​\u200b\u200bland ...
• - concave landforms...

  Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

• - landforms created by the activity of water flows, both permanent and temporary ...

  Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

• - the shape of the earth's surface; separate three-dimensional geol. bodies occupying certain volumes of the earth's crust. Restricted to 2D features, or terrain faces. Forms m. convex, or put ...

  Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

• - relatively low areas of the land surface or the bottom of water bodies: valleys, depressions, ravines, construction pits, etc. Source: Dictionary of architectural and construction ...

  Construction dictionary

• - elements of relief, characterized by the integrity of the structure. They can be simple or elementary or complex...

  Geological Encyclopedia

• - formed as a result of the accumulation of urban areas brought by water, wind, ice, etc. They are usually correlated with denudation forms, due to the destruction of which arose ...

  Geological Encyclopedia

• - resulting from denudation ...

  Geological Encyclopedia

• - similar but in appearance forms that arose in different ways and in decomp. conditions...

  Geological Encyclopedia

• - formed as a result of accumulation of sediments by means of any exogenous agent of morphogenesis or products of volcanoes. activities on the surface of both low-lying and elevated and often dissected land ....

  Geological Encyclopedia

• - arising from landslides: landslide cirques, landslide terraces inclined in the direction opposite to the movement of the landslide, mounds, ridges, small ledges on the surface of the landslide massif and ...

  Geological Encyclopedia

• - arising on the earth's surface as a result of the activities of animals and plants - coral islands and reefs, peat bogs, especially upland, peat mounds, swamp tussocks, termite mounds, anthills, mole and ground squirrel ...

  Geological Encyclopedia

• - the main ones: 1. Baric lows, or simply lows, or cyclones. 2. Baric highs, or anticyclones...

  Marine vocabulary

• - landforms formed within the seashore due to the accumulation of marine sediments. The main factors of B.'s education and. f. - sea waves and surf ...
• - relatively low forms of the earth's surface, lying below the average hypsometric level of a certain area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe land or seabed. Contours O. f. R. depend on the choice of this average...

  Big Soviet Encyclopedia

• - relatively increased irregularities of the earth's surface, lying above the average hypsometric level of the adjacent area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe land or seabed ....

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

"coastal landforms" in books

"Coast Brothers"

From the book Famous sea robbers. From Vikings to Pirates author Balandin Rudolf Konstantinovich

"Coast Brothers" The real and imaginary riches of the New World attracted thousands of perhaps the most desperate representatives here. different countries and peoples, as well as settlers who are ready to start overseas new life. Among them were many French persecuted for "heretical"

coast guards

From the book Everyday Life in Greece during the Trojan War the author Fort Paul

Coast guards The coasts, as we saw in the chapter on the inhabitants of the strongholds, were guarded in well-organized states even at the end of the 13th century BC. e. So, the coastal guards, deployed at the rate of five people per kilometer, oversaw the coast of Messenia. She was charged with

"COAST BROTHERS"

From the book Flibuster Sea author Blon George

COASTAL STREETS

From the book Petersburg in street names. The origin of the names of streets and avenues, rivers and canals, bridges and islands author Erofeev Alexey

COASTAL STREETS There are several streets with this name in St. Petersburg. Two of them pass in the Vyborgsky district very close to each other. One is in Ozerki along the shore of the Upper Lake, from the junction of Onega passage and Erivan street. Its name has been known since 1889. Another