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You can find entire volumes of information about Baikal, both on the Internet and in various magazines and book publications. The lake is not deprived of attention from tourists, researchers and politicians. From year to year, stunning scientific discoveries are associated with Baikal; expeditions are constantly being equipped for thorough research. I decided to devote this topic to the most interesting facts and events related to Lake Baikal. I will try to save you from boring geographical terms; only the most interesting things will be here. Most of the photos in the topic are clickable (open by clicking)
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Baikal is one of the oldest lakes on the planet and the deepest lake in the world. Baikal is one of the ten largest lakes in the world. Its average depth is about 730 meters, the maximum is 1637 meters. In 1996, Baikal was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List
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Scientists disagree about the origin of Lake Baikal, as well as about its age. Scientists traditionally estimate the age of the lake at 25-35 million years. This fact also makes Baikal unique natural object, since most lakes, especially those of glacial origin, live on average 10-15 thousand years, and then fill with silty sediments and become swampy
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There is also a version about the relative youth of Baikal, put forward by Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences Alexander Tatarinov in 2009, which received indirect confirmation during the second stage of the “Worlds” expedition on Baikal. In particular, the activity of mud volcanoes at the bottom of Lake Baikal allows scientists to assume that modern coastline the lakes are only 8 thousand years old, and the deep-sea part is 150 thousand years old
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Baikal contains about 19% of the world's fresh water. There is more water in Baikal than in all five Great Lakes combined and 25 times more than, for example, in Lake Ladoga
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The water in the lake is so clear that individual stones and various objects can be seen at a depth of 40 m. The purest and most transparent water of Lake Baikal contains so few mineral salts (100 mg/l) that it can be used instead of distilled water.
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Baikal is home to 2,630 species and varieties of plants and animals, 2/3 of which are endemic, that is, they live only in this body of water. This abundance of living organisms is explained by the high oxygen content in the entire thickness of Baikal water
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The most interesting fish in Baikal is the viviparous golomyanka fish, whose body contains up to 30% fat. She surprises biologists with her daily feeding migrations from the depths to shallow waters
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The second, after the golomyanka, is the miracle of Baikal, to which it owes its exceptional purity, the crustacean epishura (there are about 300 species). Baikal epishura is a copepod, 1 mm long, a representative of plankton, found throughout the entire depth (it is not found in bays where the water warms up). Baikal would not be Baikal without this copepod, barely noticeable to the eye, amazingly efficient and numerous, managing to filter all Baikal water ten times or even more in a year
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Baikal's water reserves would be enough for 40 years for the inhabitants of the entire Earth, and at the same time 46 x 1015 people could quench their thirst
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Baikal ice presents scientists with many mysteries. Thus, in the 1930s, specialists from the Baikal Limnological Station discovered unusual forms of ice cover, characteristic only of Lake Baikal. For example, “hills” are cone-shaped ice hills up to 6 meters high, hollow inside. In appearance, they resemble ice tents, “open” in the direction opposite to the shore. Hills can be located separately, and sometimes form miniature “mountain ranges”
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Satellite images clearly show dark rings with a diameter of 5-7 km on the ice of Lake Baikal. The origin of the rings is unknown. Scientists believe that rings on the ice of the lake may have appeared many times already, but it was impossible to see them due to their enormous size. Now using latest technologies this has become possible, and scientists will begin to study this phenomenon. Such rings were first discovered in 1999, then in 2003, 2005. As you can see, rings do not form every year. The rings are also not located in the same place. Scientists were especially interested in the reason for the shift of the rings to the southwest in 2008, compared to 1999, 2003 and 2005. In April 2009, such rings were discovered again, and again in a different place than last year. Scientists suggest that the rings are formed due to the release of natural gas from the bottom of Lake Baikal. However, the exact reasons and mechanisms for the formation of dark rings on the ice of Lake Baikal have not yet been studied and no one knows their exact nature
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The Baikal region (the so-called Baikal Rift Zone) is an area with high seismicity: earthquakes regularly occur here, most of which are one or two points on the MSK-64 intensity scale. However, strong ones also happen, so in 1862, during the ten-magnitude Kudarin earthquake in the northern part of the Selenga delta, a section of land with an area of 200 km went under water? with 6 uluses, in which 1,300 people lived, and Proval Bay was formed
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A unique deep-sea neutrino telescope NT-200, built in 1993-1998, was created and operates on the lake, with the help of which high-energy neutrinos are detected. On its basis, the NT-200+ neutrino telescope with an increased effective volume is being created, the construction of which is expected to be completed no earlier than 2017
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The first dives of manned vehicles on Baikal were made in 1977, when the bottom of the lake was explored on the Canadian-made Paisis deep-sea vehicle. In Larch Bay, a depth of 1,410 meters was reached. In 1991, "Pysis" on the eastern side of Olkhon sank to a depth of 1,637 meters.
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In the summer of 2008, the Foundation for Assistance to the Conservation of Lake Baikal conducted a research expedition “Worlds” on Baikal. 52 dives of the deep-sea manned vehicles “Mir” were carried out to the bottom of Lake Baikal. Scientists delivered water samples to the Scientific Research Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after P. P. Shirshov. soil and microorganisms raised from the bottom of Lake Baikal
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In 1966, production began at the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill (BPPM), as a result of which the adjacent bottom areas of the lake began to degrade. Dust and gas emissions negatively affect the taiga around the BPPM, and the forest becomes dry and dry. In September 2008, the plant introduced a closed water circulation system designed to reduce the discharge of wash water. According to the source, the system turned out to be inoperative and less than a month after its launch, the plant had to be stopped
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There are many legends associated with Baikal. The most fascinating of them is connected with the Angara River: In the old days, mighty Baikal was cheerful and kind. He deeply loved his only daughter Angara. There was no more beautiful woman on earth. During the day it is light - brighter than the sky, at night it is dark - darker than a cloud. And no matter who drove past the Angara, everyone admired it, everyone praised it. Even migratory birds: geese, swans, cranes descended low, but the Angaras rarely landed on the water. They said: “Is it possible to blacken something light?” Old man Baikal took care of his daughter more than his heart. One day, when Baikal fell asleep, Angara rushed to run to the young man Yenisei. The father woke up and splashed his waves angrily. A fierce storm arose, the mountains began to weep, forests fell, the sky turned black with grief, animals scattered in fear all over the earth, fish dived to the very bottom, birds flew away to the sun. Only the wind howled and the heroic sea raged. The mighty Baikal hit the gray mountain, broke off a rock from it and threw it after the fleeing daughter. The rock fell right on the beauty's throat. Blue-eyed Angara begged, gasping and sobbing, and began to ask: “Father, I’m dying of thirst, forgive me and give me at least one drop of water.” Baikal shouted angrily: “I can only give you my tears!” For thousands of years, the Angara has been flowing into the Yenisei like tear-water, and gray, lonely Baikal has become gloomy and scary. The rock that Baikal threw after his daughter was called the Shaman Stone. Rich sacrifices were made there to Baikal. People said: “Baikal will be angry, it will tear off the Shaman’s stone, the water will gush and flood the whole earth.” Currently, the river is blocked by a dam, so only the top of the shaman stone is visible from the water
Lake Baikal is located in the south of Eastern Siberia on the border Irkutsk region and Buryatia. The lake stretches from northeast to southwest for 620 km in the form of a giant crescent. The width of Lake Baikal ranges from 24 to 79 km. Irkutsk region Buryatia o. Baikal
Baikal is one of the oldest lakes on the planet; scientists estimate its age in million years. There are no signs of aging on Baikal, like many lakes in the world. Among the lakes of the globe, Lake Baikal ranks first in depth (1637 m).
The origin of the name of the lake is not precisely established. The most common version is that “Baikal” is a Turkic word, derived from “bai” - rich, “kul” - lake, which means “rich lake”.
336 permanent rivers and streams flow into Baikal. Flows from Baikal the only river- Hangar. There are 27 islands on Baikal (Ushkany Islands, Olkhon Island, Yarki Island, Modoto, Yedor and others). In 1996, Baikal was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
The most interesting fish in Baikal is the golomyanka - it is a transparent fish without scales and a swim bladder, a viviparous fish, the body of which contains up to 30% fat. Its height reaches from cm.
In Baikal there is a unique, typical marine mammal - the Baikal seal. Nerpa is a symbol of Baikal, the only seal in the world that lives in fresh water. The seal is distributed throughout Lake Baikal. It is assumed that it came to Baikal from the Arctic Ocean during the Ice Age along the Yenisei and Angara. Currently, there are several tens of thousands of seals in the lake.
13 There are 236 species of birds on Lake Baikal. Of these, 29 are waterfowl, mainly various types ducks On rocky islands and at the mouths of tributaries of Baikal in large quantities seagulls settle in. Gray herons and black-throated loons can be found here and there. The Baikal region is home to 7 species of eagles and similar birds.
Baikal - the name comes from the Turkic (Buryat-Mongolian) words “rich lake” or “sea”.
Origin
It has a tectonic nature, is located in the southern part of Eastern Siberia and is the deepest freshwater lake on the planet.
Listed as Worldwide cultural heritage, protected by UNESCO.
According to various estimates, it is estimated to be from 20 to 35 million years.
Studying
There are permanent scientific expeditions studying the bottom topography, plant and fauna, history of settlement of adjacent territories, etc.
The width of the lake ranges from 24 to 79 km in different areas.
The depth reaches a maximum of more than 1,167 km. Average depth equal to 744 m.
Area – 31.7 sq. km.
The lake has several tributaries: Selenga, Sarma, Barguzin, Snezhnaya.
The Angara River flows out.
The water in Baikal is enriched with oxygen, cold, but slightly mineralized.
Water temperature is from +8-90, in some areas - +150.
There are 27 islands on the lake, the largest and most famous is Olkhon.
Milder than in the adjacent territories of Eastern Siberia. It is largely determined by the winds - Barguzin, Kultuk, Verkhovik and Sarma.
Animal world
The fauna of the lake is unique; more than 2.6 thousand different species live here, of which approximately 65% are not found anywhere else. The reason is the presence of a high concentration of oxygen in the water. These are the crustaceans epishura, oligochaetes, Baikal omul and sturgeon. Baikal seals live in the reservoir.
They live on the shores of Lake Baikal brown bears, sables, many different birds.
Plants
Along the shores of the lake is the Siberian taiga, where deciduous and coniferous forests grow. Here you can see alder, poplar, bird cherry, wild garlic, and Siberian shrubs.
At the source of the Angara, the only daughter of Lake Baikal, there is the Shaman Stone. This is a fragment of rock with which her father cursed her for her love for the Yenisei. Throwing a stone, he did not allow them to connect.
The banks of this reservoir were inhabited by Mongol tribes in the 1st millennium AD. After the hordes of Genghis Khan arrived here, this territory became part of the Mongol Empire, then the Siberian Khanate. In the 17th century, it began to be populated by Russian settlers and became part of the Russian state.
Ecology
In the 60s of the last century, the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill was built on the shores of Lake Baikal, which immediately complicated the environmental situation in the area. Attempts to introduce a closed water circulation system have not yet been successful. The plant's emissions also negatively affect the taiga adjacent to the reservoir.
Serious environmental problem represent tributaries of Lake Baikal, polluting it with industrial and household waste.
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Baikal is a unique phenomenon on our planet. This lake has no equal in the world in terms of age, depth, reserves and properties of fresh water.
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Lake Baikal is the deepest lake on the planet. The maximum depth is 1620 m, the average is 750 m. The length is 636 km, and the width is from 27 to 80 km. The length of the coastline is 2100 km.
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The age of Baikal is 25 million years, this is ancient lake Earth, and it continues to form, as evidenced by numerous earthquakes on its territory.
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Baikal is famous for the unique purity and transparency of its waters, the beauty of nature, as well as the animal and plant world.
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More than 50% of the animal species living in Baikal are not found anywhere else on Earth: the curious Baikal seal, the delicious omul fish, the viviparous, transparent golomyanka, the Baikal sturgeon and the famous crustacean epishura, which purifies the Baikal waters.
Seal
Baby seal - squirrel
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Baikal sturgeon
Golomyanka
Omul
Epishura crustacean
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The waters of Lake Baikal are cold, and only a few shallow places are suitable for swimming.
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Baikal hides many wonders and secrets, here is one of them: about 400 rivers flow into Baikal, and ONE river ANGARA flows out. In this regard, more than one legend has developed. LEGENDS: Baikal had an only daughter - Angara. She fell in love with Yenisei and decided to run away to him. Baikal, having learned about this, tried to block her path, threw the Shaman-stone, but Angara ran further, then Baikal sent his nephew Irkut in pursuit of her, but he took pity on Angara and turned off the path. The Angara met the Yenisei and flowed further, along with it.[ Since ancient times, the Shaman Stone was endowed with unusual power. Here they prayed and performed important rituals; they also brought a criminal and left him on a stone. And if the waters of Lake Baikal did not wash him away at night, then the criminal was acquitted.
Shaman - stone
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There are 27 islands on Lake Baikal. Most big island Olkhon with the famous Cape Burkhan and the Shamanka rock. Olkhon Island is considered a holy place - a place of worship of spirits.
Olkhon Island
Cape Burkhan. Rock Shaman
Dragon on Shamanka
Place of worship of spirits.
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This summer, my family also became acquainted with Lake Baikal and its surroundings. Here are some photos from our trip.
The endless expanses of Lake Baikal.
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Lake Baikal Lake Baikal is located in the southern part of Eastern Siberia. This deepest lake planets. The largest natural reservoir of fresh water.
Baikal is located in Russia, on the border Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia. The lake stretches from north to southwest for 636 km in the form of a giant crescent. The width of the lake is from 25 to 80 km.
336 permanent rivers and streams flow into Baikal. At the same time, half of the volume of water entering the lake is brought by the Selenga River. The only river that flows out of Baikal is the Angara.
The area of the water surface of Lake Baikal is 31,470 sq. km. The maximum depth is 1,637 m. To imagine the enormity of the water body of Baikal, we point out that the Angara needs 387 years of continuous operation to drain its water bowl, provided that during this time not a liter of water gets into Baikal.
The volume of water in Lake Baikal is 23 thousand cubic meters. km This accounts for 20% of the world's and 90% of Russian fresh water reserves. There is more water in Baikal than in all 5 Great Lakes combined.
For more than half of the year, the lake is covered with ice. Freeze-up on the lake lasts from mid-January to the end of April.
Baikal water is unique and amazing. It is unusually transparent, clean and saturated with oxygen. In spring, the transparency of the water is 40 m.
There are 52 species of fish in the lake, of which 27 are endemic. The most popular: Siberian sturgeon, whitefish, perch, dace, catfish, carp, burbot, golomnyanka, omul.
Golomyanka Golomyanka is a transparent fish without scales and a swim bladder, 35% consists of fat. It lives only in Lake Baikal and belongs to the viviparous class. Golomyanka is capable of producing up to 2000 small fish.
Golomyanka The name of the fish comes from the word “golomen”, which means “open sea”. Golomyanka “soars” with the help of pectoral fins with a wide open mouth.
Baikal omul The Latin name of the Baikal omul is translated as “wandering” whitefish. The name is not accidental. Scientists believe that the omul entered Baikal during the interglacial period from the seas of the Arctic Ocean.
Baikal omul The Baikal omul is endemic, i.e. not found anywhere except Lake Baikal. The Baikal omul is divided into several populations. The most popular are Selenga and Barguzin.
Baikal seal One of the three freshwater seal species in the world. Endemic to Lake Baikal. The average body length of an adult seal is 165 cm. Weight is from 50 to 130 kg. Movement speed in a calm environment is 7-8 km/h. Maximum speed is 20-25 km/ h (develops when moving away from danger) It moves slowly on a hard surface, moving its flippers and tail.
Cubs are born in mid-March. Typically, a seal gives birth to one baby weighing up to 4 kg. The skin of the baby is silvery. The baby spends about 4-6 weeks inside the den, feeding on its mother’s milk.
The seals feed on the non-commercial golomyanka fish, the Baikal goby. Over the course of a year, a seal eats up to 1 ton of fish.
Scientists believe that the seal entered Baikal from the Arctic Ocean along the Yenisei and Angara during the Ice Age.
The seal overwinters on the ice in lairs under the snow. When the lake is covered with ice, the seal can breathe through vents. The seal does this by scraping the ice with the claws of its forelimbs.
The most common coastal animals are bear, deer, wapiti, and elk.
Roe deer, musk deer, hare, wolf, fox
There are many birds in the nature of Baikal: loon, Dalmatian pelican, great cormorant, heron,
Black stork, partridge, wood grouse, eagle
Olkhon Island is the largest island of Lake Baikal. Length 71 km, width 12 km. Area 730 sq. km. The population is Russian and Buryat (mostly fishermen). You can get to the island by ferry.
