While selecting wallpaper for my desktop, I came across several photographs of sailing ships flying the Russian flag. Surprised and interested me. And they forced me to raise materials on this issue. So the sailboats of Russia.

Bark "Kruzenshtern"

The Lajes und K company, which existed in Hamburg at the beginning of the 20th century, owned a total of 56 barges that had steel hulls and spars and excellent sailing performance. Their names traditionally began with the letter "P" - "Flying P". The last of them was the four-masted barque Padua, built in 1926 at the shipyard in Geestemünde. Until 1936, he transported saltpeter and phosphates from Chile and wheat from Australia to Germany, making two record crossings to Australia in 67 days with an average voyage duration of 88 days. At the beginning of the war, the barque was used as a cargo lighter, and when the fleet of Nazi Germany was divided, it was transferred as an indemnity to the Soviet Union.

In January 1946, the Soviet flag was raised on the ship, and it received a new name - in honor of the great Russian navigator Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770 - 1846), commander of the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva".

The condition of the ship was not the best, there were no funds for repairs, and the Kruzenshtern served as a floating barracks until 1955, without going to sea. In June 1955, it was first deployed for testing. The bark easily completed all the given maneuvers, and it was decided to use it as a training vessel, equipped according to modern requirements. In 1959 – 1961 the ship was overhauled. It was equipped with two 588 kW diesel engines and all the necessary equipment.

From 1961 to 1966 "Kruzenshtern" is a research vessel of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Bark visited Bermuda, Jamaica, Gibraltar, Casablanca, Halifax and other ports with expeditions. Since 1966 - a training sailboat with a home port of Riga, since 1981. – Tallinn, and since 1991 – Kaliningrad.

“Kruzenshtern” is the winner of the Boston–Liverpool races in 1992 and 1994, showing a record speed of 17.4 knots. This was not the limit, but given the age of the ship, it was considered dangerous to develop high speed.

In 1993, the bark again underwent a major overhaul in Wismar (Germany) with the replacement of engines and the installation of the most modern navigation and communication systems. It is still one of the largest sailing ships in the world (only the sail-motor training ship “Sedov” is larger).

Now, on the motor-sailing barque “Kruzenshtern”, under the guidance of qualified mentors, cadets of nautical schools receive their first maritime knowledge and skills. Every year about 800 young men who choose a maritime specialty undergo internship here.

TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL DATA

Maximum length with bowsprit, m - 114.5
Length between perpendiculars, m - 95.5
Midsection width, m - 14.05
Side height, m ​​- 8.5
Freeboard height, m ​​- 2.22
Draft at full displacement, m - 6.85
Lightweight displacement, t – 3760
Displacement fully loaded, t – 5725
Maximum speed under engines, knots. - 9.4
Speed ​​under sail, knots - up to 16
Power of two main engines, l. With. – 1600
Sail area, m2 – 3655
Navigation area – unlimited
Crew number – 70
Number of places for cadets - 203

Bark "Sedov"

The ship was built at the Krupp shipyard in Kiel (Germany) in 1921. Its first owner, Karl Winnen, named the ship after his daughter Magdalena Winnen. The vessel was designed and built for the purpose of transporting bulk cargo between ports in Europe and South America, Australia, Southeast Asia and Oceania. In 1936, Karl Winnen sold this four-masted barque to the Norddeutscher Lloyd shipping company. The new shipowner equipped the ship with quarters for 70 cadets and began using it as both a cargo ship and a training vessel. The bark was given a new name - "Commondor Jensen".

After the defeat of Nazi Germany and the end of the Second World War, in accordance with the decisions of the Potsdam Conference, the military and auxiliary German fleets were divided between the Allies. The Soviet Union, in order to compensate for the sailing ships lost during the war, received, in particular, the ship "Commodore Jensen", renamed in honor of the famous Russian polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov (1877 - 1914).

On January 11, 1946, the sailing ship "Sedov" was transferred to the Soviet Navy as a training ship. He made his first sea voyage in this capacity in 1952.
Since 1957, "Sedov", remaining in the class of a training ship, began to perform the functions of an oceanographic vessel. During these studies, the crew and a team of scientists jointly erased many “blank spots” from the map of the Atlantic Ocean.

In 1965, the ship was transferred to the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of Fisheries for the purpose of training personnel of the fishing fleet. Riga became the home port of the Sedov. In the early 70s, the bark went through difficult times and almost died. Awaiting long-overdue repairs, the ship sat in Leningrad for almost four years and waited for its fate to be decided. The new owners essentially planned to scrap the barque, proving the futility of the idea of ​​updating the training vessel. But more than 100 famous sailors and heads of maritime schools came to the veteran’s defense. At different times, each of them lived the same life with Sedov, sharing together the difficulties and romance of sailing travel. The initiative of the sailors was heard and the ship was sent for repairs to Kronstadt, where during six years of reconstruction the old 500-horsepower engine was replaced with a new one with a power of 1180 hp, electronic navigation equipment was supplied and places were equipped for 164 students. The ship was put into service again in 1981.
“Sedov” made its first voyage, now as the flagship of the training fleet of the USSR Ministry of Fisheries, to Denmark, where at that time the 300th anniversary of the birth of the Dane Vitus Jonassen Bering was celebrated.

In 1983, for the first time during its stay in the Soviet Union, the ship visited its home port of Bremerhavn, where our sailors invited former members of the sailing ship’s German crews, including one of its first owners, on board.

In 1984, "Sedov" made a voyage dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the founding of the city of Arkhangelsk. The voyage, which began in the Baltic, went around Scandinavia. In July, the sailboat arrived in Arkhangelsk, where the holiday began.

During this voyage, declared a voyage of peace, visitors to the Soviet barque "Sedov" signed the Sail of Peace. There was also the signature of the Danish cartoonist Herluf Bidstrup.

In 1986, the Sedov took part in its first international races and has since become a frequent participant, including the 1992 Columbus Regatta. Since 1989, in addition to domestic cadets, the ship has also accepted foreign adventure enthusiasts for training.

In April 1991, in connection with Latvia's independence, Russia transferred the ship from Riga to Murmansk and transferred it to the Murmansk State Technical University.
The Sedov, a four-masted barque, is the largest traditionally built sailing ship in the world and the second largest after the 5-masted Royal Clipper. The Sedov UPS is included in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest sailing ship that has survived to this day.

Despite its venerable age, the sailboat continues to participate in regattas.

TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Nationality: Russia
Home port: Murmansk
Year of construction: 1921
Shipyard: Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft, Kiel
Vessel type: 4 mast barque
Case: steel
Displacement: 6148 t
Length: 117.50 m.
Draft: 6.70 m.
Width: 14.70 m.
Mast height (from waterline): 58 m
Sail area: 4.192 m²
Number of sails: 32 pcs
Wind power: 8.000 hp
Engine make: Vyartsilya
Engine power: 2,800 hp
Sailing speed: up to 18 knots
Hull length: 109 m
Tonnage: 3556 tons.
Sail area: 4192 m2
Crew: 70
Cadets: 164

At the end of the 80s, similar ships were built in Poland: “Dar Molodezhi” for the city of Gdynia, “Druzhba” for the city of Odessa, “Mir” for the city of Leningrad, “Khersones” for the city of Sevastopol, “Pallada” and “Nadezhda” for city ​​of Vladivostok.

Training sailing ship "Mir" (training frigate)

The training sailing ship "Mir" was built in 1987 in Poland at the Gdansk shipyard. As one of five training sailing ships of this type. December 1, 1987 - the flag of the Soviet Union was raised on the stern flagpole of the Mir and then the ship arrived at its home port - Leningrad. State Academy named after. adm. S.O. Makarova (at that time the Leningrad Higher Marine Engineering School) became its shipowner. The first captain was V.N. Antonov.
From 1989 to 1991, the ship belonged to the Baltic Shipping Company, then the Academy again became the shipowner.

From the very beginning, the ship was designed and built as a training vessel, intended for sailing practice for cadets of the navigating department and taking part in sailing ship races.

At different times, from 70 to 140 cadets not only from the State Maritime Academy, but also from other maritime educational institutions of the former Union, as well as England and the USA, practiced on board the ship.

"Mir" actively participates in sailing ship racing. A significant event was the participation of the Mir in the international grand regatta Columbus 92, dedicated to the five hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. "Mir" came to the finish line of this race as an absolute winner. The prize was presented to the crew by King Juan Carlos I of Spain.

"Mir" took part in the Transatlantic regatta "Tall Ships 2000". "Mir" is the only "A" class vessel to win the main prize of this race two times in a row (2003 and 2004).

The training sailing ship "Mir" is the current symbol of maritime St. Petersburg, the bearer of the idea of ​​international cooperation of port cities, a kind of ambassador of St. Petersburg in foreign countries.

According to the practice that has developed in recent years, Mir operates from April to October in the Baltic and North Seas, visiting 15 to 20 ports per season. Cadets of the State Maritime Academy and other maritime educational institutions undergo practical training on the ship.

Main technical characteristics:

Maximum length (with bowsprit) - 110 m
maximum width - 14 m
draft - 6.7 m
displacement - 2256 t
total engine power - 1100 hp.
mast height: foresail and mainsail - 49.5 m, mizzen - 46.5 m
sail area - 2771 sq.m.
crew (including 144 cadets) - 199 people

Training sailing ship "Nadezhda" (training frigate)

"Nadezhda" is a three-masted training ship owned by the Maritime State University named after. G. I. Nevelskoy (Vladivostok). Built in Poland at the Gdansk shipyard in 1991. The flag of the Russian Federation was raised on June 5, 1992.

This three-masted vessel was built according to the prototype of sailing ships of the early 20th century; has a full sail rig of the “ship” type. 26 sails are controlled exclusively by hand and are the main propulsion of the vessel. Two engines driving one adjustable pitch propeller are used for sailing in stormy conditions, as well as when entering and leaving port. The frigate has full sailing equipment.

The history of the Russian fleet knows several sailing ships with the name "Nadezhda". The modern frigate "Nadezhda" is a continuation of the life of sailing ships that left a good memory of themselves: as the first training sailing ship in Russia, as the first Russian ship to circumnavigate the world, as a ship whose name is given to straits, capes, and an island. In the history of the fleet there are few ships with such a rich history, ships that served their Fatherland so faithfully, leaving their mark both in military affairs and in science.

The sailboat has dozens of expeditions and voyages to different latitudes. Each sea voyage is a difficult test both for the ship itself, and for its crew, and for the cadets who are undergoing their sixth “floating” semester on the open sea. During long voyages, cadets not only perform all the ship’s work, participate in emergency situations, stand navigational watches on the bridge, but also study. Several basic subjects are studied on the voyage. According to the frigate captain, it is important to develop among cadets an understanding of the real scale of the World Ocean. For example, during the “around the world” trip with the participation of cadets, laser and acoustic sounding of the sea strata was continuously carried out, water samples were taken from various depths and subsequently analyzed. Laser sounding of the atmosphere was regularly carried out, for which there is a unique Lidar installation on board the sailing ship.

Currently, the frigate continues the glorious traditions of its predecessors and is used as a sailing training and scientific research vessel.

Performance characteristics
Maximum length (with bowsprit) – 109.4 m
Maximum width – 14.0 m
Maximum draft – 7.3 m
Displacement – ​​2,984 t
Engine power – 2x450 kW
Main mast height – 49.5 m
Sail area – 2768 sq.m.
Crew – 50 people
Number of places for trainees – 143

Training sailing ship "Pallada" (training frigate)

"Pallada" is a three-masted training ship owned by the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University (Vladivostok).

Named in honor of the frigate "Pallada" of the Russian navy, which in 1852-1855 sailed from Kronstadt to the shores of Japan with the diplomatic mission of Vice Admiral E.V. Putyatin. This three-masted vessel was built according to the prototype of sailing ships of the early 20th century; has full frigate-type armament. Two engines driving one adjustable pitch propeller are used for sailing in stormy conditions, as well as when entering and leaving the port. The adjustable pitch propeller can be moved to the so-called “feathering position” to reduce drag when sailing.

The frigate Pallada set an official speed record of 18.7 knots for Class A sailing ships. However, during the 2007-2008 circumnavigation of the world, the Pallada set a new record of 18.8 knots. This record was recorded in the logbook and also filmed, but not officially documented.

Currently, the frigate is used as a sailing training and research vessel.

Maximum width - 14.0 m
Maximum draft - 6.6 m
Displacement - 2,284 t
Engine power - 2 × 419 kW
Mainmast height - 49.5 m
Number of sails - 26
Sail area - 2771 m²
Crew - 51 people.
Number of places for trainees - 144

Training sailing ship "Khersones" (training frigate)

"Khersones" is a three-masted training ship (a vessel with a full sailing rig), owned by the Kerch State Maritime Technological University (home port - Kerch).

Built in Poland at the Gdansk Lenin Shipyard in 1989. The first name was “Alexander Green”, but upon completion of construction, due to political and religious considerations, in honor of the 1000th anniversary of the baptism of Rus', it was named “Chersonese”.

From 1991 to 2006, it was operated under lease by the travel company Inmaris as a cruise ship. Since 2006, due to a financial dispute between the lessee and the shipowner, operation has been discontinued, and the ship is laid up in the port of Kerch. The ship has not gone to sea since 2006.

Currently, the frigate is the flagship of the training fleet of the Kerch State Maritime Technological University. Although there is a dispute over the right to own the vessel between Rosrybolovstvo and the Russian Ministry of Transport. But on October 9, 2015, Khersones arrived to undergo repairs at the Sevastopol branch of the Zvezdochka CS. As of December 10, 2015, the frigate was docked for repairs.

Maximum length (with bowsprit) - 108.6 m
Maximum width - 14.0 m
Maximum draft - 7.3 m
Displacement - 2,987 t
Main mast height - 51 m
The ship's power plant is two main Zultzer-Zigelski diesel engines with a total power of 1140 hp. s.(2 x 570)

Two-masted sail-motor schooner "Nadezhda"

There is a legend that the schooner, later known as Nadezhda, was the Sterna yacht of Felix Graf von Luckner, a German national hero during the First World War.

"Sterna" was built in 1912 in Leiderdorp (Netherlands) at the Gebrouders shipyard as a steel sailing logger for fishing. When built in 1912, the schooner was equipped with a two-stroke two-cylinder engine produced by Deutsche Werke with a power of 70 hp. With.

On August 2, 1927, the schooner was sold to Bernhard Heinecke of Hamburg, who converted her into a general cargo ship and renamed her Edelgard.

On July 3, 1936, the schooner was sold to Count Felix von Luckner. Luckner rebuilt the schooner, changing the bow, installed a new 140-horsepower main engine and converted it into a comfortable seaworthy yacht. The schooner received a new name “Seeteufel” (“Seeteufel” - German “Sea Devil”). Under this name and under the command of von Luckner, the schooner circumnavigated the world route from April 18, 1937 to July 19, 1939.
The ship's crew consisted of scouts and cartographers. Under the guise of a trip around the world, the main goal was to collect information about the ports of a potential enemy before the start of the war. The voyage was prepared by the propaganda and naval intelligence services of Nazi Germany.

In 1943, the schooner was purchased by the outstanding sea diver Hans Haas for the marine research institute he was creating. The schooner was supposed to become an expedition vessel and a base for underwater filming and photography. However, it turned out to be impossible to transfer the schooner from Stettin, where she was located at that time.

On February 12, 1947, the schooner was transferred as a trophy to the Naval Academy named after Lenin. K. E. Voroshilova. The schooner was named “Nadezhda” and, together with another schooner “Ucheba”, was included in the detachment of training ships of the Leningrad Naval Preparatory School. On June 14, 1948, the schooner was transferred to the Leningrad Nakhimov Naval School. On July 24, 1956, the schooner was transferred to the yacht club of the Leningrad naval base. In 1958, the schooner was renamed PKZ-134.

On June 18, 1958, she was expelled from the USSR Navy and transferred free of charge to the Central Yacht Club of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, receiving the name “Leningrad” and becoming the flagship of the yacht club. In 1962, the schooner underwent major repairs and re-equipment at the Almaz plant. A 3D12 diesel engine (300 hp) was installed as the main one, and a new pilothouse appeared, noticeably changing the silhouette of the schooner.
The schooner served as an internship for cadets of naval schools, students of the Children's Youth School, and oceanology students. The schooner repeatedly participated in filming by Soviet, Russian and foreign filmmakers, playing the roles of both frigates and Pomeranian schooners.

From 1970 to 1979, the schooner was the main participant in the city's Scarlet Sails alumni celebrations. After the city of Leningrad became St. Petersburg, in 1993 the schooner was returned to its former name “Nadezhda”. Due to financial difficulties and unsatisfactory technical condition, the schooner has practically not been used since 2005.

In 2009-2010, at the Rechnaya shipyard in St. Petersburg, work was carried out to repair the schooner's hull, the lower rooms were redesigned, the architecture of the hull above the main deck was changed, the standing and running rigging was replaced, new sails were sewn, the main engine was rebuilt, two new ones were installed diesel generator, new radio navigation equipment.

Since 2014 - Fund for the support, reconstruction and revival of historical ships and classic yachts of the St. Petersburg Yacht Club.

In 2004, the Felix von Luckner Society was founded in Halle. One of the goals of this society is “the repatriation of the schooner Seeteufel to Germany.”

Displacement - 180 (200) t
Length - 36 m
Width - 6.6 m
Side height - 3.5 (3.2) m
Draft - 2.8 m
Mast height - 22.0 m from overhead line
Number of sails - 9
Sail area - 340 (460) m²

Training sailing ship "Young Baltiets"

The training sailing ship "Young Baltiets" was laid down on February 4, 1988 at the Baltic Shipyard named after. S. Ordzhonikidze in the city of Leningrad. On June 2, 1989, the state flag of the USSR was raised on the ship.

The first independent exit from the plant's pier in May 1989. The ship's crew consists of 52 people, of which 32 are trainees, cabin boys aged from 12 to 18 years. In the summer of 1990, the sailing ship visited the ports of Germany: Kiel, Travemünde, Bremerhaven. After these visits, invitations began to arrive to participate in sailing festivals held in Germany. In 1993, in the Cutty Sark race, at the first stage in Group A, the ship took sixth place after well-known sailing ships like Mir, Kruzernshtern and Sedov. Abroad they began to show interest in the sailboat, because it turned out to be the only sailboat on which school-age children do internships. Over the years, "Young Baltic" has received many invitations from both Europe and America, and visited many European ports.

Performance characteristics:
Length – 48.4 m
Width – 8.4 m
Height – 36.0 m
Displacement – ​​441t/132t
Sail area – 500 sq.m.
Main propulsion power – 408 hp.
Speed ​​under the main propulsion – 9.5 knots
Sailing speed – 10.5 knots
Crew – 20 people
Trainees – 32 people

A working replica of the historical frigate "Standard".

"Standart" is a copy of the frigate "Standart" from the time of Peter I, built by the non-governmental non-profit organization "Project "Standart".

In 1994, Vladimir Martus and an initiative group took up the construction of a historical replica of the ship. On September 4, 1999, the Shtandart was solemnly launched at the Petrovskoye Admiralty shipyard. The frigate is used by the non-governmental non-profit organization Project Standart.

The crew of the Shtandart is made up of volunteers, trained and prepared before the start of each voyage. In June 2000, the “Standard” set off on its maiden voyage along the route of the Grand Embassy - those cities and countries that Peter I visited while learning ship craft. At the beginning of 2012, the frigate "Standart" had been on twelve voyages around Europe, visiting 54 ports in 12 European countries. In 2009, the Shtandart sailed from St. Petersburg to the Norwegian port of Kirkenes, rounding the North Cape. From 2005 to 2009, he repeatedly entered the Neva waters to participate in the Scarlet Sails festival. “Standard” actively takes part in international sea regattas, festivals, and filming.

But in June 2009, “Standard” was presented to inspectors of the Russian River Register. During the dock inspection, registry inspectors identified a number of “significant” non-compliances with the requirements. To restore the vessel to the classification register, on June 18, 2009, the Russian River Register presented the shipowner with a requirement to eliminate all non-compliances with the Register rules before departure for the voyage.

The shipowner, the non-profit partnership “Project “Standard””, considering the requirements presented as fundamentally impossible to fulfill given the historical design of the vessel, decided to stop operating the vessel in the waters of the Russian Federation until the issues of Russian legislation on historical and traditional vessels are resolved.

Since 2009, “Standart” has been carrying out training voyages in the waters of European countries. The vessel has been tested for compliance with the safety standards of the German maritime administration BG Verkehr, and is certified by the Dutch Register of Historic and Sailing Ships Register Holland. On June 15, 2010, Shtandart applied to the Russian Maritime Register with a request to inspect the vessel as a sports sailing vessel according to the newly approved rules. But the review of documents has not been completed. The Shtandart is forced to remain outside the territorial waters of the Russian Federation.

The Shtandart is currently being used for the filming of the film Set Michiel De Ruyter.

A working replica of the historical battleship "Goto Predestination" ("God's Providence")

A historical copy of the Russian battleship “Goto Predestination” from the time of Peter I, built in 2011-2014. The ship is moored at Admiralteyskaya Square in Voronezh and is a museum ship.

At the beginning of 2010, we began to create drawings based on archival documents. The work on creating the project was complicated by the fact that most of the documents related to the construction of the battleship have not been preserved. When creating a replica of the ship, notes from the state archive, as well as paintings and engravings of the 18th century were used, and the design of the ship was based on a watercolor by Peter Bergman.

On June 15, 2011, the foundation board for the future sailboat was solemnly installed at the Pavlovsk plant. The wooden part of the ship was recreated from a watercolor by Peter Bergman painted in 1700. According to the designer of the superstructure, Alexander Tikhomirov, the same materials from which the original ship was built were used for its construction: pine and oak, and at least 100 years old.

On July 21, 2013, the lower part of the vessel from Pavlovsk with the help of 2 tugs along the Don and Voronezh rivers went to the Voronezh reservoir to Petrovsky Island, where it was moored on July 25. The next day the ship was moored to Petrovskaya embankment. At the end of August 2013, the upper part was sent from Petrozavodsk of the future ship In mid-September, installation of the superstructure began. At the end of December 2013, the ship was moved to Admiralteyskaya Square.

In January 2014, construction of the coastal parking lot for the ship began. In April, all the ship's masts were installed. On July 2, 2014, the ship set out on its maiden voyage for sea trials.

On July 27, 2014, on Navy Day, the ship “Goto Predestination” was inaugurated near the Admiralty Square in Voronezh. St. Andrew's flag was raised on the ship. After this, the ship set off on its first voyage, in which workers from the Pavlovsk shipyard who built the ship took part. During departure, a salvo was fired from the ship's cannons. The ship made a circle of honor and moored back to the pier near Admiralty Square. A total of about 40 people worked on the ship. It took a little over 3 years to create the vessel from the moment it was laid, while the original during the time of Peter the Great was built in just under 1.5 years.
In addition to the existing operational copies of the historical ships, there was another copy. Replica of the frigate "Holy Spirit".

A working replica of the historical frigate "Holy Spirit"
The Polar Odyssey club and the Karelia-TAMP company were recreated at the Avangard shipyard in 1992.

According to historical fact, during the Northern Russian-Swedish War of 1700-1721, two small frigates “Courier” and “Holy Spirit” in August 1702 were dragged along the “Osudareva” road, 170 miles long through Karelian forests and swamps. The movement of ships and troops by land from the White Sea to Lake Onega was part of a military-strategic operation to capture the Noteburg fortress at the source of the Neva.

The remake of the ship had the approximate dimensions of its historical prototype and carried 6 bronze cannons on board. But unlike ships of the 17th century, the frigate was equipped with a 90-horsepower diesel engine.

Basic technical data of the remake:
maximum length - 26.8 m
cable length - 17 m
width - 5.2 m
draft - 2.5 m
displacement - 90 t
sail area - 280 sq. m

In 1992, "Holy Spirit" took part in the festival of wooden ships in the city of Kotka (Finland) and on the Alan Islands.
In the same year, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation determined the status of the ship as a military-historical vessel of the Russian Navy and issued a certificate to the frigate for the right to raise the St. Andrew's flag.

In 1993, the flagship of the Russian Historical Fleet "Holy Spirit" was recognized as the best ship of the naval parade in St. Petersburg.

In 1994, the frigate took part in the first international festival of sailing ships in Karelia, "Blue Onego-94".

But on October 20, 1994, the frigate "Holy Spirit", on its way to a festival in the city of Amsterdam, sank off the coast of Holland during a strong storm in the North Sea.

Also, at the moment, the historical shipbuilding shipyard "Poltava" is recreating the first large battleship of the Baltic Fleet, launched at the St. Petersburg Admiralty in 1712 - "Poltava".
Construction of the original 4th rank battleship Poltava began in 1709 and ended in 1712; construction lasted 3 years. Peter the Great took part in the design of the ship, and Fedosei Sklyaev supervised the construction.

A full-size replica of the Poltava ship was conceived in 2013 and is planned to be launched in 2016.

In the summer of 2013, the midship frame was laid, and the production of keel pieces and other frames began. The process was complicated by difficult weather conditions; it became clear that it was necessary to build a large hangar for the future ship. In early 2014, the hangar was built and work accelerated. Soon the keel was laid and the first frames were installed. The ship's hull and carved decorations are made of oak, the ship's spars are made of pine, and the planking is planned to be made of larch. The 54 guns that will be installed on the Poltava ship are cast at the plant from cast iron according to the regulations of 1715.

The shipyard's staff already consists of more than 130 professionals with experience gained during the construction of the frigate "Standart" or at the "Poltava" shipyard.

On May 1, 2014, the shipyard solemnly opened its doors to visitors, it became possible to go on an excursion and see how a real sailing ship of the Peter the Great era was built. Today, the shipyard hosts daily excursions, master classes and events on weekends.

Aak– (Dutch aak) - a single-masted flat-bottomed vessel,

used on the Lower Rhine for transporting wines. By design, it is a small clinker-built cargo ship with a semicircular hatch deck, flat-bottomed, without fore- or sternposts. By means of the bow and stern pieces, the ship's bottom at both ends was raised flat and obliquely, starting from the waist. It had no sideboards, carried a simple sprint sail and a foresail staysail. A short bowsprit made it possible to carry a jib, and usually the rigging of aaks was similar to that of coastal ships.

The oldest image of aak dates back to 1530.

Kölsche Aak, XVI.

Barque(Dutch bark) - a three-to-five-mast large sea sailing vessel for transporting cargo with straight sails on all masts except the stern one (mizzen mast), which carries oblique sails. The largest barges that are still in service are “Sedov” (Murmansk), “Kruzenshtern” (Kaliningrad).

Bark "Sedov"

Barquentine(schooner-bark) - a three- to five-mast (sometimes six-mast) sea sailing vessel with oblique sails on all masts except the bow (foremast), which carries straight sails. Modern steel barquentines have a displacement of up to 5 thousand tons and are equipped with an auxiliary engine.

Brig- (English brig) - a two-masted ship with straight sailing rigs of the foremast and mainmast, but with one oblique gaff sail on the mainsail - mainsail-gaff-trisail. In literature, especially fiction, authors often call this sail a counter-mizzen, but it should be remembered that a vessel with the sailing rig of a brig does not have a mizzen mast, which means there are no accessories for this mast, although the functional load of the brig's mainsail-trisail is exactly the same the same as the frigate's counter-mizzen.

Brigantine(Italian brigantino - brig schooner, brigantina - mizzen) - a light and fast ship with the so-called mixed sailing rig - straight sails on the front mast (foremast) and with slanting sails on the rear (mainmast). In the 16th-19th centuries, two-masted brigantines were usually used by pirates (Italian brigante - robber, pirate). Modern brigantines are two-masted sailing ships with a foremast rigged like a brig and a mainmast with slanting sails like a schooner - a mainsail, trysail and topsail. A brigantine with a Bermuda grotto apparently does not exist in our time, although references to the very fact of their existence are found.

Galleon- a large multi-deck sailing ship of the 16th-18th centuries with fairly strong artillery weapons, used both military and commercial. Galleons became most famous as ships carrying Spanish treasures and in the battle of the Great Armada, which took place in 1588. The galleon is the most advanced type of sailing ship that appeared in the 16th century. This type of sailing ship appeared during the evolution of caravels and carracks (naves) and was intended for long ocean voyages.
Reducing the tank superstructure and lengthening the hull resulted in increased stability and reduced wave drag, resulting in a faster, more seaworthy and maneuverable vessel. The galleon differed from earlier ships in that it was longer, lower and straighter, with a rectangular stern instead of a round one, and the presence of a latrine at the bow, protruding forward below the level of the forecastle. The displacement of the galleon was about 500 tons (although for the Manila galleons it reached up to 2000 tons). The first mention of it dates back to 1535. Subsequently, the galleon became the basis of the fleets of the Spaniards and the British. The stem, strongly curved and extended forward, had decorations and was shaped like the stem of a galley. The long bowsprit carried a sail - a blind. The bow superstructure was moved back and did not hang over the stem, like a karakka. The stern superstructure, high and narrow, was placed on the cut-off stern. The superstructure had several tiers that housed living quarters for officers and passengers. The heavily canted sternpost had a transom above the load waterline. On the rear side, the aft wall of the superstructure was decorated with carvings and balconies. Galleons were used until the 18th century, when they gave way to more modern ships with full sails.

Junk - (Malay djong, distorted Chinese chuan - ship), a wooden sailing cargo ship with two to four masts for river and coastal sea navigation, common in Southeast Asia. During the era of the sailing fleet, ships were used for military purposes; Modern trucks are used to transport cargo, and they are often used for housing. D. have a shallow draft, load capacity - up to 600 tons; characteristic features are very wide, almost rectangular in plan, raised bow and stern, quadrangular sails made of mats and bamboo slats.

Iol- (Gol. jol), a type of two-masted sailing ship with oblique sails. The position of the stern mast (behind the rudder axis) distinguishes the Iol from the ketch, in which the stern mast is located in front of the rudder axis. Some large yachts and fishing vessels have sailing rigs of the Iola type.

Caravel(Italian caravella) - 3-4 mast, single-deck, universal sailing wooden ship, capable of ocean voyages. The caravel had a high bow and stern to resist ocean waves. The first two masts had straight sails, and the last one had a forward sail. The caravel was used in the XIII-XVII centuries. In 1492, Columbus completed his transatlantic voyage on three caravels. In addition to being seaworthy, the caravels had a high carrying capacity.

Karakka(Spanish: Carraca) - a large merchant or military three-masted sailing ship of the 16th-17th centuries. Displacement up to 2 thousand (usually 800-850) tons. Armament: 30-40 guns. The ship could accommodate up to 1,200 people. The ship had up to three decks and was designed for long ocean voyages. The Karakka was heavy on the move and had poor maneuverability. This type of vessel was invented by the Genoese. 1519-1521 The carrack "Victoria" from Magellan's expedition circumnavigated the world for the first time. On the karakka, cannon ports were used for the first time and guns were placed in closed batteries.

Carrack "Victoria", recreated according to Spanish designs of the 16th century

Ketch, ketch(eng. ketch), a two-masted sailing vessel with a small stern mast located in front of the rudder axis. Some fishing vessels and large sports yachts have sailing rigs of the K type (Bermuda or gaff).

Flutes- a type of sailing vessel that had the following distinctive features:
* The length of these ships was 4 - 6 or more times greater than their width, which allowed them to sail quite steeply to the wind.
* Topmasts, invented in 1570, were introduced into the rigging
* The height of the masts exceeded the length of the vessel, and the yards became shortened, which made it possible to make narrow and easy-to-maintain sails and reduce the total number of upper crew.

The first flute was built in 1595 in the city of Hoorn, the center of Dutch shipbuilding, in the Zsider Zee Bay. The sailing rig of the foremasts and mainmasts consisted of a foresail and mainsail and corresponding topsails, and later on large flutes and topsails. On the mizzen mast, a straight cruising sail was raised above the usual oblique sail. A rectangular blind sail, sometimes a bomb blind, was installed on the bowsprit. For the first time, a steering wheel appeared on flutes, which made it easier to shift the rudder. The flutes of the early 17th century had a length of about 40 m, a width of about 6.5 m, a draft of 3 - 3.5 m, and a carrying capacity of 350-400 tons. For self-defense, 10 - 20 guns were installed on them. The crew consisted of 60 - 65 people. Vessels of this type were distinguished by good seaworthiness, high speed, large capacity and were used mainly as military transport. During the 16th-18th centuries, flutes occupied a dominant position on all seas.

Frigate- a three-masted military ship with a full sail rig and one gun deck. Frigates were one of the most diverse classes of sailing ships in terms of characteristics. Frigates trace their origins to light and fast ships that were used for raids in the English Channel starting around the 17th century. With the growth of naval fleets and their range, the characteristics The Dunkirk frigates ceased to satisfy the Admiralty, and the term began to be interpreted broadly, meaning, in fact, any light fast ship capable of independent action. Classic frigates of the sailing age were created in France in the mid-18th century. These were medium-sized ships with a displacement of about 800 tons, armed with approximately two to three dozen 12-18 pound guns on one gun deck. Subsequently, the displacement and power of the frigates' weapons grew and by the time of the Napoleonic wars they had about 1000 tons of displacement and up to sixty 24-pound guns. The largest of them could be included in the battle line and were called linear frigates, like the battlecruisers of the 20th century. Like today's cruisers, frigates were the busiest type of ship in the sailing fleet. In peacetime, frigates, as a rule, were not laid up, like battleships, but were used for patrol and cruising service, combating piracy and crew training. The reliability and speed of frigates made them popular vessels for explorers and travelers. For example, the French traveler Louis Antoine de Bougainville circumnavigated the world on the frigate Boudeuse (Angry) in 1766-1769, and the famous frigate Pallada, on which Admiral E.V. Putyatin arrived in Japan in 1855 to establish diplomatic and trade relations, was built in 1832 as the personal yacht of Emperor Nicholas I. In the British Royal Navy, which, according to many accounts, had the largest number of frigates in the world, they had ranks from four to six.

Frigate "Holy Spirit"

Sloop(small corvette) (Gol. sloep, from sluipen - to slide) - a three-masted warship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries with a straight sail. Displacement up to 900 tons. Armament: 10-28 guns. It was used for patrol and messenger services and as a transport and expedition vessel. In addition, a sloop is a type of sailing rig - one mast and two sails - the front one (a staysail with a Bermuda rig, a jib with a straight rig) and the rear one (mainsail and foresail, respectively).

Soviet sloop "Enterprise"

Schooner(English schooner) - a type of sailing vessel with at least two masts with slanting sails. According to the type of sailing rig, schooners are divided into gaff, Bermuda, staysail, topsail and topsail. A topsail schooner differs from a topsail schooner by the presence of a topmast and another additional straight sail - a topsail. Moreover, in some cases, topsail and topsail two-masted schooners (especially with a briefock) can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of slanting sails (gaff or Bermuda), a schooner can also be topsail (topsail). The first ships with schooner rigging appeared in the 17th century in Holland and England, but schooners were widely used in America. They had two masts with gaff sails and were used for coastal shipping. At the end of the 19th century, competition between steamships led to the need to reduce ship crews. Thanks to the simplicity of sailing equipment and ease of control, it was the schooners that were able to withstand this struggle. Mostly two- and three-masted schooners were built, less often four-, five- and six-masted ones. And in 1902, in the city of Quincy (USA), the world's only seven-masted schooner, the Thomas W. Lawson, was launched. The Thomas W. Lawson was designed to carry coal. Each of the seven steel masts, 35 m high, weighed 20 tons. They were continued by 17-meter wooden topmasts. The work of the sailors was facilitated by various mechanisms. The schooner, which had no engine, was equipped with a steam steering engine, steam winches, an electrical system and even a telephone network! After the First World War, when there were not enough merchant ships, the Americans, possessing excellent timber, built many wooden schooners of various sizes, having from three to five masts.

Yacht(Dutch jacht, from jagen - to drive, to pursue) - originally a light, fast ship for transporting important people. Subsequently - any sailing, motor or sail-motor vessel intended for sporting or tourist purposes. The most common are sailing yachts.

The first mentions of sports sailing yachts date back to the 17th century. Modern usage of the term Yacht In modern usage, the term Yacht refers to two different classes of vessels: sailing yachts and motor yachts. Traditional yachts differed from work ships mainly in their purpose - as a fast and comfortable means of transporting the rich. Almost all modern sailing yachts have an auxiliary motor (outboard motor) for maneuvering in port or sailing at low speeds when there is no wind.

Sailing yachts
Sailing yachts are divided into cruising yachts, those with a cabin, and those designed for long-distance voyages and racing, pleasure yachts and racing ones - for sailing in the coastal zone. Based on the shape of the hull, a distinction is made between keel yachts, in which the bottom goes into a ballast keel (more precisely, a false keel), which increases the stability of the yacht and prevents it from drifting when sailing, shallow-draft yachts (dinghies), with a retractable keel (centerboard) and compromises that have a ballast and a retractable keel. There are double-hulled yachts - catamarans and three-hulled yachts - trimarans. Yachts can be single- or multi-masted with different sailing rigs.

According to historical data, the first documented use of sails for navigation dates back to the 4th millennium BC. It was then, in ancient Egypt, that the first : Barges used to navigate the Nile and coastal areas were first equipped with mat sails. Initially, the sail played the role of an auxiliary propulsion device when wind directions were favorable. But over time it became the main thing, almost completely replacing the oars. Gradually the sails became more complex and more diverse.

Classification of sailing ships

The main impetus for the development of sailing ships was the era of great geographical discoveries of the 15th-16th centuries. At this time, navigation areas and the tasks assigned to ships change dramatically. And, consequently, new requirements for the design and performance of ships appear. From now on, continuous improvement and complication begins, more and more highly specialized types appear sailing ships.

Starting from the 17th-18th centuries, with the development of a unified maritime terminology, there was an urgent need to classify all ships by type. The main classifying feature for ships is the type of equipment installed on them. Secondary signs type of sailing ship were the number of masts and its purpose, and for warships also the caliber and number of cannon weapons. Let's consider types of sailing ships with various weapons.

All diversity can be divided into three large groups according to the type of prevailing sails:

• Mixed type.

In addition, all ships are usually divided into:

• Big ones.
• Small ones.

Large ones include those that carry at least two masts. Small sailing ships are conventionally considered to be small ones that have 1 or one and a half masts (an option when one of the masts is much lower).

Straight rigged sailboats

They are the most ancient invention, used since antiquity. They were installed on Egyptian, Phoenician, Greek, Polynesian and Roman ships and boats long before our era. They have not lost their relevance in our time. Their distinctive feature is their quadrangular shape - in the form of a regular rectangle or trapezoid. They are attached with the upper luff to the yard or gaff, and the lower luff to the boom, lower yard, or directly to the deck.

The advantage of straight sails is that they are easy to work with; they are easy to set up and remove. They have good driving force in tailwinds, however, in cross and head winds it is extremely difficult or even impossible to use them. To move, the minimum angle between the wind direction and the plane of the sail must exceed 65-67 o, and this makes tacking almost impossible. The name of the sails depends on the name of the masts on which they are installed and the order of the tiers.

Types of sailing ships, with predominant square sails:

• Ship. In this case, we mean “ship” not as a vessel in general, but as a name denoting a large sailing ship with three or more masts. At the same time, they should have exclusively straight sails.
• Barque. It can also have over 3 masts, but it differs from a ship in that it has oblique sails on the mizzen mast, while all the others have only straight sails.
• A brig is a smaller vessel. However, it always has only two masts.

Sailboats with oblique rigs

They were invented much later than direct ones, only in the Middle Ages. The first to use them were presumably Arab sailors. From them, the oblique sail was adopted by the Europeans, where it spread quite widely, both as an independent sail and as a supplement to straight sails. The undoubted advantage of an oblique sail over a straight sail is the ability to move in side and even counter wind directions. Large ships that have oblique sails as their main ones are called schooners. Depending on the design features, they, in turn, are divided into several types:

• Gaffle. It is equipped with a gaff sail, stretched between the gaff at the top and the boom at the bottom, and the luff is attached directly to the mast.
• Bermuda. Sails of this type have the shape of a triangle. Its base is fixed to the boom, and the leading edge is attached to the mast.
• Staysail - this type includes schooners on which the main sails are staysails (oblique sails mounted on the forestay in front of the masts).
• Marseille - with an oblique foresail, but in addition to it it is equipped with a straight topsail sail.

The last two types, judging by their , would be more correctly classified as mixed-type vessels. But, in the maritime historical tradition, the name “schooner” was assigned to them, which defines them as ships with a predominant oblique rig.

Sailboats with mixed weapons

Vessels with a mixed rig include those in which both types of sails are represented in approximately equal proportions. This includes two types of ships:

• A brigantine is a 2-masted ship, with slant sails on the mainmast, and only straight sails on the foremast.
• Barquentine - carries at least 3 masts. The foremast has straight sails, while all subsequent ones have exclusively oblique sails.

Small sailboats

Today the vast majority of modern sailing ships belongs to the small class - yachts and boats. Small sailing ships, like their large-tonnage “brothers,” can be divided into groups according to the type of sails.

Small sailing ships and their types:

A small sailboat can carry either 1 or 2 (one and a half) . 2-masted vessels include ketches and yolas. Both types carry mizzen and mainmasts, and differ in the location of the rudder stock. In a ketch it is located behind the mizzen mast, while in an iola it is in front. In addition, these two types of small sailing ships have different mizzen areas. In a ketch, its area exceeds 15% and can reach up to ¼ of the total sail area. In Iola, the size of the mizzen is somewhat more modest, and rarely exceeds 10% of the total sail area. Both ketch and yol can carry either gaff or Bermuda sails - in this situation they are called "Bermuda ketch", or, for example, "gaff yol".

Single-masted small sailboats are divided into the following types:

• Tender. It has a single mast, shifted towards the amidships. Standard set of sails: mainsail (either), topsail, and jibs. Like other small sailboats, depending on the type of mainsail, they can be gaff or Bermuda.
• The sloop has a slanting sail on the mainmast, and is the only one. In some cases, an additional topsail is installed above the gaff mainsail.
• Kat, a small sailboat with the simplest rig, consisting of a single oblique sail.

In addition, modern yachts and boats can be classified according to the type of material from which their hull is made:

• Steel.
• Fiberglass.
• Wood.
• Reinforced cement.

Depending on the number of hulls, sailing boats can be single-hulled, double-hulled (catamarans) and even triple-hulled (trimarans). By presence of keel small sailing ships there are:

• Keel boats – have a massive keel that acts as a balancer, preventing the yacht from capsizing during rough seas. Increases stability by shifting the center of gravity below the waterline.
• Dinghy boats. It has a centerboard - a lifting keel, which can be removed if necessary, thereby reducing the draft of the boat.
• The so-called “compromise” yachts, combining in their design the advantages of both of the above types.

“Prussia” is a five-mast sailboat with an all-steel hull. Previously, she was the world's largest ship with square sails, as well as the only five-masted sailing ship of this class in the world merchant fleet. The sailing ship was built in 1902 by order of the Hamburg shipping company Lajes. Hamburg is the home port of the sailing ship. Unlike many others, the sailing ship Prussia was never equipped with auxiliary engines. The length of the ship is 147 meters, width - 16.3 meters, displacement - 11,150 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,081 rt (register tons), sail area - 6,806 square meters, years of operation - from 1902 to 1910.

France II is a French five-masted sailing ship. This sailboat is considered one of the largest in the history of shipbuilding. France II was laid down at the Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde shipyards in the French city of Bordeaux in 1911. The length of the sailboat is 146.20 meters, width - 17 meters, displacement - 10,710 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,633 mercury, volume of sails - 6,350 square meters.

The R.C. Rickmers was a German five-masted sailing ship and also served as a merchant ship. The length of the sailing ship is 146 meters, width - 16.3 meters, displacement - 10,500 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,548 register tons, sail area - 6,045 square meters.

The schooner Thomas W. Lawson is the only seven-masted sailing ship in the world. It was launched in Quincy in 1902. The famous shipowner Deon Crowley really wanted to create the largest sailboat in the whole world, and therefore he became the inspirer and author of the idea of ​​​​its construction. The length of the sailing ship is 144 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 10,860 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,218 rt, sail area - 4,330 square meters, the gross tonnage of the schooner "Thomas W. Lawson" was 5,218 (grt), which is 137 (grt) was at that time more than that of the five-masted bark Prussia, which was put into operation a few months before the schooner Thomas. W. Lawson.”

The Royal Clipper is a five-mast, four-star cruising sailboat that was built in the image of the Prussia (1902 - 1910). The model of the sailing ship was developed by Zygmunt Horen, a Polish specialist in ship devices, and the sailing ship itself was put into operation in 2000. The longest sailing ship in the world can accommodate 227 passengers. “Royal Clipper” can reach speeds of up to 20 knots. The length of the ship is 134.8 meters, width - 16.5 meters, displacement - 5,061 tons, volume of the vessel - 4,425 mercury, sail area - 5,202 meters square.

“Potosi” is a five-masted sailing merchant ship that was built in 1895 by order of the Hamburg shipping company “Lajes”. The sailboat's route passed between Germany and Chile. The length of the sailing ship is 132.1 meters, width - 15.1 meters, displacement - 8,580 tons, volume of the vessel - 4,026 mt, sail area - 4,700 square meters.

Copenhagen “Cobenhavn” is the last five-masted barque, which was built in 1921 by the Scottish shipyard “Ramage and Ferguson” by order of the Danish East Asia Company after the First World War in Copenhagen. The length of the barque is 131.9 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 7,900 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,901 mt, sail area - 4,644 square meters.

“France I” is one of the largest five-masted barques. The sailing ship was built in 1890. It was the first French sailing cargo ship and the second in the world in this era. The length of the ship is 133 meters, width - 14.9 meters, displacement - 7,800 tons.

Wyoming is a six-masted, 125-meter, double-decker schooner that was built primarily from Canadian pine. At that time, this was the height of perfection in wooden shipbuilding. The Wyoming is the world's largest all-wood ship. The length of the ship is 137 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 8,000 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,731 mt, sail area - 3,700 meters square.

The Great Republic is the largest wooden clipper ship of the 19th century. It was built by the famous American shipbuilder Donald McKay. The Great Republic clipper had no equal in size. Most American clippers of the 19th century were about 70 meters long and were considered the largest in the world; English clippers averaged about 60 meters. The length of the Great Republic was 101.5 meters, the width of the clipper was 16.2 meters, and the displacement was 4556 tons. The height of the Great Republic grotto reached 70 meters. The total sail area is 6070 square meters.

Viking is a four-masted steel barque that was built in 1906 in Copenhagen. This is the largest sailing ship ever built in Scandinavia. The Viking's length is 118 meters, width - 13.9 meters, displacement - 6,300 tons, vessel volume - 2,959 mercury, sail area - 3,690 square meters.

“Sedov” is a four-masted barque that was built in 1921 under the name “Magdalene Vinnen II”. Since 1936, the name has changed to “Kommodore Johnsen”. And in 1945, the barque was transferred to the USSR by Great Britain and was renamed in honor of the famous Russian polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov. Today, “Sedov” is one of the largest sailing training ships in the world. Length - 117.5 meters, width - 14.6 meters, displacement - 7,320 tons, vessel volume - 3,556 mt, sail area - 4,192 meters square.

Union is a training sailing vessel of the Peruvian Navy. The sailboat has a four-masted steel hull. Union was built in 2014 by Shipyard Marine Industrial Services of Peru, also known as SIMA. The length of the barque is 115.75 meters, width - 13.5 meters, displacement - 3,200 tons, sail area - 4,324 meters square.

“Kruzenshtern” is a four-masted barque, a Russian training sailing vessel. It was built in 1925-1926 in Germany. When launched, the barque bore the name Padua, but in 1946 it became the property of the USSR and was renamed in honor of the famous Russian navigator Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. The vessel's home port is Kaliningrad. The length of the sailboat is 114.5 meters, width - 14.4 meters, displacement - 5,805 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,064 mercury, sail area - 3,900 square meters. The ship made numerous transatlantic and round-the-world expeditions. Mikhail Kozhukhov's travel club provides a unique opportunity not only to visit Kruzenshtern, but to go on a trip to.

Pamir is a multi-masted sailing ship. At one time, multi-masted sailing ships, which received the unofficial name “flying “P””, gained worldwide popularity. This series of sailing ships was built at the end of the 19th century by order of the German shipping company “F. Laeisz.” The bark “Pamir” is one of them. The length of the vessel is 114.5 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 3,910 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,020 mercury, sail area - 3,800 square meters.

“Juan Sebastian de Elcano” is a training ship of the Spanish Navy. It is used as a training base for cadets of the Naval Academy. Elcano is the largest of the world's training schooners. According to the type of sailing equipment, “Elcano” belongs to the topsail (topsail) schooners; on the foremast it carries four straight sails and three oblique sails, on the other three masts there are only oblique sails. The ship was designed and built at the Echevarieta y Larinaga shipyard in Cadiz and launched on March 5, 1927. The schooner was named after Juan Sebastian de Elcano (1476-1526), ​​the first sailor to circumnavigate the world. The length of the vessel is 113 meters, width - 13 meters, displacement - 3,670 tons, volume of the vessel - 2,464 mercury, sail area - 3,153 square meters.

“Esmeralda” is a training sailing ship of the Chilean Navy built in the mid-20th century. She was laid down at the Cadiz shipyard in 1946, and six years later the ship was sold to Chile as part of the repayment of Spain's debt to that country. On May 12, 1953, the ship was launched, and on June 15, 1954, the Chilean flag was raised. The length of the vessel is 113 meters, width - 13 meters, displacement - 3,673 tons, volume of the vessel - 2,400 mercury, sail area - 2,935 square meters.

“Mir” is a training three-masted ship, a frigate according to the accepted classification of training ships or a “ship” according to sailing equipment - a ship with full sailing equipment, which belongs to the State University of Sea and River Fleet named after Admiral S. O. Makarov (St. Petersburg), and since 2014 - to “Rosmorport”. Mir was built at the Gdansk shipyard in 1987. The length of the vessel is 109.6 meters, the draft is 6.6 meters, the total sail area is 2771 square meters, the height of the middle mast is 49.5 meters. Accommodates up to 200 people.

“Nadezhda” is a three-masted training ship. The ship is fully rigged and is listed in the register as a frigate. Currently it belongs to the Federal State Unitary Enterprise of the Far Eastern Basin Branch "ROSMORPORT". The length of the vessel is 109.4 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,297 tons, sail area - 2,768 meters square.

The training sailing ship “Dar Molodezhi” is a Polish three-masted training sailing ship, frigate. It was built at the Gdansk Lenin Shipyard and launched in 1982. The heir to the legendary sailing ships “Lwоw” (“Lions”) was launched in England in 1869, one of the first steel sailing ships. Length - 108.8 meters, width - 13.94 meters, displacement - 2,946 tons, vessel volume - 2,384 mercury, total sail area - 3,015 square meters.

“Pallada” is a training three-masted ship (a ship with a full sail, listed as a barque in the register, sometimes called a frigate in the press), owned by the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University (Vladivostok). Length - 108.6 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,284 tons, total sail area - 2,771 square meters.

“Khersones” is a training three-masted frigate (a ship with full square sail), the training base of the Sevastopol branch of the State Maritime University named after. Admiral F.F. Ushakova (port of registry - Sevastopol). The length of the frigate is 108.6 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,987 tons, total sail area - 2,770 square meters.

Libertad is a training sailing vessel of the Argentine Navy. She was built in the 1950s at the Rio Santiago shipyard near La Plata and became one of the largest sailing ships in the world. The first trip to sea was made in 1962. Traveled more than 800 thousand nautical miles (1.5 million kilometers), visited about 500 ports in more than 60 countries. The length of the vessel is 103.7 meters, width - 13.8 meters, displacement - 3,765 tons, total sail area - 3,652 square meters.

“Amerigo Vespucci” is an Italian training sailing ship. The three-deck sailing ship “Amerigo Vespucci” is a reminiscence of the linear steamship-sailing ship of the 50-60s. XIX century. It was launched in February 1931 in Naples. The length of the vessel is 100.6 meters, width - 15.56 meters, displacement - 4,146 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,545 mercury, total sail area - 2,580 square meters.

“Stadsraad Lehmkuhl” is a three-masted Norwegian sailing ship, barque, built in 1914. Registered at the port of Bergen. She is the oldest and largest sailing ship in Norway. The length of the vessel is 98 meters, width - 12.6 meters, displacement - 1,516 tons, volume of the vessel - 1,701 mercury, total sail area - 2,026 square meters.

The very first sailing ships (will be described in this article) appeared more than three thousand years ago in Egypt and were a regular raft with a straight mast and a steering oar. A little later, the Phoenicians began to make more advanced models. For their construction they used Lebanese cedar and oak wood. The ports of Phenicia had shipyards that produced merchant single-masted boats and more equipped warships. Around the 5th century. BC e. The ancient Greeks and Romans already had a navy. However, large sailing ships appeared in Europe during the period of great geographical discoveries. It was then that the most powerful European powers, in search of new colonies, began to equip sea flotillas for travel not only across the ocean, but also around the world. Thus began a stubborn struggle for supremacy at sea, which contributed to the active development of the shipbuilding industry.

in modern world

Nowadays, when the navy consists of powerful ships equipped with the latest technology, sailing models have begun to be used mainly for entertainment. The majority of modern sailing ships are yachts. In Europe and America, where there are sports yacht clubs, sports regattas are held annually. Most often people take part in such events

A regatta is a water competition between sailing or rowing vessels.

Traditionally, such competitions are held in America and England. Some regattas are major international competitions, such as. "America's Cup".

The classification of sailing ships is determined depending on the equipment and technical characteristics. Below are the main types of sailboat varieties.

Classification by sail type

Vessels with straight sails.

Vessels with oblique sails.

The straight sail was used by the ancient Egyptians and Phoenicians. It is a trapezoid-shaped canvas attached to a horizontal yardarm. Ships with straight sails sail well only with a tailwind, so they were quickly replaced by ships with oblique sails.

The oblique sail is located on the rear side of the mast, to which it is attached with its leading edge. Vessels with oblique sails sail well both with a fair wind and with a course sharp to the wind. Oblique sails, in turn, are divided into:

Latin.

Gaff sails.

Jib and jib.

Classification by number of masts

Single mast sailing yachts.

Two-masted yachts.

Multi-masted yachts.

The mast is part of the sailing rig. It is a vertical ship structure, which is usually supported by special guy wires. Masts were made mainly from softwood.

Masts in the modern world

On large modern ships that do not have sailing equipment, masts have lost their main function and are used for other purposes:

To carry the national attributes of your country (flag and coat of arms).

To carry identification marks about the current state of the vessel (quarantine on board, fire on board, drill, etc.).

For installation of various lighting signal signs.

For installation of some audible warning devices.

In order to pay tribute to the state in whose waters the ship is currently located. The national flag of that country is installed on the mast.

If there is a deceased person on board, the national flag is lowered at half-mast as a sign of mourning and tribute to his memory.

Types of masts

Foremast. This is the very first mast, if you count from the bow of the ship.

Mainmast. It is the second structure of this type from the bow of the ship. On two- or three-masted ships it is also the highest.

Mizzen mast. The stern mast, which on any ship is the last one from the bow.

What types of watercraft are there?

Classification of sailboats by hull type:

Wooden.

Plastic.

Steel.

Classification of sailing ships by number of hulls:

Single-hull

Double-hulled (sailing catamarans)

Three-hulled (sailing trimarans).

And finally, the classification of sailing ships depending on the use of the keel:

Keel yachts (heavy ones are used on such vessels, which significantly reduces the drift of the vessel and lowers the center of gravity).

Dinghy boats (on such yachts a special centerboard is installed; if necessary, it can be raised and the vessel’s draft reduced).

Yachts are compromises (they use intermediate design solutions between dinghies and keel structures).

Variety of ships

The names of sailing ships should be listed.

Aak is a small, single-masted, flat-bottomed vessel designed to carry small cargo.

A barque is a large ship with three to five masts. The vessel is mainly equipped with straight sails, only one scythe is attached to the stern mast.

Barquentine is a seagoing three-to-five-masted sailing ship. Most masts are equipped with forward sails. Only the bow structure has a straight sail.

A brig is a two-masted ship with a straight sail on the main and foremast and a slanting gaff sail on the main.

A brigantine is a light two-masted ship with oblique sails on the main mast and straight sails on the foremast; this type of sailing rig is called mixed.

A galleon is a large multi-deck sea vessel with powerful artillery weapons. Galleons were intended for long sea voyages and battles. Such sailing ships were quite fast and maneuverable and made up the bulk of the Spanish and English fleets.

A junk is a wooden two- to four-masted vessel that was used mainly in Southeast Asia and was intended for river or coastal sea freight transport.

Iol is a two-masted ship with oblique sails and the position of the stern mast behind the rudder axis.

A caravel is a three- to four-masted sea vessel with a mixed sailing rig, designed for sea voyages and significant cargo transportation.

Galera - this is the name of almost all sailing and rowing ships; they were used in ancient times. In addition to sailing weapons, they had one or two rows of oars.

The Karakka was a large three-masted ship used for trade and military purposes. The ship could have up to three decks and had an impressive cannon armament.

Catch is a small two-masted ship. It differs in the location of the stern mast in front of the rudder axis.

A frigate is a military three-masted vessel with full sailing rig. The classic frigate was created in France in the mid-eighteenth century and was a light, maneuverable vessel with good armament.

Flute is a good sea sailing vessel designed for military transport purposes. Due to the fact that the length of this ship was several times greater than its width, the flute could sail quite steeply into the wind, and this gave it a significant advantage over other, less maneuverable ships.

A sloop is a three-masted military ship sailing under straight sails. Used as a patrol and transport vehicle.

A schooner is a light sailing vessel that had at least two masts with slanting sails. Schooners are very easy to navigate. They were mainly used for various trade transport.

Yacht

Initially, sailing yachts were fast and light vessels used to transport high-ranking persons. Subsequently, a yacht began to be called any or simply sailing vessel intended for tourist or sporting purposes.

The first yachts appeared in the eighteenth century. They were quite fast and comfortable, which is why rich people preferred this type of sea transport. Modern sailing yachts have an outboard motor, which makes it easy to maneuver in port and sail at low speed even during complete calm. They are divided into cruising (they have a cabin on board), pleasure and racing.

Buy in store

Today, many historical sailing ships no longer exist and remain only on the pages of adventure novels and in pictures in magazines and books. But don't get too upset. In the store you can purchase vessels designed for themed decor. There are also special kits and manuals for assembling sailing ships with your own hands. It is worth noting that collecting ship models is a very entertaining hobby that is gaining momentum in Russia.

The most famous and legendary sailing ships, photos and models of which are popular:

The bark Endeavor is the famous ship of James Cook, on which he sailed to the then uncharted shores of Australia and New Zealand.

“Neva” and “Nadezhda” are two sloops that circumnavigated the world for the first time in Russian history.

"Prince" is an English frigate that sank in 1854 in the Black Sea after a catastrophic storm. It gained popularity due to rumors about the sunken treasures it carried.

The Mary Rose was the flagship of King Henry VIII of England, which tragically sank in 1545.

The Great Republic is the largest clipper ship of the nineteenth century, which was built by the famous shipbuilder Donald Mackay.

The Ariel is a British clipper ship that became famous for winning the famous “tea race” from China to London in 1866.

"Adventure" is the ship of one of the most famous pirates - Captain William Kidd.

Conclusion

The age of sailing ships was a truly exciting time of adventure and romance. Sailing ships took part in numerous sea battles, sailed to uncharted shores and transported priceless treasures, which are associated with a great many legends. A huge number of literary works are devoted to ships of this type. Many famous adventure films have been made based on historical events and mystical stories involving sailing models.