The feeling of belonging to a particular state is one of the basic human needs. A stateless person has no legal connection with any of the world powers, has no rights and does not bear obligations. Today in the world, according to rough UN estimates, there are 15 million such people, they live in Russia as well.

Civil status gives a person and the state mutual rights, duties and responsibilities. Russian citizens can freely live in their country and abroad without losing their status. Citizens who do not have an official state affiliation to any country cannot travel, study, marry. In addition, they are deprived of a number of other life-supporting rights. Let's figure out what a stateless person is called, and what reasons for the emergence of such a status may be.

A person deprived of a homeland is called a stateless person, which is a literal translation of this concept from the Greek language. In international law, a stateless person is a person who does not have any nationality. In Russia, it is impossible to forcibly deprive of citizenship. This principle is enshrined in legislation. A citizen may be deprived of Russian citizenship only on a voluntary basis. You can renounce Russian civil status only in writing. There are only two grounds for refusal.

1. Registration of citizenship of another state. Many countries, when granting their citizenship status, require the applicant to renounce their previous citizenship.
2. The choice of another citizenship by parents or guardians leads to a change in the status of their minor children.

Those who are looking for an answer to the question of how to become a stateless person should take into account the fact that when making a decision to terminate the citizenship of the Russian Federation for a particular person, the authorized bodies will take into account whether he has confirmation of another citizenship or guarantees of obtaining it. Otherwise, the termination of citizenship of the Russian Federation will lead to the fact that a person will become stateless, which will violate his rights. Such consequences are unacceptable, so the applicant is likely to be denied the application.

An application for the termination of Russian citizenship will be denied if the applicant has no obligation to the country: he has not paid his military duty, there is a tax debt. A negative decision will be made on the deprivation of citizenship of the Russian Federation of the defendant in the criminal process or the applicant serving a sentence.

The difference between a stateless person and a foreigner

Often the legal status of foreign citizens and stateless persons in the Russian Federation is identified. It should be noted that this is the wrong approach. A citizen who has state affiliation to another country, living or traveling in Russia, is under the legal protection of two powers: the civil status of which he has, and the one in which he lives or travels, that is, the Russian Federation. A stateless person, having no legal connection with any other state, is under the jurisdiction of Russia alone.

In order to regulate migration flows, Russia keeps records of visitors with foreign civil status and stateless persons. The Federal Law on stateless persons and foreigners states that upon arrival in the country, these persons are required to register with migration. The same requirements apply to former Russians living in the country, but who have lost Russian citizenship.

After acquiring Russian state status, foreigners, stateless persons and stateless persons are removed from the migration register. Russia's constitutional norms allow foreigners and stateless persons to apply for refugee status. These persons, according to the laws of Russia, are not transferred to other states if they are prosecuted for acts that are not a crime in the Russian state.

The rights of stateless persons in the Russian Federation

How do the rights of a stateless person in Russia differ from the rights of foreign representatives who have the citizenship of their country? Despite their different statuses, stateless persons on Russian soil enjoy the same rights as foreigners who have a certain state affiliation. Conventionally, stateless persons can be divided into separate groups.

1. Those who, for objective reasons, did not manage to get this status. In fact, this is every newborn until the moment when the citizenship of the baby is recorded on the birth certificate. Given that such a document is issued immediately, the baby is considered stateless for only a few days. When the parents of a newborn are stateless, the child does not automatically become a Russian. If a person is born a person without any citizenship, then this requires that after receiving the birth documentation, the civil status of the newborn should be issued in accordance with all the rules.
2. Persons who have renounced their civil status. Many countries require you to renounce your previous nationality in order to obtain a new one. If it is impossible to have a second citizenship, a person departing abroad for permanent residence is deprived of all his documents and, as a result, becomes stateless.
3. deprived of citizenship. Today, it is impossible to terminate the citizenship of the Russian Federation by force. However, the authorities can cancel the decision to obtain Russian civil status by a foreigner, if there are grounds for this.
4. People who have lost their civil status as a result of the disappearance of the state. For example, after the collapse of the USSR, many people lost their civil status. Now there are few of them left, and they can apply for Russian civil status according to a special procedure.

Stateless persons and foreigners bear the same obligations to the state as citizens of the country, have the same rights, minus the exceptions established in the legislation. This category of residents of Russia does not have electoral and a number of other rights of a political nature. Stateless persons cannot serve in the army, work in certain areas. Stateless persons, like citizens of foreign powers, cannot visit border zones, military settlements.

When studying the question of whether it is possible to live without citizenship, it should be understood that a stateless person does not have social security, he will not be able to receive a pension either for disability or for old age. However, a stateless person can claim his right to the civil status of the Russian Federation in accordance with. Foreigners and persons who do not have state affiliation to any of the world powers can issue a temporary residence document in Russia, and after that - a residence permit.

Document for traveling abroad

According to the Constitution, a stateless person can study, work in Russia, and use free medical care. However, at the educational institution and at employment, you will need to present an identity card. The employer will not hire a person without a certain package of documents, and the clinic will not accept a person without a medical policy. How to get documents proving the identity of a stateless person?

To be legalized in Russia, a stateless person needs to go through several lengthy stages. According to Russian law, a person who has a state affiliation to a foreign state or a stateless person can obtain Russian citizenship under a simplified procedure if he is a native speaker of the Russian language and had USSR citizenship.

The standard scheme for obtaining Russian citizenship by a stateless person consists of several stages:

1. Identification.
2. Applying for RVP.
3. Obtaining a residence permit.
4. Registration of citizenship of the Russian Federation.

The first stage is to present papers proving the identity of a stateless person. This may be an expired passport document, a foreign identity card, a birth certificate. Along with this, a petition and an autobiography are submitted to the migration department (GUVM of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation). The payment of state duty is also mandatory.

Authorized persons are checking the submitted papers. Since it will be necessary to send various kinds of requests, this period can be quite long. If the test results are positive, the stateless person will be issued a temporary identity card. It is not possible to obtain a biological passport for a stateless person with a temporary document. You will need to go through the following steps on the way to obtaining citizenship of the Russian Federation, which we will discuss in more detail below.

A long way to obtaining Russian citizenship

You can become a citizen of Russia by birth and in the general order. In the first case, the following categories of the population become citizens of the Russian Federation:

• persons whose parents belong to the Russian state. The place of birth does not matter;
• one of the parents has the civil status of the Russian Federation, and the second is a foreigner. A child born in Russia becomes its citizen, and in other cases, this will require the consent of the foreign parent;
• one of the parents is a Russian citizen, and the other is stateless (or missing);
• if the baby's parents live in Russia, being foreigners or stateless. In the situation under consideration, when a child was born in the Russian Federation, and another country cannot give him his civil status, he becomes a citizen of Russia.

Grounds for acquiring citizenship of the Russian Federation are available for adult and capable stateless persons and foreign citizens, if they meet the following conditions:

• have been living in a country with a residence permit status for five years or more. The break in this period cannot exceed 3 months per year;
• the applicant for citizenship of the Russian Federation has a legitimate source of income;
• knows Russian;
• fulfills the requirements of Russian legislation.

The specified period may become shorter if a stateless person or a foreign citizen is a refugee, has significant achievements in his professional field, special merits to Russia. In addition, if a stateless person or foreign citizen previously lived on the territory of the USSR or belongs to an ethnic group traditionally living in Russia, he can become a participant in the state program for the return of compatriots.

TRP for a stateless person

Now let's find out how a stateless person can obtain citizenship of the Russian Federation in the case when he has no reason to use the simplified scheme. Upon completion of the procedure for establishing the identity of a stateless person, he needs to issue a permit paper, which makes it possible to temporarily reside in the Russian Federation. In order to issue a TRP, an application is submitted to the migration authority at the place of residence of a stateless person or a foreigner. It needs to have:

• passport, temporary identity card of a stateless person;
• photographs 35x45 mm, 4 pcs.;
• confirmation of payment of state duty;
• medical confirmation of the absence of dangerous viral diseases. The document is valid for 1 month.

The Department of Internal Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs studies the submitted materials for 2 months, after which they either issue a TRP or refuse the applicant. In the first case, the stateless person or foreign applicant must come to the Migration Office. A citizen of a foreign state will receive a stamp confirming the TRP in his passport. A stateless person will be issued a RWP as a separate document. The TRP is valid for 1 year and cannot be extended.

Residence permit for stateless persons

After receiving the TRP, a stateless person can apply for the next status - a residence permit. It is impossible to delay this application, since it takes up to six months to review the documents, and the RWP is not subject to extension. gives a stateless person the opportunity to enjoy almost all the rights that citizens of Russia have.

Employment of stateless persons of the Russian Federation with a residence permit is possible without acquiring a patent. A stateless person with the status of a residence permit can freely cross the border, study at higher educational institutions, and use free medicine. To become the owner of a residence permit, a stateless person must apply to the Main Department of Internal Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. To obtain this status, you will need the same set of documents as for the TRP, you will only need to add a notarized copy of the temporary permit.

If a positive decision is made, the residence permit will be issued for 5 years. There are also questions about how a foreign student can obtain citizenship of the Russian Federation, whether there are concessions or features. For stateless persons or foreigners studying in Russian universities, the procedure for obtaining citizenship is standard. The right to benefits are students who have become participants in the state program for compatriots, who have married a holder of Russian citizenship.

Main reasons for refusal

Not always consideration of a package of documents submitted by a stateless person for a residence permit ends with a positive decision and registration of status. If inconsistencies are revealed in the submitted papers, the documents are invalid or forged, the migration authority will refuse to issue a residence permit.

What stateless people need to know: Video

Citizenship of the Russian Federation

Now let's take a step-by-step look at how a stateless person can obtain citizenship of the Russian Federation. At this final stage, the stateless person will have to meet the following conditions:

• possession of the status of a residence permit;
• employment or other source of official income;
• fluency in Russian;
• permanent residence in the Russian Federation for 5 years in the status of a residence permit.

If the applicant for Russian citizenship meets all the above conditions, you can apply for Russian citizenship and prepare the documents listed below.

1. Take 4 passport size photographs.
2. Collect copies of the existing RVP and residence permit, certify them with a notary.
3. birth document.
4. Diploma of Higher or Secondary Specialized Education. Unless otherwise, a certificate.
5. Medical papers confirming the absence of HIV, drug addiction.
6. Russian language test results.
7. Paper on the payment of state duty.

The study of the papers submitted by a stateless person can last up to 12 months. If false information, fake documents are not found, the applicant will become a full-fledged citizen of Russia.

There is also a simplified procedure for obtaining citizenship. They can be used by stateless people - former citizens of the USSR, refugees. In this case, it is not required to go through the stage of obtaining a residence permit, after six months of being in the status of a temporary residence permit, you can apply for citizenship.

Conclusion

To help stateless persons will be that they do not need to file a renunciation of previous citizenship and wait for months for a decision. If a stateless person has been married to a Russian for three years, he also gets the right to apply for citizenship of the Russian Federation.